scholarly journals Epidemiology of Substance Use among University Students in Sudan

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarig Osman ◽  
Cathrine Victor ◽  
Alaa Abdulmoneim ◽  
Hala Mohammed ◽  
Fatima Abdalla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Heroin Use ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
The University ◽  
Prime Source

Background. Youth populations are vulnerable to substance use particularly in developing countries where circumstances may be favorable for it. There is no published data on substance use among the youth in Sudan other than on tobacco use.Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence, circumstances, and factors associated with substance use.Methods. An institution-based survey was conducted on a sample of 500 students. Data was collected using a questionnaire designed by the WHO for student drug surveys and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20.Results. The overall prevalence of substance use is 31%. The current prevalence of tobacco, cannabis, alcohol, amphetamines, tranquilizers, inhalants, opiates, cocaine, and heroin use was 13.7%, 4.9%, 2.7%, 2.4%, 3.2%, 1%, 1.2%, 0.7%, and 0.5%, respectively. Curiosity (33.1%) was the main reason for initiation of substance use. The main adverse effects reported were health problems (19.7%) and theft (19.7%). Peers (40.9%) were the prime source of substance use. On multivariate analysis, male sex was the principle predictor for substance use (AOR: 5.55; 95% CI: 3.38, 9.17).Conclusion. Strategies to control substance use should encompass the role of the university and parents in observing and providing education to improve awareness of substances and their consequences.

scholarly journals Prevalence of, Factors Associated with and Level of Dependence of Psychoactive Substance Use among Mekelle University Students, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azeb Gebresilassie Tesema ◽  
Znabu Hadush Kahsay ◽  
Gebrezgi Gidey Lemma ◽  
Welday Hagos Gebretsadik ◽  
Mamuye Mussie Weldemaryam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Psychoactive Substance ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Orthodox Christian ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
Mekelle University ◽  
Psychoactive Substance Use ◽  
University Undergraduate Students

Background: Psychoactive substance use is a major public health concern globally. Though youth attending higher education institutions are considered particularly vulnerable to psychoactive substances, there is a paucity of evidence in Ethiopia. We aimed to determine the prevalence of psychoactive substance use, factors associated with psychoactive substance use and level of dependence among Mekelle University undergraduate students in Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based quantitative cross-sectional survey was used to randomly (using multistage sampling) invite 1220 undergraduate students in April and May 2017 to participate. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with psychoactive substance use. Level of dependence was determined using the WHO’s Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test classification. Results: Among the eligible students approached, 1214 participants completed the survey, which yields a 99.5% response rate. The lifetime prevalence of psychoactive substance use was 66.5% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 64% to 69%) while the current prevalence was 49% (95% CI = 46% to 52%). A history of, but not current, psychoactive substance use was reported by 18%, while 33.5% reported never having used psychoactive substances. The current prevalence of alcohol use was 35.5%, tobacco 7.8% and khat 5.7%. Of the current users, 17% (95% CI = 14% to 20%) were at a moderate to high risk of dependency. Being over 21 years of age (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.37 to 2.25), male (AOR = 3.13; 95% CI = 2.26 to 4.34), living in urban areas (AOR = 2.39, 95% CI = 1.77 to 3.23), an Orthodox Christian (AOR = 7.55, 95% CI = 4.56 to 12.48), and being in their 3rd year (AOR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.49 to 3.55), 4th year (AOR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2 to 3.51) and 5th year (AOR = 4.0, 95% CI = 2.81 to 7.67) at university were associated with currently using psychoactive substances. Being male and Orthodox Christian was associated with being an ex-smoker. Conclusions: Approximately half of Mekelle University undergraduate students were using psychoactive substances with almost one in five at risk of dependency. The likelihood of use increased with seniority. Evidence-based strategies are needed to prevent school-aged children from using psychoactive substances and university students becoming dependent on substances. Interventions designed to stop current psychoactive substance use may also have promise for reducing dependency.

scholarly journals The University and the Voluntary Work Culture: Reality and Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdullah Almaraee
Keyword(s):  
Research Design ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Work Culture ◽  
University Staff ◽  
Voluntary Work ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
The University ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

<p class="apa">To explore the present role of universities in propagating the culture of voluntary work in the Saudi community, mixed research design has been incorporated along with descriptive statistics for retrieving outcomes. The research design has been implemented in order to evaluate the concept of voluntary work culture among the university staff and students and the factors associated with it. A structured questionnaire was designed and distributed to the sample of university students and staff members of Najran University to find the present situation of the university from the perspective of staff members and students and their role in propagating voluntary work culture. Universities play a modest role in propagating the voluntary work culture. Moreover, the students and faculty agree regarding the concept of voluntary work culture. No statistically significant differences exist among the male and female staff of the university. The research participants have emphasized on spreading voluntary work culture.</p>

Waiting for the Right One: The Role of Social Proximity and Location in the Decision to Use Cannabis for the First Time

