Immunomodulatory and Antimicrobial Activity of Babassu Mesocarp Improves the Survival in Lethal Sepsis

Attalea speciosasynOrbignya phalerataMart. (babassu) has been used in the treatment of inflammatory and infectious diseases.Aim of the study. To investigate the antimicrobial and immunological activity of babassu mesocarp extract (EE).Material and Methods.Thein vitroantimicrobial activity was evaluated by disk diffusion assay and by determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) toEscherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Enterococcus faecalis,Staphylococcus aureus,and methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA). The flavonoids and phenolic acids content were determined by chromatography. Thein vivoassays were performed in Swiss mice submitted to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The mice received EE subcutaneously (125 or 250 mg/Kg), 6 hours after the CLP. The number of lymphoid cells was quantified and the cytokines production was determined by ELISA after 12 h.Results.EE was effective as antimicrobial toE. faecalis,S. aureus, and MRSA. EE is rich in phenolic acids, a class of compounds with antimicrobial and immunological activity. An increased survival can be observed in those groups, possibly due to a significant inhibition of TNF-αand IL-6.Conclusions.The EE showed specific antimicrobial activityin vitroand an important antiseptic effectin vivopossibly due to the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity.

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Evaluation du potentiel antimicrobien et de la toxicité des extraits de Jatropha multifida Linn, (Euphorbiaceae)

Journal of Applied Biosciences ◽

10.35759/jabs.151.4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 151 ◽

pp. 15550-15558

Author(s):

Amégninou Agban ◽

Yao Hoekou ◽

Passimna Pissang ◽

Tchadjobo Tchacondo ◽

Komlan Batawila

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

E Coli ◽

Toxicological Studies ◽

Jatropha Multifida

Objectif : L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer in vitro l’activité antimicrobienne des extraits de feuilles et tige de Jatropha multifida sur la croissance de Candida albicans, Escherichia coli et Staphylococcus aureus, puis d’évaluer in vivo la toxicité de cette plante. Méthodologie et résultats : Les méthodes de diffusion en milieu gélosé et de microdilution en milieu liquide ont été utilisées pour évaluer l’effet antimicrobien. Une étude en subaigüe était réalisée afin d’explorer les effets toxiques de l’extrait aqueux des feuilles. Les résultats des tests antimicrobiens montrent une activité des extraits de feuilles et tige de J. multifida sur la croissance des souches utilisées avec des diamètres de zones d’inhibition allant de 8 à 25 mm et des concentrations minimales inhibitrices (CMI) variant de 0,039 mg/mL à 1,25 mg/mL à l’exception des souches de E. coli qui sont résistantes aux extraits de la tige. L’administration en subaigüe de l’extrait aqueux des feuilles de J. multifida à la dose de 600 mg/kg entraîne une perte significative de poids chez les souris. Conclusion et applications des résultats : Les extraits aqueux, éthanolique et hydroéthanolique des feuilles et tige de J. multifida possèdent d’activité antimicrobienne et pourraient être utilisés dans le traitement des Candidoses à C. albicans et des infections à S. aureus. Mais l’essai de toxicité subaigüe montre que l’extrait aqueux de la plante serait toxique. Des études toxicologiques approfondies restent donc nécessaires sur ces extraits afin de mieux élucider leur inocuité. Mots-clés : Jatropha multifida, extraits de feuilles et de tige, activités antifongique et antibactérienne, toxicité. Agban et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2020 Evaluation du potentiel antimicrobien et de la toxicité des extraits de Jatropha multifida Linn, (Euphorbiaceae) 15551 Evaluation of antimicrobial potential and toxicity of Jatropha multifida Linn, (Euphorbiaceae) extracts ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial activity of leaves and stem of Jatropha multifida extracts against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and then to evaluate in vivo the toxicity of this plant. Methodology and Results: The agar well-diffusion and the NCCLS broth microdilution methods were used to assess the antimicrobial effect. A subacute study was carried out to explore the toxic effects of the aqueous extract of the leaves. The results of the antimicrobial tests show an activity of the extracts of leaves and stems of J. multifida on the growth of the strains used with diameters of inhibitory zones ranging from 8 to 25 mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) varying from 0.039 mg/mL to 1.25 mg/mL exception E. coli strains which are resistant to extracts from the stem. Subacute administration of the aqueous extract of the leaves of J. multifida at a dose of 600 mg/kg leads to a significant loss of weight in the mice. Conclusion and application of findings : The aqueous, ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts of the leaves and stem of J. multifida have antimicrobial activity and could be used in the treatment of Candidiasis and bacterial infections due respectively to C. albicans and S. aureus. But the subacute toxicity test shows that the aqueous extract of the plant would be toxic. Extensive toxicological studies therefore remain necessary on these extracts in order to better elucidate their safety. Keywords: Jatropha multifida extracts of leaves and stem, antifungal and antibacterial activities, toxicity

