scholarly journals Comparison of Factors Affecting Crash Severities in Hit-and-Run and Non-Hit-and-Run Crashes

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bei Zhou ◽  
Zongzhi Li ◽  
Shengrui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Comparison Group ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Crash Severity ◽  
Property Damage ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Crash Data ◽  
Hit And Run ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Average Percentage Deviation

A hit-and-run (HR) crash occurs when the driver of the offending vehicle flees the crash scene without reporting it or aiding the victims. The current study aimed at contributing to existing literatures by comparing factors which might affect the crash severity in HR and non-hit-and-run (NHR) crashes. The data was extracted from the police-reported crash data from September 2017 to August 2018 within the City of Chicago. Two multinomial logistic regression models were established for the HR and NHR crash data, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) of each variable was used to quantify the impact of this variable on the crash severity. In both models, the property damage only (PDO) crash was selected as the reference group, and the injury and fatal crash were chosen as the comparison group. When the injury crash was taken as the comparison group, it was found that 12 variables contributed to the crash severities in both HR and NHR model. The average percentage deviation of OR for these 12 variables was 34%, indicating that compared with property damage, HR crashes were 34% more likely to result in injuries than NHR crashes on average. When fatal crashes were chosen as the comparison group, 2 variables were found to be statistically significant in both the HR and the NHR model. The average percentage deviation of OR for these 2 variables was 127%, indicating that compared with property damage, HR crashes were 127% more likely to result in fatalities than NHR crashes on average.

scholarly journals Comparison group matters for chronic stress effects of subjective social status

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (14) ◽  
pp. 1923-1928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley M Geiger ◽  
Clemens Kirschbaum ◽  
Jutta M Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Subjective Social Status ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

Inconsistent associations between health and measures of subjective social status compared to one’s community suggest that how people define community may matter. This study broke down community into status among neighborhood and friends/family to assess the impact of each domain on chronic stress in individuals differing in socioeconomic status (18 employed and 18 unemployed individuals). The findings suggest that for ratings of subjective social status, the social and physical proximity of the reference group matters. Specifically, neighborhood status was affected by unemployment, while friends/family status was associated with perceived stress, emphasizing the importance of the comparison group in assessing subjective status.

Impact of Congestion and Traffic Flow on Crash Frequency and Severity: Application of Smartphone-Collected GPS Travel Data

2017 ◽  
Vol 2659 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Stipancic ◽  
Luis Miranda-Moreno ◽  
Nicolas Saunier
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Crash Severity ◽  
Crash Frequency ◽  
Crash Data ◽  
Instrumented Vehicles ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Mobility and safety are the two greatest priorities within any transportation system. Ideally, traffic flow enhancement and crash reductions could occur simultaneously, although their relationship is likely complex. The impact of traffic congestion and flow on road safety requires more empirical evidence to determine the direction and magnitude of the relationship. The study of this relationship is an ideal application for instrumented vehicles and surrogate safety measures (SSMs). The purpose of this paper is to correlate quantitative measures of congestion and flow derived from smartphone-collected GPS data with collision frequency and severity at the network scale. GPS travel data were collected in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, and the sample for this study contained data for more than 4,000 drivers and 20,000 trips. The extracted SSMs, the congestion index (CI), average speed ( V), and the coefficient of variation of speed (CVS) were compared with crash data collected over an 11-year period from 2000 to 2010 with the use of Spearman’s correlation coefficient and pairwise Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests. The correlations with crash frequency were weak to moderate. CI was shown to be positively correlated with crash frequency, and the relationship to crash severity was found to be nonmonotonous. Higher congestion levels were related to crashes with major injuries, whereas low congestion levels were related to crashes with minor injuries and fatalities. Surprisingly, V was found to be negatively correlated with crash frequency and had no conclusive statistical relationship to crash severity. CVS was positively correlated with crash frequency and statistically related to increased crash severity. Future work will focus on the development of a network screening model that incorporates these SSMs.