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Bouchard ◽  
Krysta L. Dawson ◽  
Morena Anamali
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
The Social ◽  
Canadian City ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time ◽  
Do So

The study examines the social context of a cannabis offer, an outcome rarely examined in research on substance use. Drawing from a survey conducted among 15-year-old students in a mid-sized Canadian city, we examine (a) the differences between three types of users (immediate, late, and nonusers) and (b) the factors associated with accepting a cannabis offer more quickly. The findings show that 40% of the sample received an offer, that 25% of those who accept an offer do so on the first occasion, and that among the others, it takes up to seven offers before accepting. The social context of the offer distinguishes between the types of users, and offers are accepted more quickly when adolescents are first offered by a close social contact, and when the offer occurs in familiar settings. The study also identifies a type of nonuser, those who are exposed to drugs but decide not to participate.

Shape related features of intracranial aneurysm are associated with rupture status in a large Chinese cohort

2021 ◽  
pp. neurintsurg-2021-017452
Author(s):  
Yuting Wang ◽  
Meixiong Cheng ◽  
Sijie Liu ◽  
Guanglan Xie ◽  
Ling Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Ruptured Aneurysms ◽  
Maximal Diameter ◽  
Chinese Cohort ◽  
Male Sex

BackgroundTo investigate the prevalence of small ruptured saccular intracranial aneurysms (sIA) in a Chinese cohort and to identify factors associated with rupture status of sIAs.MethodsConsecutive patients with confirmed sIAs by DSA from January 2015 to July 2019 were included. Demographic and aneurysmal features, including maximal diameter, location, irregularity (lobulated or with blebs), and aspect ratio (AR, defined as height divided by neck width) were recorded and analyzed. Mixed effect logistic regression was used in multivariate analysis.ResultsWe analyzed 1514 sIAs in a Chinese cohort of 1216 patients, including 651 ruptured and 863 unruptured sIAs. Median aneurysm size was 5.7 mm for ruptured aneurysms, with 66.1% <7 mm in maximal diameter, and 40.2% measuring <5 mm. The median PHASES score of ruptured sIAs was 5. In multivariate analysis, male sex, hypertension, locations other than the internal carotid artery, irregularity (lobulated or with blebs), and higher AR were independently associated with rupture status (OR for irregularity, 2.88, 95% CI 2.20 to 3.77, p<0.001; OR for AR, 1.12, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.24, p=0.036). However, maximal diameter was not significantly associated with rupture status (p=0.72).ConclusionsIn this cohort, ruptured sIAs were frequently smaller than 7 mm. Shape related features, such as irregularity and higher AR, were associated with the ruptured status of sIAs, irrespective of diameter. PHASES seems to be inadequate in sIA risk stratification. Shape related parameters may be further investigated in prospective studies.

Who Dies after Widow(Er)Hood? A Discriminant Analysis

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Bowling
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
General Population ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Social Demographic

A random sample of 503 elderly widowed people was flagged by the British Office of Population Censuses and Surveys for six years after their bereavement. Excess mortality after widow(er)hood was found for males aged seventy-five and over, in comparison with males of the same ages in the general population. Bivariate analyses showed a relationship between social, demographic, psychological, and some physiologically related variables (e.g., medication taking) and mortality. Multivariate analysis showed that the most powerful discriminating variables, independently associated with mortality, were: age seventy-five plus, a low happiness rating by interviewers, social class I and II, male sex, and having no one to telephone. It appears that those in older age groups and males may be more vulnerable after bereavement; it is also possible that certain social contact and a happier disposition may have modifying effects on the stress of bereavement and risk factors associated with subsequent mortality.

scholarly journals Association between Heavy Metals and Rare Earth Elements with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Case-Control Study Conducted in the Canary Islands (Spain)

Toxics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florián Medina-Estévez ◽  
Manuel Zumbado ◽  
Octavio P. Luzardo ◽  
Ángel Rodríguez-Hernández ◽  
Luis D. Boada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Inorganic Elements ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Control Study

The role of inorganic elements as risk factors for stroke has been suggested. We designed a case-control study to explore the role of 45 inorganic elements as factors associated with stroke in 92 patients and 83 controls. Nineteen elements were detected in >80% of patients and 21 were detected in >80% of controls. Blood level of lead was significantly higher among patients (11.2 vs. 9.03 ng/mL) while gold and cerium were significantly higher among controls (0.013 vs. 0.007 ng/mL; and 18.0 vs. 15.0 ng/mL). Lead was associated with stroke in univariate and multivariate analysis (OR = 1.65 (95% CI, 1.09–2.50) and OR = 1.91 (95% CI, 1.20–3.04), respectively). Gold and cerium showed an inverse association with stroke in multivariate analysis (OR = 0.81 (95% CI, 0.69–0.95) and OR = 0.50 (95% CI, 0.31–0.78)). Future studies are needed to elucidate the potential sources of exposure and disclose the mechanisms of action.