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Immunomodulatory and antiarthritic activities of Smilax zeylanica

International Journal of Phytomedicine ◽

10.5138/09750185.1963 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 123

Author(s):

P Veeresh Babu ◽

T Ashwini ◽

M. Vamsi Krishna ◽

M. Ganga Raju

Keyword(s):

Protein Denaturation ◽

Scientific Data ◽

Significant Inhibition ◽

Immunomodulatory Activity ◽

Edema Formation ◽

Reduction Test ◽

Nbt Reduction ◽

Histopathological Studies

Smilax zeylanica Linn has been traditionally used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis but, no scientific data has been published supporting the claimed ethanomedical use. This study was designed to investigate the immunomodulatory and antiarthritic activities of Smilax zeylanica.Methanolic extract of Smilax zeylanica (MESZ) roots was tested for its immunomodulatory activity by NBT reduction test. Antiarthritic activity of the same was tested by in vitro protein denaturation and in vivo complete Freunds adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis. MESZ showed its significant effect on both cell mediated and humoral immunity to suppress stimulated immune responses in NBT reduction test . It also markedly inhibited protein denaturation in in vitro model. Extract at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg showed statistically significant inhibition ( p<0.05) of the edema formation in CFA model. Histopathological studies of ankle joints also supported this finding.The presence of steroids in the extract might be responsible for the prominent immunomodulatory and antiarthritic activities of the plant. Hence the present study concluded that Smilax zeylanica holds immunomodulatory and antiarthritic activities.

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Mechanism of Action of a Prostaglandin E2 Receptor Antagonist with antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus

10.1101/2020.01.21.914200 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth A. Lilly ◽

Mélanie A. C. Ikeh ◽

Paul L. Fidel ◽

Mairi C. Noverr

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Receptor Antagonist ◽

Mechanism Of Action ◽

Atp Production ◽

Direct Growth ◽

Prostaglandin E2 Receptor ◽

Intra Abdominal Infection

AbstractOur laboratory recently reported that the EP4 receptor antagonist, L-161,982, had direct growth-inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in vivo, reducing microbial burden and providing significant protection against lethality in models of S. aureus monomicrobial and polymicrobial intra-abdominal infection. This antimicrobial activity was observed with both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), as well as other Gram-positive bacteria. The antimicrobial activity of L-161,982 was independent of EP4 receptor inhibitory activity. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of action (MOA) of L-161,982, which contains a sulfonamide functional group. However, results demonstrate L-161,982 does not affect folate synthesis (sulfonamide MOA), oxidative stress, or membrane permeability. Instead, our results suggest that the inhibitor works via effects on inhibition of the electron transport chain (ETC). Similar to other ETC inhibitors, L-161,982 exposure results in a small colony size variant phenotype and inhibition of pigmentation, as well as significantly reduced hemolytic activity, and ATP production. In addition, L-161,982 potentiated the antimicrobial activity of another ETC inhibitor and inhibition was partially rescued by supplementation with nutrients required for ETC auxotrophs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that L-161,982 exerts antimicrobial activity against MRSA via inhibition the ETC, representing a new member of a potentially novel antimicrobial drug class.