scholarly journals A Longitudinal Change Patterns of Depression and Its Relationship with Socioeconomic Deprivation among Middle-Aged Adults in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 12957
Author(s):  
Soo-Bi Lee ◽  
Min-Ji Yu ◽  
Myeong-Sook Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Socioeconomic Deprivation ◽  
Longitudinal Change ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Mild Depression ◽  
Reduction Group ◽  
The Impact

This study aimed to identify the longitudinal pattern changes of South Koreans’ midlife depression and determine the impact of socioeconomic deprivation on the observed change in patterns. In total, 3975 middle-aged individuals were examined by conducting a latent class growth analysis and multinomial logistic regression analysis on seven years of Korea Welfare Panel data (2012–2018) using STATA 16.0 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX, USA). The change patterns of midlife depression were classified into normal depression reduction group, mild depression maintenance group, and serious depression increase group. The impact of the experience of socioeconomic deprivation on the classified change patterns was examined using the normal depression reduction group as the reference group. It was found that the higher an individual’s nutritional, housing, occupational/economic, and healthcare deprivation, the higher their risk of mild depression maintenance or serious depression increase. The serious depression increase group showed higher relative risk ratios in all domains. Comprehensive and integrated social welfare services, such as stable income, housing welfare, and healthcare services, should be provided along with appropriate clinical interventions for depression alleviation that account for the pattern changes in midlife depression.

Assessment of the impact of factors of the working environment on the health of workers in oil refining based on the analysis of morbidity

2020 ◽  
pp. 600-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Ginko ◽  
T. M. Sushinskaya ◽  
A. L. Rybina
Keyword(s):  
Comparison Group ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
The Impact

Studies have been conducted to assess the impact of factors of the production environment on employees of the oil refinery ofJSC «Naftan». Significant differences with the comparison group on the indicators of SVT were revealed. Priority nosological forms of employees of the main group are identified.

Understanding the Impact of Bullying in a Unionized U.S. Public Sector Workforce

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazen El Ghaziri ◽  
Shellie Simons ◽  
Jane Lipscomb ◽  
Carla L. Storr ◽  
Kathleen McPhaul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Organizational Climate ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Bargaining Unit ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Organizational Impact ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact

Background: Workplace Bullying (WPB) can have a tremendous, negative impact on the victims and the organization as a whole. The purpose of this study was to examine individual and organizational impact associated with exposure to bullying in a large U.S. unionized public sector workforce. Methods: A cross-sectional Web-based survey was conducted among 16,492 U.S. state government workers. Survey domains included demographics, negative acts (NAs) and bullying, supportiveness of the organizational climate, and individual and organizational impacts of bullying. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the impact among respondents who reported exposure to bullying. Findings: A total of 72% participants responded to the survey (n = 11,874), with 43.7% (n = 5,181) reporting exposure to NAs and bullying. A total of 40% (n = 4,711) participants who experienced WPB reported individual impact(s) while 42% ( n = 4,969) reported organization impact(s). Regular NA was associated with high individual impact (negatively impacted them personally; odds ratio [OR] = 5.03) when controlling for other covariates including: female gender (OR =1.89) and job tenure of 6 to 10 years (OR = 1.95); working in a supportive organizational climate and membership in a supportive bargaining unit were protective of high impact (OR = 0.04 and OR = 0.59, respectively). High organizational impact (transferring to another position) was associated with regular NA and bullying (OR = 16.26), female gender (OR = 1.55), providing health care and field service (OR = 1.68), and protective effect of organizational climate (OR = 0.39). We found a dose-response relationship between bullying and both individual and organizational-level impact. Conclusion/Application to Practice: Understanding the impacts of WPB should serve to motivate more workplaces and unions to implement effective interventions to ameliorate the problem by enhancing the organizational climate, as well as management and employee training on the nature of WPB and guidance on reporting.

scholarly journals A synbiotic intervention modulates meta-omics signatures of gut redox potential and acidity in elective caesarean born infants

