scholarly journals Age-Related Deterioration of Mitochondrial Function in the Intestine

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Anna M. Schneider ◽  
Mihriban Özsoy ◽  
Franz A. Zimmermann ◽  
René G. Feichtinger ◽  
Johannes A. Mayr ◽  
...  

Aging is an important and inevitable biological process in human life, associated with the onset of chronic disease and death. The mechanisms behind aging remain unclear. However, changes in mitochondrial function and structure, including reduced activity of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and increased production of reactive oxygen species—thus oxidative damage—are believed to play a major role. Mitochondria are the main source of cellular energy, producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via oxidative phosphorylation. Accumulation of damaged cellular components reduces a body’s capacity to preserve tissue homeostasis and affects biological aging and all age-related chronic conditions. This includes the onset and progression of classic degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Clinical manifestations of intestinal disorders, such as mucosal barrier dysfunction, intestinal dysmotility, and chronic obstipation, are highly prevalent in the elderly population and have been shown to be associated with an age-dependent decline of mitochondrial function. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in intestinal aging.

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 65-96
Author(s):  
S. Bulgakova ◽  
N. Romanchuk

Along with many physiological changes during normal aging, sleep also changes. Age-related changes in sleep include: a decrease in the duration of night sleep, an increase in the frequency of falling asleep during the day, an increase in the number of night awakenings and time spent without sleep during the night, a decrease in the phase of slow sleep, etc. Most of these changes occur between the young and the middle and remain unchanged in the elderly. In addition, the circadian system and homeostatic sleep mechanisms become less stable with aging. The level and nature of the secretion of hormones acting on sleep change during normal aging, which affects the processes of sleep and wakefulness. Sleep indicators are interrelated and/or dependent on lifestyle, polymorbidity (somatic, psychological), polypharmacy, epigenetic (social, economic, environmental, etc.) factors. Increased average human life expectancy and neuroendocrine changes in physiological and pathological aging, on the one hand, epigenetic factors and electromagnetic information load/overload, on the other hand, made a significant contribution to the circadian nature of human brain neural network interaction with artificial intelligence.


Author(s):  
М.И. Музыкин ◽  
Е.В. Коковихина ◽  
Е.А. Герасимова ◽  
В.Ф. Мищук ◽  
А.К. Иорданишвили ◽  
...  

Представлены данные клинического обследования 3 329 человек (1 760 мужчин и 1 569 женщин), проживающих в различных регионах РФ (Санкт-Петербург и Ленинградская обл., Москва и Московская обл., Краснодарский край). Цель работы заключалась в изучении частоты утраты зубов и клинических проявлений атрофии альвеолярных отростков (частей) челюстей у пациентов старших возрастных групп для оценки возможности стоматологической реабилитации с использованием ортопедических конструкций на дентальных имплантатах. Изучение распространенности и степени атрофии показало, что в старшей возрастной группе у пациентов в большей мере преобладала 4-я и 5-я степень атрофии, частота встречаемости составила около 20-30 %. Встречаемость 6-й степени атрофии также была выше, чем в других возрастных группах, - она была обнаружена у 17,22 % мужчин и 17,81 % женщин на верхней челюсти и у 22,18 и 15,79 % - на нижней челюсти соответственно. Несмотря на то, что количество пожилых пациентов с полной или частичной утратой зубов не имеет тенденции к снижению, на современном этапе развития стоматологии и дентальной имплантологии восстановление целостности жевательного аппарата с применением искусственных опор возможно фактически во всех клинических случаях. Наличие коморбидной или мультиморбидной патологии не является абсолютным противопоказанием, а является лишь временны΄м фактором, откладывающим стоматологическую реабилитацию до стабилизации общесоматического статуса пациента. The data of clinical examination of 3 329 people (1 760 men and 1 569 women) living in various regions of the Russian Federation (St. Petersburg and Leningrad region, Moscow and Moscow region, Krasnodar Territory) are presented. The aim of the investigation was to study the frequency of tooth loss and clinical manifestations of atrophy of the alveolar processes (parts) of the jaws in patients of older age groups to assess the possibility of dental rehabilitation using orthopedic structures on dental implants. The study of the prevalence and degree of atrophy showed that in the older age group, patients of senile age were more dominated by 4 and 5 degrees of atrophy, the frequency of their occurrence was about 20-30 %. The incidence of grade 6 atrophy was also higher than in other age groups, it was found in 17,22 % of men and 17,81 % of women in the upper jaw and 22,18 % and 15,79 % in the lower jaw, respectively. Despite the fact that the number of patients in older age groups with complete or partial loss of teeth does not tend to decrease, at the present stage of development of dentistry and dental implantology, the possibility of restoring the integrity of the masticatory apparatus with the use of artificial supports is possible in virtually all clinical cases. The presence of comorbid or multimorbid pathology is not an absolute contraindication, but is only a temporary factor that postpones dental rehabilitation until the general somatic status of the patient is stabilized.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3113
Author(s):  
Andreas Mæchel Fritzen ◽  
Søren Peter Andersen ◽  
Khaled Abdul Nasser Qadri ◽  
Frank D. Thøgersen ◽  
Thomas Krag ◽  
...  

Mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to be involved in age-related loss of muscle mass and function (sarcopenia). Since the degree of physical activity is vital for skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and content, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of aerobic exercise training and 8 weeks of deconditioning on functional parameters of aerobic capacity and markers of muscle mitochondrial function in elderly compared to young individuals. In 11 healthy, elderly (80 ± 4 years old) and 10 healthy, young (24 ± 3 years old) volunteers, aerobic training improved maximal oxygen consumption rate by 13%, maximal workload by 34%, endurance capacity by 2.4-fold and exercise economy by 12% in the elderly to the same extent as in young individuals. This evidence was accompanied by a similar training-induced increase in muscle citrate synthase (CS) (31%) and mitochondrial complex I–IV activities (51–163%) in elderly and young individuals. After 8 weeks of deconditioning, endurance capacity (−20%), and enzyme activity of CS (−18%) and complex I (−40%), III (−25%), and IV (−26%) decreased in the elderly to a larger extent than in young individuals. In conclusion, we found that elderly have a physiological normal ability to improve aerobic capacity and mitochondrial function with aerobic training compared to young individuals, but had a faster decline in endurance performance and muscle mitochondrial enzyme activity after deconditioning, suggesting an age-related issue in maintaining oxidative metabolism.


2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 86-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. U. Akasheva ◽  
E. V. Plokhova ◽  
I. D. Strazhesko ◽  
E. N. Dudinskaya ◽  
O. N. Tkacheva

Ageing is an inevitable process which affects quality of life and reduces life expectancy. Age-related cardiac changes reduce compensatory reserves of the heart and accelerate the disease development. Such changes in cardiac structure and function, observed in the absence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), are considered age-related. However, taking into account the high prevalence of CVD in the elderly, it is problematic to define the genuine cardiac ageing. This review discusses a range of subclinical cardiac conditions which are common in older people. 


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-39
Author(s):  
Nikita D. Kurgan ◽  
Evgeniya I. Panova ◽  
Lyubov V. Silakova ◽  
Aleksandr M. Kaganskii ◽  
Stanislav A. Rybtsov

According to the WHO, by 2050 in developed countries, the population over 60 years old will double. This will lead to a further increase in the retirement age and an elevation of burden on the health care system. Therefore, there is an acute issue of maintaining health and prolonging active longevity, as well as the introduction of monitoring for prevention of premature aging and age-related disorders to avoid early disability. The review aims to discuss the aging process and identify critical blood factors affecting or indicating progress in biological aging. The connection of biological age, the regenerative and immune systems aging with the shift in circulating blood factors have been evaluated. The concepts of "health and longevity hygiene" and the concept of "immunological age" are debated. Perspective methods of rapid and multiplex analyzes of blood factors are discussed, as well as the prospects for preliminary analysis of biological and immunological age at home with subsequent processing in high-tech centers to identify risk groups and monitor healthy aging. Approaches to protecting health, slowing aging and rejuvenating the elderly, maintaining healthy aging, and prolonging active life have been defined.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu-Qiao Chen ◽  
Zhuo Xing ◽  
Quang-Di Chen ◽  
Richard J. Salvi ◽  
Xuming Zhang ◽  
...  

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) due to trisomy for all or part of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21). It is also associated with other phenotypes including distinctive facial features, cardiac defects, growth delay, intellectual disability, immune system abnormalities, and hearing loss. All adults with DS demonstrate AD-like brain pathology, including amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, by age 40 and dementia typically by age 60. There is compelling evidence that increased APP gene dose is necessary for AD in DS, and the mechanism for this effect has begun to emerge, implicating the C-terminal APP fragment of 99 amino acid (β-CTF). The products of other triplicated genes on Hsa21 might act to modify the impact of APP triplication by altering the overall rate of biological aging. Another important age-related DS phenotype is hearing loss, and while its mechanism is unknown, we describe its characteristics here. Moreover, immune system abnormalities in DS, involving interferon pathway genes and aging, predispose to diverse infections and might modify the severity of COVID-19. All these considerations suggest human trisomy 21 impacts several diseases in an age-dependent manner. Thus, understanding the possible aging-related mechanisms associated with these clinical manifestations of DS will facilitate therapeutic interventions in mid-to-late adulthood, while at the same time shedding light on basic mechanisms of aging.