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Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity and safety of Rhus vulgaris (Anacardiaceae) extracts

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies ◽

10.1186/s12906-020-03063-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Angela Mutuku ◽

Lizzy Mwamburi ◽

Lucia Keter ◽

Joyce Ondicho ◽

Richard Korir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Skin Irritation ◽

Toxicity Testing ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Traditional Use ◽

One Way Anova

Abstract Background Medicinal plants have been used in the treatment of various ailments in most developing countries. Oral infections are the most prevalent diseases in man. The Rhus family has been found to have antimicrobial, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Few studies have been done on Rhus vulgaris Meikle. A study was conducted to determine the effect of Rhus vulgaris Meikle stem bark extracts against selected oral pathogenic microorganisms and the safety of the extracts in vitro and in vivo. Methods Methanol:dichloromethane (1:1), methanol and aqueous extracts were tested for bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. Cytotoxicity of the active extracts was determined using Vero E6 cell lines while safety was evaluated in mice and rats. Phytochemical screening was performed on the methanol extracts. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests were performed using IBM SPSS statistics 20.0 for antimicrobial assay and acute toxicity testing. One-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s multiple comparison tests were conducted using GraphPad Prism 8.0 for cytotoxicity assay. Results Methanol extract of Rhus vulgaris showed significant antimicrobial activity against MRSA (12.00 ± 0.00 mm; p-value of < 0.005; Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of 0.391 mg/ml; Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of 1.563 mg/ml). The extract were not cytotoxic at 100 μg/ml which was the highest tested concentration. In acute dermal irritation testing, the methanol extract resulted in mild irritation with erythema and flaking that cleared within 8 days. There were no observable adverse effects from oral administration of the extracts (acute oral toxicity testing) at concentrations of 50 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg. Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, alkaloids and phenols were detected in the methanol extract. Conclusions Antimicrobial activity of R. vulgaris extracts supports its traditional use as a toothbrush. Cytotoxicity demonstrated by the extracts as well as the mild skin irritation warrants further study before R. vulgaris can be recommended for the development of effective and safe mouthwashes.

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Rationally designed curcumin based ruthenium(ii) antimicrobials effective against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Dalton Transactions ◽

10.1039/c9dt01650c ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (31) ◽

pp. 11822-11828 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Payal Srivastava ◽

Manjulika Shukla ◽

Grace Kaul ◽

Sidharth Chopra ◽

Ashis K. Patra

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Polypyridyl Complexes

Two curcumin conjugated ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes, [Ru(NN)2(cur)](PF6) (1, 2), were systematically exploited for their antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo and potential selectivity against multidrug resistant S. aureus strains.

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Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity, and Genotoxicity Assessment of Two Heterocyclic Compounds Containing 1,2,3-Selena- or 1,2,3-Thiadiazole Rings

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24224082 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (22) ◽

pp. 4082 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mousa L. Al-Smadi ◽

Reem Mansour ◽

Amjad Mahasneh ◽

Omar F. Khabour ◽

Majed M. Masadeh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Heterocyclic Compounds ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Significant Inhibition ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Highly Active ◽

Pathogenic Microbes ◽

Strong Antimicrobial Activity

New 1,2,3-thiadiazole and 1,2,3-selenadiazole derivatives, (4-[4-((4-bromobenzyl)oxy)-phenyl]-1,2,3-thiadiazole (5a), 4-[4-((4-chlorobenzyl)oxy)-phenyl]-1,2,3-thiadiazole (5b)), (4-[4-((4-bromobenzyl)oxy)-phenyl]-1,2,3-selenadiazole (6a), and 4-[4-((4-chlorobenzyl)oxy)-phenyl]-1,2,3-selenadiazole (6b)), were prepared and screened in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic microbes. In addition, two compounds (5a and 6a) were examined for their in vivo genotoxicity using rats and an 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) assay. Compounds 5a and 5b were found to be highly active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, a significant inhibition of urinary 8-OHdG level (50.2%) was observed upon treatment of animals with 500 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) of compound 6a (p < 0.0001). However, compound 5a increased urinary 8-OHdG levels. The lethal dose (LD50) values for compounds 5a and 6a were determined by an up-and-down procedure (OECD 425; OECD 1998), which showed that these compounds are safe, since the LD50 was >5000 mg/kg b.w. Thus, the tested compounds might have the potential for use as antibiotics, since they have low genotoxicity and strong antimicrobial activity.

