scholarly journals Antimalarial Property and Acute Toxicity of the Leaves of Theobroma cacao L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Gustav Komlaga ◽  
Arnold Donkor Forkuo ◽  
Nadiatu Suleman ◽  
Desmond Nkrumah ◽  
Reinhard Nketia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Maximum Dose ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Mean Survival Time ◽  
Body Weight Increase ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
Different Doses

The leaf of Theobroma cacao L. is used in traditional medicine in Ghana for the treatment of malaria, yet, with no scientific evidence of its antimalarial property in animals. It was, therefore, studied to validate the antimalarial property in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Infected mice were treated with an aqueous extract of T. cacao leaf at different doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg daily for four days. Parasitaemia was determined before treatment and 24 hours following the last dose of extract. The % reduction in parasitaemia and ED50 and ED90 of the extract were determined. Body weight, rectal temperature, and daily mortality of mice were also recorded. The extract had ED50 and ED90 of 242.20 ± 29.38 and 351.00 ± 29.52 mg/kg/day, respectively. Percentage parasitaemia suppression was significant for all doses. The extract at the maximum dose of 400 mg/kg body weight had the highest % parasitaemia suppression of 79.19%; mean survival time of 24.00 ± 2.19 days and median survival of 23 days; body weight increase of 3.82 ± 0.59; and the lowest body temperature reduction of 0.79 ± 0.11°C. T. cacao leaf extract showed an antimalarial property in P. berghei-infected mice. This reinforces the justification for the use of the plant material in treating malaria in Ghana.

scholarly journals pengaruh pemberian pupuk organik cair kandang kelinci dan kompos limbah baglog pada pertumbuhan bibit Kakao (theobroma cacao l.) Di polibeg

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-152
Author(s):  
Redho Anggara Nubriama ◽  
Erwin Pane ◽  
Sumihar Hutapea
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Top Soil ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
Cocoa Seedlings ◽  
Different Doses

Cacao is one of the predominant plantation in Indonesia so that the production should be improved constantly. The purpose of this researce was to obtain data on the growth of cacao seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.) by applying rabbit cage liquid organic fertilizer and composting baglog waste with different doses. This research was carried out at the Medan Area faculty of agriculture experiment area located on the street PBSI No.1 Medan Estate. The research was conducted  from  July to  November  2018.  Using  Factorial  Randomized  Group Desing (RGD) with two replications. The first factor tested was rabbit cage liquid organic fertilizer namely U0= without POC, U1= consentration 5% (50 ml POC/liter), U2= consentration 10% (100 ml POC/liter), U3= consentration 15% (150 ml POC/liter). The second   factor is baglog waste compost which is L0= without compost baglog waste, L1= 20% baglog compost waste (600g) + 80% top soil (2.400g), L2= 40% baglog compost waste (1.200g) + 60% top soil (1.800g), L3= 60% baglog compost waste (1.800g) + 40% top soil (1.200g). The results showed that administration of baglog waste compost can increase growth ( plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter and canopy wet weight) of cocoa seedlings

scholarly journals Antimalarial Activity of Tinospora baenzigeri against Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakaewan Ounjaijean ◽  
Manas Kotepui ◽  
Voravuth Somsak
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Packed Cell Volume ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Mean Survival Time

Plant species of the genus Tinospora (Menispermaceae) possess several pharmacological properties, and T. crispa has been reported to have antimalarial activity. T. baenzigeri (Chingcha Chalee) is a rich source of terpenes and quinoline alkaloids; however, it still has not yet been investigated the antimalarial activity of this plant extract. Hence, this study was aimed to evaluate the antimalarial activity of T. baenzigeri stem extract against Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. The aqueous crude extract of T. baenzigeri stem was prepared using a microwave-assisted method and tested for acute toxicity in mice. For evaluating the antimalarial activity in vivo, the standard 4-day test was carried out using groups of ICR mice infected with P. berghei ANKA administered orally by gavage with the extract (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg) for 4 consecutive days. Parasitemia, body weight, packed cell volume, and mean survival time were then measured. It was found that the aqueous crude extract of T. baenzigeri stem did not exhibit any sign of toxicity up to the dose of 2,000 mg/kg. The extract significantly (P<0.01) inhibited parasitemia in a dose-dependent manner, with 22.02%, 50.81%, and 74.95% inhibition. Moreover, the marked prevention of body weight loss and packed cell volume reduction was observed at doses of 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg of extract-treated mice. Additionally, the extract prolonged the mean survival time of P. berghei-infected mice, compared to the untreated group. In conclusion, the aqueous crude extract of T. baenzigeri stem has demonstrated potent antimalarial activity against P. berghei-infected mice with prolonged mean survival time and prevention of body weight loss and packed cell volume reduction.