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Lay ◽  
Collins Wenhan Chu ◽  
Rikky Wenang Purbojati ◽  
Enzo Acerbi ◽  
Daniela I. Drautz-Moses ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthesis ◽  
Infant Gut Microbiome ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The compromised gut microbiome that results from C-section birth has been hypothesized as a risk factor for the development of non-communicable diseases (NCD). In a double-blind randomized controlled study, 153 infants born by elective C-section received an infant formula supplemented with either synbiotic, prebiotics, or unsupplemented from birth until 4 months old. Vaginally born infants were included as a reference group. Stool samples were collected from day 3 till week 22. Multi-omics were deployed to investigate the impact of mode of delivery and nutrition on the development of the infant gut microbiome, and uncover putative biological mechanisms underlying the role of a compromised microbiome as a risk factor for NCD. Results As early as day 3, infants born vaginally presented a hypoxic and acidic gut environment characterized by an enrichment of strict anaerobes (Bifidobacteriaceae). Infants born by C-section presented the hallmark of a compromised microbiome driven by an enrichment of Enterobacteriaceae. This was associated with meta-omics signatures characteristic of a microbiome adapted to a more oxygen-rich gut environment, enriched with genes associated with reactive oxygen species metabolism and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, and depleted in genes involved in the metabolism of milk carbohydrates. The synbiotic formula modulated expression of microbial genes involved in (oligo)saccharide metabolism, which emulates the eco-physiological gut environment observed in vaginally born infants. The resulting hypoxic and acidic milieu prevented the establishment of a compromised microbiome. Conclusions This study deciphers the putative functional hallmarks of a compromised microbiome acquired during C-section birth, and the impact of nutrition that may counteract disturbed microbiome development. Trial registration The study was registered in the Dutch Trial Register (Number: 2838) on 4th April 2011.

scholarly journals 600. Decreased Hospital Readmission After Programmatic Strengthening of an Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) Program

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S362-S363
Author(s):  
Gaurav Agnihotri ◽  
Alan E Gross ◽  
Minji Seok ◽  
Cheng Yu Yen ◽  
Farah Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Readmission ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Although it is recommended that an OPAT program should be managed by a formal OPAT team that supports the treating physician, many OPAT programs face challenges in obtaining necessary program staff (i.e nurses or pharmacists) due to limited data examining the impact of a dedicated OPAT team on patient outcomes. Our objective was to compare OPAT-related readmission rates among patients receiving OPAT before and after the implementation of a strengthened OPAT program. Methods This retrospective quasi-experiment compared adult patients discharged on intravenous (IV) antibiotics from the University of Illinois Hospital before and after implementation of programmatic changes to strengthen the OPAT program. Data from our previous study were used as the pre-intervention group (1/1/2012 to 8/1/2013), where only individual infectious disease (ID) physicians coordinated OPAT. Post-intervention (10/1/2017 to 1/1/2019), a dedicated OPAT nurse provided full time support to the treating ID physicians through care coordination, utilization of protocols for lab monitoring and management, and enhanced documentation. Factors associated with readmission for OPAT-related problems at a significance level of p< 0.1 in univariate analysis were eligible for testing in a forward stepwise multinomial logistic regression to identify independent predictors of readmission. Results Demographics, antimicrobial indications, and OPAT administration location of the 428 patients pre- and post-intervention are listed in Table 1. After implementation of the strengthened OPAT program, the readmission rate due to OPAT-related complications decreased from 17.8% (13/73) to 6.5% (23/355) (p=0.001). OPAT-related readmission reasons included: infection recurrence/progression (56%), adverse drug reaction (28%), or line-associated issues (17%). Independent predictors of hospital readmission due to OPAT-related problems are listed in Table 2. Table 1. OPAT Patient Demographics and Factors Pre- and Post-intervention Table 2. Factors independently associated with hospital readmission in OPAT patients Conclusion An OPAT program with dedicated staff at a large academic tertiary care hospital was independently associated with decreased risk for readmission, which provides critical evidence to substantiate additional resources being dedicated to OPAT by health systems in the future. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Characteristics of those most vulnerable to employment changes during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationally representative cross-sectional study in Wales