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Mohammad Sajid ◽  
Sapna Negi

Aging is associated with deterioration of cellular homeostasis and increased risk for several age-related metabolic disorders like obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. Chronic and low-grade inflammation is linked with metabolic syndromes especially during aging (inflammaging). This inflammaging may enhance the risk for late-onset diseases. Gut microbes show a significant role in the regulation and pathogenesis of various metabolic disorders. Gut mucosal lining is a mechanical obstruction between gut microbiota and the host. Deterioration of the gut mucosal barrier may expedite biological aging by enabling exposure of gut microbes to the mucosal immunity. Further, the compromised mucosal immunity may lead to inflammation and if immunogenic microbial peptide(s) present in the gut mimics host protein(s), they can induce mild autoimmunity. Therefore, the pathology of metabolic disorders may be related to molecular mimicry stimulated by exposure of gut microbial peptide(s) during aging. This article reviews gut microbes induced inflammaging which can be a potential probiotic target for the treatment of non-communicable diseases.


2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Mara C. Ebeling ◽  
Zhaohui Geng ◽  
Madilyn R. Stahl ◽  
Rebecca J. Kapphahn ◽  
Heidi Roehrich ◽  
...  

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly. No universally effective treatments exist for atrophic or “dry” AMD, which results from loss of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors and accounts for ≈80% of all AMD patients. Prior studies provide evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in AMD pathology. This study used induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) RPE derived from five AMD patients to test the efficacy of three drugs (AICAR (5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide), Metformin, trehalose) that target key processes in maintaining optimal mitochondrial function. The patient iPSC-RPE lines were used in a proof-of-concept drug screen, utilizing an analysis of RPE mitochondrial function following acute and extended drug exposure. Results show considerable variability in drug response across patient cell lines, supporting the need for a personalized medicine approach for treating AMD. Furthermore, our results demonstrate the feasibility of using iPSC-RPE from AMD patients to develop a personalized drug treatment regime and provide a roadmap for the future clinical management of AMD.


2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Babaei ◽  
Zahra Ghayoumi-Anaraki ◽  
Behrooz Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari

ABSTRACT The growth in the elderly population has posed a social, economic and health challenge for the twenty-first century. Objective: Aging is often characterized by changes in cognitive functions which affect the receptive and expressive capabilities of language. Since language plays a significant role in human life, we evaluate the existence of age-related differences in narrative and persuasive discourses. Methods: The narrative discourse of 91 adults and persuasive discourse of 92 adults,aged from 19 to 75 years and stratified into four age groups,were examined. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between coherence in the elderly group and each of the other three age groups for both types of discourse. There was also a significant difference for the cohesion variable between the elderly and the first age group for narrative discourse only. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that discourse is influenced by aging and type (genre) of discourse task. Therefore, it is essential for clinicians to take into account the linguistic needs of elderly and incorporate these into their clinical programs. Also, this finding can help clinicians to distinguish between discourses of normal aging and other neurologic disorders (for example dementia, right hemisphere damage, aphasia).


Author(s):  
Irina B. Durakova ◽  
Ekaterina V. Mayer

Introduction. The improvement of the efficiency of older employees is based on the successful ageing paradigm, i.e. the ability to make up for age-related losses by means of selection, compensation, and optimisation. However, all the players on the labour market face an obstacle in the form of a common stereotype that older people are of ill health, unable to learn, apathetic, and lack motivation. Therefore, the implementation of a strategy for the protection of interests of the elderly in Russia requires studying the stages of the human life cycle with regard to the efficiency of employees. Purpose. The purpose of our study was to provide scientific justification for specifying the stages of the human life cycle and the possibility for older employees to remain efficient. The latter is ensured by the coordination of the organisation’s requirements and individual challenges and demands of the employees. Methodology. In our study, we used historical and logical approach to the analysis of theories suggested by Russian and international scholars, as well as major works and other publications on the topic. The analysis allowed us to determine the essence of the studied phenomenon not restricted by any particular form. We then synthesised the parts and dependencies determined via the analysis of the stages of the human life cycle. Such synthesis allowed us to focus on the development of a basis that can be used to slow down the ageing of human resources and maintain the efficiency of older employees. The other methods used in the study were induction, deduction, analogy, generalisation, comparative analysis, and systems analysis. Results. The article describes a basic research platform for studying the human life cycle, which differentiates between the stages of development, establishment, and deterioration with regard to the ability to perform job functions. It also substantiates the idea of the employee life cycle from the point of view of both employers and employees. The article specifies the three stages of the life cycle and summarises the existing approaches taking into account the new ageing paradigm. Conclusions. A paradigm is a way of perceiving the reality and viewing it as a new norm, which should be controlled, whenever possible. By controlling successful ageing through studying the content, specifics, and dynamics of the stages of the life cycle, we can extend the effective working stage of the human life cycle and ensure a good balance between effective work and private life, which over the years is filled with new sense and new difficulties. I.e. A phenomenon we could call a “sandwich effect”. The scientific approach to the problem allowed us to study both the theoretical basis of successful ageing and the practical side involving the healthcare system, the employer, and the employee.


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