Response of Mouse Breast Cancer Cells to Anastrozole, Tamoxifen, and the Combination

The murine breast cancer cells (4T1) grown both in female BALB/c mice and in culture were treated with anastrozole (50μg/mL), tamoxifen citrate (5μg/mL), and the combination of the two drugs in order to determine treatment efficacies, toxic potential, and the mechanism of cell death. The in vivo treatments were evaluated by monitoring tumor growth, development, and life span. The in vitro effects were measured through cell growth kinetics, cell proliferation, mitochondrial membrane potential disruption assay, and light and scanning electron microscopy. All drug treatments extended the mean life span of the 4T1-inoculated tumor-bearing mice; however, only tamoxifen and combination treatments statistically increased the life span when compared to untreated mice. Although the most drug inhibitory effect on cell multiplication was observed in the combination treatment, both anastrozole and tamoxifen individually inhibited cell proliferation significantly at most time periods in this mouse breast cancer cell line. The mitochondrial membrane potential disruption assay demonstrated significant increase in the percent of cells undergoing apoptosis in all treatment groups. However, the combination treatment was the most effective in inducing cell death via apoptosis. Light and scanning electron microscopy of the treated cells revealed characteristics such as rounding, clumping, and shrinkage of the cells as well as formation of cell surface blebbing and apoptotic bodies suggestive of cell death via apoptotic pathway.

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Fibroblasts During Hypertrophic Scar Formation and Resolution

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100072587 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 428-429

Author(s):

C. W. Kischer

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Cell Proliferation ◽

Fine Structure ◽

Metabolic Activity ◽

Hypertrophic Scar ◽

Normal Skin ◽

Ground Substance ◽

Hypertrophic Scars ◽

Scanning Electron

The morphology of the fibroblasts changes markedly as the healing period from burn wounds progresses, through development of the hypertrophic scar, to resolution of the scar by a self-limiting process of maturation or therapeutic resolution. In addition, hypertrophic scars contain an increased cell proliferation largely made up of fibroblasts. This tremendous population of fibroblasts seems congruous with the abundance of collagen and ground substance. The fine structure of these cells should reflect some aspects of the metabolic activity necessary for production of the scar, and might presage the stage of maturation.A comparison of the fine structure of the fibroblasts from normal skin, different scar types, and granulation tissue has been made by transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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Morphological characterization of domatium development in Callicarpa saccata

Annals of Botany ◽

10.1093/aob/mcz193 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 125 (3) ◽

pp. 521-532

Author(s):

Emma Sarath ◽

Kazune Ezaki ◽

Takenori Sasaki ◽

Yu Maekawa ◽

Yuji Sawada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Cell Proliferation ◽

Morphological Characterization ◽

Leaf Primordia ◽

Normal Functioning ◽

Simple Leaf ◽

Mesophyll Tissue ◽

Scanning Electron

Abstract Background and aims Domatia are plant structures within which organisms reside. Callicarpa saccata (Lamiaceae) is the sole myrmecophyte, or ‘ant plant’, that develops foliar (leaf-borne) myrmeco-domatia in this genus. In this work we examined domatium development in C. saccata to understand the developmental processes behind pouch-like domatia. Methods Scanning electron microscopy, sectioning and microcomputed tomography were carried out to compare the leaves of C. saccata with those of the closely related but domatia-less myrmecophyte Callicarpa subaequalis, both under cultivation without ants. Key results Callicarpa saccata domatia are formed as a result of excess cell proliferation at the blade/petiole junctions of leaf primordia. Blade/petiole junctions are important meristematic sites in simple leaf organogenesis. We also found that the mesophyll tissue of domatia does not clearly differentiate into palisade and spongy layers. Conclusions Rather than curling of the leaf margins, a perturbation of the normal functioning of the blade/petiole junction results in the formation of domatium tissue. Excess cell proliferation warps the shape of the blade and disturbs the development of the proximal–distal axis. This process leads to the generation of distinct structures that facilitate interaction between C. saccata and ants.