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-216030
Author(s):  
Benjamin J Gray ◽  
Richard G Kyle ◽  
Jiao Song ◽  
Alisha R Davies
Keyword(s):  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Employment Outcomes ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundThe public health response to the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a detrimental impact on employment and there are concerns the impact may be greatest among the most vulnerable. We examined the characteristics of those who experienced changes in employment status during the early months of the pandemic.MethodsData were collected from a cross-sectional, nationally representative household survey of the working age population (18–64 years) in Wales in May/June 2020 (n=1379). We looked at changes in employment and being placed on furlough since February 2020 across demographics, contract type, job skill level, health status and household factors. χ2 or Fisher’s exact test and multinomial logistic regression models examined associations between demographics, subgroups and employment outcomes.ResultsOf our respondents, 91.0% remained in the same job in May/June 2020 as they were in February 2020, 5.7% were now in a new job and 3.3% experienced unemployment. In addition, 24% of our respondents reported being placed on furlough. Non-permanent contract types, individuals who reported low mental well-being and household financial difficulties were all significant factors in experiencing unemployment. Being placed on ‘furlough’ was more likely in younger (18–29 years) and older (60–64 years) workers, those in lower skilled jobs and from households with less financial security.ConclusionA number of vulnerable population groups were observed to experience detrimental employment outcomes during the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Targeted support is needed to mitigate against both the direct impacts on employment, and indirect impacts on financial insecurity and health.

scholarly journals Breakfast skipping alone and in interaction with inflammatory based quality of diet increases the risk of higher scores of psychological problems profile in a large sample of Iranian adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahimeh Haghighatdoost ◽  
Awat Feizi ◽  
Ahmad Esmaillzadeh ◽  
Ammar Hassanzadeh Keshteli ◽  
Hamid Afshar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inflammatory Index ◽  
Breakfast Skipping ◽  
Breakfast Eating ◽  
Profile Score ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The authors investigate the association of breakfast skipping and its interaction with a dietary inflammatory index (DII) with the severity of psychological disorders. A total of 2876 Iranian general adults were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Psychological problems profile score was calculated using the regression method in the framework of factor analysis based on depression, anxiety and psychological distress. The higher scores indicate more severity of mental problem. The frequency of breakfast eating in a week was assessed. Dietary intakes were assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire and twenty-seven items were included in the calculation of DII. In the crude model, individuals who ate breakfast seldom had the highest odds for having worse psychological problems profile (OR 3⋅59; 95 % CI 2⋅52, 5⋅11). Adjustment for various confounders did not change the associations (OR 3⋅35; 95 % CI 2⋅11, 5⋅32). In the adjusted multinomial logistic regression model, participants with high DII (>median) who skipped breakfast had highest risk of being in the higher tertiles of psychological problems profile compared with those who had low DII (<median) and ate breakfast (OR 6⋅67; 95 % CI 3⋅45, 12⋅90). Similar results were observed in women and men regarding the impact of breakfast skipping alone and interaction with DII on scores of psychological problems profile. Breakfast skipping is associated with higher risk of psychological problems. Similar findings were obtained in the stratified analysis by sex. Our findings confirmed that the DII and breakfast skipping are associated with mental health, interactionally. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the true link between breakfast skipping and psychological problems.

Native language identification and writing proficiency

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristopher Kyle ◽  
Scott A. Crossley ◽  
YouJin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
First Language ◽  
Language Identification ◽  
Writing Proficiency ◽  
Proficiency Levels ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This study evaluates the impact of writing proficiency on native language identification (NLI), a topic that has important implications for the generalizability of NLI models and detection-based arguments for cross-linguistic influence (Jarvis 2010, 2012; CLI). The study uses multinomial logistic regression to classify the first language (L1) group membership of essays at two proficiency levels based on systematic lexical and phrasal choices made by members of five L1 groups. The results indicate that lower proficiency essays are significantly easier to classify than higher proficiency essays, suggesting that lower proficiency writers make lexical and phrasal choices that are more similar to other lower proficiency writers that share an L1 than higher proficiency writers that share an L1. A close analysis of the findings also indicates that the relationship between NLI accuracy and proficiency differed across L1 groups.

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