scholarly journals Mental health and substance use associated with hospitalization among people with laboratory confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 in British Columbia: a population-based cohort study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor Alexander Velásquez García ◽  
James Wilton ◽  
Kate Smolina ◽  
Mei Chong ◽  
Drona Rasali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Adjusted Risk ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Male Sex

Background: This study identified factors associated with hospital admission among people with laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 cases in British Columbia. Methods: This study was performed using the BC COVID-19 Cohort, which integrates data on all COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, medical visits, emergency room visits, prescription drugs, chronic conditions and deaths. The analysis included all laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 cases in British Columbia as of January 15th, 2021. We evaluated factors associated with hospital admission using multivariable Poisson regression analysis with robust error variance. Findings: From 56,874 COVID-19 cases included in the analyses, 2,298 were hospitalized. Models showed significant association of the following factors with increased hospitalization risk: male sex (adjusted risk ratio (aRR)=1.27; 95%CI=1.17-1.37), older age (p-trend <0.0001 across age groups with a graded increase in hospitalization risk with increasing age [aRR 30-39 years=3.06; 95%CI=2.32-4.03, to aRR 80+years=43.68; 95%CI=33.41-57.10 compared to 20-29 years-old]), asthma (aRR=1.15; 95%CI=1.04-1.26), cancer (aRR=1.19; 95%CI=1.09-1.29), chronic kidney disease (aRR=1.32; 95%CI=1.19-1.47), diabetes (treated without insulin aRR=1.13; 95%CI=1.03-1.25, requiring insulin aRR=5.05; 95%CI=4.43-5.76), hypertension (aRR=1.19; 95%CI=1.08-1.31), injection drug use (aRR=2.51; 95%CI=2.14-2.95), intellectual and developmental disabilities (aRR=1.67; 95%CI=1.05-2.66), problematic alcohol use (aRR=1.63; 95%CI=1.43-1.85), immunosuppression (aRR=1.29; 95%CI=1.09-1.53), and schizophrenia and psychotic disorders (aRR=1.49; 95%CI=1.23-1.82). Among women of reproductive age, in addition to age and comorbidities, pregnancy (aRR=2.69; 95%CI=1.42-5.07) was associated with increased risk of hospital admission. Interpretation: Older age, male sex, substance use, intellectual and developmental disability, chronic comorbidities, and pregnancy increase the risk of COVID-19-related hospitalization. Funding: BC Centre for Disease Control, Canadian Institutes of Health Research.

scholarly journals Factors associated with depression among university students: the role of students satisfaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saule Bekova ◽  
Julia Dementeva ◽  
Ivan Smirnov
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
University Education ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Selective University ◽  
University Life ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The University ◽  
Students Satisfaction

University education is recognized as an important period of life that determines the future trajectories and success of individuals. It is also the time when the onset of depression peaks. In this paper, we use data on 4,182 students from a selective university to identify the main factors associated with symptoms of depression among this cohort. Besides socio-demographic characteristics that are largely out of the university's control, we pay specific attention to the role of students’ satisfaction with various aspects of their university life. We find that controlling for potential confounders, satisfaction is negatively associated with depression. We also find that survey data routinely collected by the university could be used to identify individuals at high risk of future depression.

scholarly journals Substance use patterns among university students in Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manar Khafagy ◽  
Zeinab Gomaa ◽  
Mohamed Elwasify
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
University Students ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
The Past ◽  
Drug Use Disorders ◽  
Identification Test ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
The University

Abstract Background In the past few years, there has been an expanding global interest in the problem of substance use. A variety of studies conducted within the past decade have investigated the prevalence of substance use among university students. The study aimed to detect the prevalence and associates of substance use among Egyptian students at Mansoura University. This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based, observational study was conducted during the period from February to July 2019 on 1138 university students at Mansoura University in Egypt. The university students were randomly divided into three classes (medical, practical, and theoretical). The data were assembled using questionnaires of sociodemographic, clinical attributes, and drug use disorders identification test (DUDIT). Results Lifetime substance use among students was 6.5%. Of the users, 18 (24.3%) used cannabis, 14 (18.9%) used tramadol, 10 (13.5%) used alcohol, 5 (6.8%) used benzodiazepines, and 1 (1.4%) used heroin. Only 35.1% used polysubstance, of those, 10 (13.5%), 12 (16.2%), 3 (4.1%), and 1 (1.4%) used cannabis and tramadol; cannabis and alcohol; cannabis and inhalant; and cannabis, alcohol, and tramadol respectively. There was a substantial association between substance use and male sex, age above 20 years, smoking, and living in urban areas. In the group that used substances, 50 (4.4%) suffered substance-related problems and 6 (0.5%) encountered dependency. Conclusion In total, using the mono substance is more than using poly substances in which cannabis, tramadol, and alcohol were the most often utilized substances. The highest percentage of drug-related problems was among medical students while dependence was highest among practical students. These results should be considered in future substance preventive programs.

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