scholarly journals PERFORMA AYAM KAMPUNG SUPER YANG DI BERI LEVEL PENAMBAHAN TEPUNG KULIT KAKAO (Theobroma cacao, L.) FERMENTASI DALAM RANSUM

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syafar Abidin Pakaya ◽  
Srisukmawati Zainudin
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Additional Level ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

This research aims to find out the appearance of free-range chicken fed with the addition og cocoa skin flour (Theobroma cacao L.)fermented in feeds.the design used is a Completely Randomixed Design with four treatmens and four tepetitions. The parameters observed and measured are the amount of feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion. The data analysis used is the analysis of variance. The findings show that addition of famented cocoa skin flour in level 0%, 5%, 10% do  not significantly b influence (P0.05) on the feed consumption,body weight gain and the value of feed conversion in free-range chicken. The conlusion is the additional level of fermented cocoa skin flour to the level of 15% does not influence the appearance of free-range chicken

scholarly journals Forage substitution with MOIYL fermented cacao pod on carcass quality of local sheeps

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S D Mahyana ◽  
Hasnudi ◽  
I Sembiring ◽  
S Umar ◽  
Yunilas
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Agriculture Waste ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Average Body Weight

Agriculture waste such as acao pod are abundant. This study aims to determine localsheeps carcass quality after feeding Moiyl fermented cacao pod (Theobroma cacao L) inrations as alternative feed. The research was carried out at Mr. Didit's farm located on BungaRinte street, Medan Tuntungan sub district, Medan in October-December 2018. Theexperiment used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4replications. Using 20 local rams with an average of 12.65 ± 1 kg / head. Treatment consists offorages, and concentrated ingredients such as coconut cake, soybean meal, rice bran, molasses,urea, mineral mix, and Moiyl pod cacao fermented P0 (forage 80% + concentrate 20%), P1(forage 60% + Pod cacao fermentation 20% + Concentrate 20%), P2 (Forage 40% + Pod cacaofermented 40% + Concentrate 20%), P3 (Forage 20% + Pod cacao fermented 60% +Concentrate 20%), P4 (Pod 80% fermented cacao + Concentrate 20%).The results showed that the average cutting weight P0 = 15.70, P1 = 15.98, P2 = 17.55, P3 =16.27, P4 = 14.73, (kg / head). The average body weight is P0 = 9.75, P1 = 10.27, P2 = 10.52,P3 = 10.14, P4 = 9.18, (kg / head). The average carcass weight P0 = 5.36, P1 = 5.61, P2 =5.74, P3 = 5.73, P4 = 5.73 (kg / head). The average carcass percentage P0 = 56.51, P1 = 55.55,P2 = 54.71, P3 = 56.55, P4 = 51.48 (kg / head). The conclusion of this study is MOIYLfermented cacao pod (Theobroma cacao L) can substitute forage as feed for male local sheepand influenced cutting weight, average body weight, average carcass weight and also averagearcass percentage.

scholarly journals Antiplasmodial Effect ofAnthocleista vogeliion Albino Mice Experimentally Infected withPlasmodium berghei berghei(NK 65)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lebari Barine Gboeloh ◽  
Okpok Eta Okon ◽  
Samuel Effiong Udoh
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Albino Mice ◽  
Dose Levels ◽  
Group D ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Different Doses

The objective of the present study was to investigate the antiplasmodial effect of the ethanolic stem bark extract ofAnthocleista vogeliiat different doses in albino mice infected withPlasmodium berghei berghei(NK 65). Thirty-six mice were divided into six groups of six mice each. Five groups (B1–B3, D, and G) were infected withPlasmodium berghei bergheiparasitized red blood cells. Groups D, H, and G served as the controls. Six days after infection, mice in groups B1, B2, and B3were treated orally with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight ofAnthocleista vogelii,respectively, for six executive days. Group D was treated with 5 mg/kg body weight of chloroquine while Group G was given distilled water. Group H was not infected and was not treated. It served as the normal control. The extracts exhibited significant(P<0.05)dose-dependent chemosuppression ofP. berghei. The extract exhibited average chemosuppressive effects of 48.5%, 78.5%, and 86.6% at dose levels of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Phytochemical screening of the plant extract revealed the presence of saponins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids, and steroid. The acute toxicity (LD50) of the plant was estimated to be 3162 mg/kg body weight. It showed that the stem bark ofA. vogeliipossesses antiplasmodial property.