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Cordyceps militaris Induces Immunogenic Cell Death and Enhances Antitumor Immunogenic Response in Breast Cancer

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/9053274 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Xingguo Quan ◽

Beom Seok Kwak ◽

Ji-Young Lee ◽

Jin Hee Park ◽

Anbok Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Cell Death ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Breast Cancer Cells ◽

Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽

Apoptotic Cell ◽

Annexin V ◽

Cfse Dilution ◽

Mouse Breast Cancer ◽

Treated Breast

Cordyceps militaris has been widely used as a traditional medicine in East Asia. Its effects against breast cancer have been reported previously. However, whether C. militaris-induced breast cancer cell death is immunogenic remains unelucidated. This study aimed to determine whether ethanolic extracts of C. militaris (CM-EE) could induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) in breast cancer immunotherapy to improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Human and mouse breast cancer cells were treated with various concentrations of CM-EE for 72 h, and cytotoxicity was measured using the sulforhodamine B assay. Flow cytometry was used to assess cell death with annexin V/7-AAD staining and measure the surface exposure of damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules including calreticulin, HSP70, and HSP90. Western blot for cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was used to confirm apoptotic cell death. The immunogenicity of CM-EE-induced dead cells was evaluated using the CFSE dilution assay. CM-EE reduced the viability of human (MCF7, MDA-MB-231, HS578T, and SKBR3) and mouse (4T1-neu-HA, TUBO-HA, and TUBO-P2J-HA) breast cancer cells. The IC50 was 25–50 µg/ml in human breast cancer cells and 10–50 µg/ml in mouse breast cancer cells at 72 h. CM-EE-treated breast cancer cells were positively stained by annexin V, cleaved PARP, and cleaved caspase 3/7 which were increased upon CM-EE treatment. Surface exposure of DAMP molecules was increased in dose- and time-dependent manners. The CFSE dilution assay revealed that dendritic cells fed with CM-EE-treated breast cancer cells successfully stimulated tumor-specific T cell proliferation without inhibiting DC function and T cell proliferation. The expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein level was increased in dose-dependent manners. In addition, CM-EE also potentiated the cytotoxic activity of tumor-specific T cells. CM-EE can induce immunogenic and apoptotic cell death in breast cancer cells, and it is a good candidate for cancer immunotherapy and may improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors.

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Fetoprotein Derived Short Peptide Coated Nanostructured Amphiphilic Surfaces for Targeting Mouse Breast Cancer Cells

International Journal of Nanoscience ◽

10.1142/s0219581x1650023x ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (01) ◽

pp. 1650023

Author(s):

Alexandra M. Brown ◽

Yoliem S. Miranda-Alarćon ◽

Grant A. Knoll ◽

Anthony M. Santora ◽

Ipsita A. Banerjee

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Cell Proliferation ◽

Cancer Cells ◽

Tumor Cells ◽

Tumor Targeting ◽

Breast Cancer Cells ◽

Chemotherapeutic Drug ◽

Short Peptide ◽

Mouse Breast Cancer ◽

Self Assembled

In this work, self-assembled tumor targeting nanostructured surfaces were developed from a newly designed amphiphile by conjugating boc protected isoleucine with 2,[Formula: see text] ethylenedioxy bis ethylamine (IED). To target mouse mammary tumor cells, a short peptide sequence derived from the human alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), LSEDKLLACGEG was attached to the self-assembled nanostructures. Tumor targeting and cell proliferation were examined in the presence of nanoscale assemblies. To further obliterate mouse breast tumor cells, the chemotherapeutic drug tamoxifen was then entrapped into the nanoassemblies. Our studies indicated that the targeting systems were able to efficiently encapsulate and release tamoxifen. Cell proliferation studies showed that IED-AFP peptide loaded with tamoxifen decreased the proliferation of breast cancer cells while in the presence of the IED-AFP peptide nanoassemblies alone, the growth was relatively slower. In the presence of human dermal fibroblasts however cell proliferation continued similar to controls. Furthermore, the nanoscale assemblies were found to induce apoptosis in mouse breast cancer cells. To examine live binding interactions, SPR analysis revealed that tamoxifen encapsulated IED-AFP peptide nanoassemblies bound to the breast cancer cells more efficiently compared to unencapsulated assemblies. Thus, we have developed nanoscale assemblies that can specifically bind to and target tumor cells, with increased toxicity in the presence of a chemotherapeutic drug.