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Antimicrobial and Antihypercholesterolemic Activities of Pulicaria gnaphalodes

Dose-Response ◽

10.1177/1559325820904858 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 155932582090485 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Syed Ali Raza Naqvi ◽

Syed Muhammad Ali Shah ◽

Laiba Kanwal ◽

Muhammad Saeed ◽

Atta-ul-Haq ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Alternative Therapies ◽

Zone Of Inhibition

Multidrug resistance has increased globally in the communities. Bacterial infections associated with health care have weakened the existing antimicrobial therapy and demand the search for alternative therapies. In the present investigation, the medicinal plant Pulicaria gnaphalodes from Quetta, Pakistan, has been screened for antimicrobial potential. In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of P gnaphalodes extracts (methanol and ethanol) was quantitatively evaluated on the basis of zone of inhibition against different bacteria and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In vivo, antihypercholesterolemic activity is determined in different rat groups. The results of the study indicated that the ethanol extract of P gnaphalodes showed maximum zone of inhibition for Bacillus subtilis of 12.1 ± 1.1 mm from all others. The methanol extract showed maximum zone of inhibition for Staphylococcus aureus of 11.9 ± 1.0 mm and rifampicin showed maximum zone of inhibition of 23.1 ± 0.9 mm. The results of ethanol and methanol extract of P gnaphalodes against different bacteria revealed that this plant has greater antimicrobial activity. However, the plant extract shows nonsignificant antihypercholesterolemic activity. The extract of this plant can be utilized as medicine to inhibit several infections caused by some bacterial pathogens found in human body.

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Novel Chimeric Lysin with High-Level Antimicrobial Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus In Vitro andIn Vivo

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.01793-13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 536-542 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Hang Yang ◽

Yun Zhang ◽

Junping Yu ◽

Yanling Huang ◽

Xian-En Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Catalytic Domain ◽

Intraperitoneal Administration ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Content Type ◽

Cell Wall Binding

ABSTRACTThe treatment of infections caused by methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is a challenge worldwide. In our search for novel antimicrobial agents against MRSA, we constructed a chimeric lysin (named as ClyH) by fusing the catalytic domain of Ply187 (Pc) with the non-SH3b-like cell wall binding domain of phiNM3 lysin. Herein, the antimicrobial activity of ClyH against MRSA strainsin vitroandin vivowas studied. Our results showed that ClyH could kill all of the tested clinical isolates of MRSA with higher efficacy than lysostaphin as well as its parental enzyme. The MICs of ClyH against clinicalS. aureusstrains were found to be as low as 0.05 to 1.61 mg/liter. In a mouse model, a single intraperitoneal administration of ClyH protected mice from death caused by MRSA, without obvious harmful effects. The present data suggest that ClyH has the potential to be an alternative therapeutic agent for the treatment of infections caused by MRSA.

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EFFECTIVENESS OF THE FERMENTATIVE EXTRACT OF Lactobacillus acidophilus AS ANTIMICROBIALS AGAINST Aeromonas hydrophila

Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v12i4.11920 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Mst Nahid Akter ◽

Roshada Hashim ◽

Amalia Sutriana ◽

Siti Azizah Mohd Nor

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Survival Rate ◽

Lactobacillus Acidophilus ◽

Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽

Significant Inhibition ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Cell Free Extract ◽

In Vivo Evaluation

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of the commercial Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) cells and cell free extract against Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). The in vitro method was carried out using well diffusion method. For in vivo evaluation, the effect of L. acidophilus on the survival rate of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (P. hypophthalmus) infected with A. hydrophila was evaluated. The well diffusion method showed a significant inhibition ability of L. acidophilus cells against A. hydrophila compared to the cell free extract. The inhibition diameters obtained with cells and cell free extract were 17.23 mm and 15.17 mm, respectively. P. hypophthalmus injected with L. acidophilus cells and cell free extract following challenged with A. hydrophila cells showed survival rate of 70% and 60% respectively, at 2-week post challenged. The gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) result revealed that a diverse of compounds was detected in both the L. acidophilus cells and cell free extract, among them the most abundant component was pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl), which showed a promising anticancerous activity and might be played a significant role in the recovery of the infectious P. hypophthalmus. The current study revealed that both cells and cell free extract of L. acidophilus have antimicrobial activity against A. hydrophila.

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A Novel Promazine Derivative Shows High in vitro and in vivo Antimicrobial Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2020.560798 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Troels Ronco ◽

Nadia S. Jørgensen ◽

Iben Holmer ◽

Sofie Kromann ◽

Ehsan Sheikhsamani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Activity

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