scholarly journals Efficient use of nutrients in fine aroma cacao in the Province of Los Ríos-Ecuador

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 8963-8970
Author(s):  
Edisson W. Cuenca-Cuenca ◽  
Yina J. Puentes-Páramo ◽  
Juan C. Menjivar-Flores
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Experiment Design ◽  
Nutrient Absorption ◽  
High Production ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Maximum Limit

Soil nutrients are vital to high production of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.); however, excessive use of fertilizers affects the environment and profitability of this crop. This research aimed to determine the efficient use of nutrients (EUN) for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in four fine aroma cacao clones (EET-576, EET-575, EET-103, and CCN-51), which are economically important in Ecuador. The experiment design used split plots, with four treatments and four repetitions. The treatments consisted of applications of different doses of N-P-K (kg ha-1): TR (control), T1 (N59-P29-K118), T2 (N74-P37-K148), and T3 (N88-P44-K176). The results showed highly significant differences for the agronomic (AE) and recovery (RE) efficiency of N-P-K in terms of the clone and treatment. The highest efficiencies were presented for clone CCN-51 and the lowest in clone EET-103. The treatment that obtained the highest efficiency was T2 for clones CCN-51, EET-575 and EET-576, except for EET-103 that reached the highest efficiency with T1. The lowest efficiencies were obtained in T3. The highest yields were presented in clone CCN-51, followed by EET-575, later EET-576, and finally EET-103. Influence of the genotypes on the maximum limit of nutrient absorption was evident under the studied conditions, suggesting that it determines the efficient use of nutrients for each clone in interaction with this specific cultivation area.

Situación económica y social de la población de San José del Carmen, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Cadena-Iñiguez ◽  
Eileen Salinas-Cruz ◽  
Jesús Martínez-Sánchez ◽  
Mariano Morales-Guerra ◽  
Romualdo Vásquez-Ortiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Las Casas ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L

Objetivo: Establecer una línea base como fundamento para la intervención e inducción de innovaciones a través de escuelas de campo y planes de negocios. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: El estudio se desarrolló en San José del Carmen, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, México. Se elaboró una encuesta como instrumento para recabar en campo información de familias de la localidad con la finalidad de conocer su situación actual. La localidad de trabajo se eligió utilizando como criterio las poblaciones que se encuentran dentro de Cruzada Nacional contra el hambre y en la clasificación de la pobreza extrema Resultados: La localidad de San José del Carmen es considerada como de alta marginación, la población es bilingüe, su principal lengua es el Tzotzil, el nivel de estudios promedio es hasta el tercer año de primaria, las principales actividades productivas son la siembra de maíz (Zea mays L.), frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) y haba (Vicia faba L.) que son utilizadas principalmente para autoconsumo.  No cuentan con agua potable ya que su sistema es a través de la recaudación de agua de lluvia o a través de un jagüey. Sus principales actividades económicas son la albañilería por parte de los hombres, y venta de productos, tales como el pozol (bebida energética a base de maíz y cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), tostadas y algunos vegetales por parte de las mujeres. Las tostadas son producidas en forma artesanal con un proceso de doble nixtamalización y vendida en bolsas de 20 tostadas cada una, a un costo de MX$10.00 en los mercados de San Cristóbal de las Casas, una a dos veces por semana alrededor de 40 bolsas por día de venta. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: La afiliación zapatista de alguno de los pobladores y el hecho de que algunos habitantes no hablen español, fueron factores que limitaron desarrollar al 100% el estudio; sin embargo, se considera que se tienen los elementos necesarios para establecer la línea base de la situación de San José del Carmen. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico servirá como una herramienta para establecer una intervención a través de innovaciones y planes de negocios en la comunidad de estudio. Los pobladores cuentan con herramientas necesarias para obtener nuevos conocimientos que ayuden a un desarrollo de su producción. El idioma no deberá de ser una limitante para ello.

CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE AMÊNDOAS E QUALIDADE DE LIQUOR DE CACAU (Theobroma cacao L.) SUPERIOR BAHIA

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. Melo Neto ◽  
E.A. Carvalho ◽  
D.L.N. Mello ◽  
A.C. Anjos ◽  
A.C.R. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theobroma Cacao ◽  
Theobroma Cacao L
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