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Membrane Surface Features of Blastocystis Subtypes

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes9080417 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 417 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John Yason ◽

Kevin Tan

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Cell Death ◽

Species Complex ◽

Membrane Surface ◽

Surface Coat ◽

Pathogenic Potential ◽

Morphological Differences ◽

Carbohydrate Components ◽

Scanning Electron

Blastocystis is a common intestinal protistan parasite with global distribution. Blastocystis is a species complex composed of several isolates with biological and morphological differences. The surface coats of Blastocystis from three different isolates representing three subtypes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. This structure contains carbohydrate components that are also present in surface glycoconjugates in other parasitic protozoa. Electron micrographs show variations in the surface coats from the three Blastocystis isolates. These differences could be associated with the differences in the pathogenic potential of Blastocystis subtypes. Apart from the surface coat, a plasma membrane-associated surface antigen has been described for Blastocystis ST7 and is associated with programmed cell death features of the parasite.

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Bioactivity of Plasma-Sprayed Diopside Coating In Vitro

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.288-289.319 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 288-289 ◽

pp. 319-322 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Wei Chang Xue ◽

Chuan Xian Ding ◽

Cong Cao ◽

Yuqi Dong

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Cell Proliferation ◽

Cross Section ◽

Body Fluid ◽

Human Osteoblast ◽

Suitable Candidate ◽

Plasma Sprayed ◽

Scanning Electron

A new bioceramic coating based on diopside was prepared by plasma spraying. The surface and cross-section microstructure of the coating were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The thermal expansion coefficient of the diopside coating measured by a dilatometer adapted to that of titanium alloy. The bond strength of the coating was about 32.5 MPa, which is higher than that of HA coatings used in orthopedics and dentistry. The bioactivity of diopside coating was evaluated in vitro. After 15 days soaking in simulated body fluid, an apatite layer was formed on the surface of the coating. The cytocompatibility was investigated by studying the behaviour of human osteoblast cultured directly onto the surface of the coating. MTT assay was performed to assess the influence of the coating on cell proliferation. The morphologies of the cell were observed by SEM after incubation for 1 and 7 days. The results obtained indicated that plasma sprayed diopside coating may be a suitable candidate for bone and dental implant.

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Effect of Cooling Stimulus on Collection Efficiency of Calf Chondrocytes Cultivated on Metal Surface

International Journal of Automation Technology ◽

10.20965/ijat.2017.p0925 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 925-931 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yuta Kurashina ◽

◽

Shogo Miyata ◽

Jun Komotori

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Cell Culture ◽

Cell Proliferation ◽

Collection Efficiency ◽

Trypsin Treatment ◽

Culture Substrate ◽

A Cell ◽

Number Of Cells ◽

Scanning Electron

A cell culture module capable of cooling stimulus to collect cells efficiently on a metal culture substrate was developed. We evaluated the cell collection ratio and morphology of the collected cells. Following a cooling stimulus (0°C) for 20 min, the number of collected cells was increased by 50% compared to that collected after trypsin treatment without pipetting from the metal culture substrate. Following the cooling stimulus, cells were observed by fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy; the cell filopodia were shrunken compared to non-cooling-stimulated cells. Furthermore, the combination of collagenase and cooling stimulation resulted in the collection of a comparable number of cells as that obtained using only trypsin. Thus, cell proliferation was improved compared to that following trypsin treatment. Therefore, this method can be applied for culturing cells that are susceptible to trypsin damage.

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