scholarly journals Adolescent Undernutrition: Global Burden, Physiology, and Nutritional Risks

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parul Christian ◽  
Emily R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Peak Height Velocity

Background: Adolescents, comprised of 10–19 year olds, form the largest generation of young people in our history. There are an estimated 1.8 billion adolescents in the world, with 90% residing in low- and middle-income countries. The burden of disease among adolescents has its origins in infectious and injury-related causes, but nutritional deficiencies, suboptimal linear growth, and undernutrition are major public health problems, even as overweight may be on the rise in many contexts. Summary and Key Messages: Girls are most vulnerable to the influences of cultural and gender norms, which often discriminate against them. Dietary patterns and physical activity, in addition to schooling and countervailing social norms for early marriage, influence health and nutritional well-being of adolescents. Nutrient requirements – ­including those for energy, protein, iron, calcium, and ­others – increase in adolescence to support adequate growth and development. In settings where dietary intakes are suboptimal, anemia and micronutrient deficiencies are high. Endocrine factors are essential for promoting normal adolescent growth and are sensitive to undernutrition. Growth velocity increases during puberty when peak height velocity occurs and catch-up is possible; in girls, about 15–25% of adult height is attained. A premature pregnancy can halt linear growth and increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes. Research is needed to fill the huge data gaps related to nutrition and growth during adolescence, in addition to testing interventions during this second window of opportunity to enhance growth and development, improve human capital, and to end the intergenerational cycle of growth failure.

scholarly journals Prepubertal Dietary and Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids Related to Puberty Timing: Longitudinal Cohort and Mendelian Randomization Analyses

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1868
Author(s):  
Tuck Seng Cheng ◽  
Felix R. Day ◽  
John R. B. Perry ◽  
Jian’an Luan ◽  
Claudia Langenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Mendelian Randomization ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Phospholipid ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Breast Development ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Peak Height Velocity

Dietary intakes of polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids (FAs) have been inconsistently associated with puberty timing. We examined longitudinal associations of prepubertal dietary and plasma phospholipid FAs with several puberty timing traits in boys and girls. In the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, prepubertal fat intakes at 3–7.5 years and plasma phospholipid FAs at 7.5 years were measured. Timings of Tanner stage 2 genital or breast development and voice breaking or menarche from repeated reports at 8–17 years, and age at peak height velocity (PHV) from repeated height measurements at 5–20 years were estimated. In linear regression models with adjustment for maternal and infant characteristics, dietary substitution of polyunsaturated FAs for saturated FAs, and higher concentrations of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3n6) and palmitoleic acid (16:1n7) were associated with earlier timing of puberty traits in girls (n = 3872) but not boys (n = 3654). In Mendelian Randomization models, higher genetically predicted circulating dihomo-γ-linolenic acid was associated with earlier menarche in girls. Based on repeated dietary intake data, objectively measured FAs and genetic causal inference, these findings suggest that dietary and endogenous metabolic pathways that increase plasma dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, an intermediate metabolite of n-6 polyunsaturated FAs, may promote earlier puberty timing in girls.

The effect of sickle cell anemia on the linear growth of Nigerian children

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ugo Nnenna Chikani ◽  
Adaobi Bisi-Onyemaechi ◽  
Ijeoma Ohuche ◽  
Justus Onu ◽  
Shalewa Ugege ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Age At Diagnosis ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Abstract Objectives Despite the high prevalence of children with sickle cell anaemia (SCA) in West Africa, there is paucity of data on the height velocity and prevalence of growth failure in SCA patients. With advances in clinical care of SCA patients, could there be a spatial and secular trend in the growth pattern of these children? Hence, the compelling needs to embark on this study. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of growth failure among patients with SCA and its correlation with age, gender and age at diagnosis. Methods A Prospective longitudinal study of a cohort of sickle cell anaemic paediatric patients from Pediatrics SCA Clinic, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku Ozalla. Patients were enrolled over a period of two years using a non-parametric convenient sampling method. Their heights were measured at baseline, three months, six months and at 12 months intervals and subsequently plotted on a standard WHO growth chart. The height velocities at different monthly intervals were calculated and compared with the WHO standard normal linear growth rates) for children (used as control) to identify those with GF. (i.e. <10th percentile). The main outcome measures were the mean height velocities at different months' intervals calculated and compared using the repeated measurement analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Wilcoxon signed test. Results A cohort of 316 children aged 1–18 years with SCA was evaluated with a male preponderance of 161 (57.4%). The mean age and age at diagnosis were 11.04 ± 5.56 and 4.2 ± 1.7 years, respectively. The prevalence of growth failure and short stature was 84.7%. The burden of GF was highest among post-pubertal participants (94.1%). The most important predictor of growth velocity deficit was age (R2=0.045, standard β coefficient = −0.22, t=−03.51, p=0.001). Conclusions The study demonstrated high prevalence of growth failure in children and adolescents with SCA which intensified with advancement in age and older age at diagnosis.

scholarly journals Pico de velocidade de crescimento em antropometria e composição corporal de escolares

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Edilson Hobold ◽  
Lucinar Jupir Forner Flores ◽  
Ricardo Brandt ◽  
Oldemar Mazzardo Junior ◽  
Miguel De Arruda
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
The Individual

The aim of this study was to analyze the age of Peak Height Velocity (PHV), anthropometric variables and body composition of students from the western state of Paraná. he study included 1,011 male students aged 12-15 years from 11 municipalities located around the Itaipu lake. Anthropometric and body composition variables were obtained according to international criteria. Biological maturation was determined by age of PHV and for the purpose of analysis, it was categorized into developmental levels. The results reinforce, as expected, an increasing trend of variables analyzed as students advanced in maturity. hus, it was concluded that with the advancement of maturation, anthropometric variables maintain a linear growth observed in each PHV stratum. his linear trend is not observed in body composition. Body fat showed a decrease in average values as the individual approaches PHV.

Somatomedin A in male puberty. Variation with age, maturity, growth and androgens

1984 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Krabbe ◽  
Knud William Kastrup ◽  
Lotte Hummer
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Pubic Hair ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Pubertal Growth ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hair Development ◽  
Mean Trend

Abstract. Bioassayable somatomedin-A (SM-A) and serum concentrations of testosterone (T) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were determined longitudinally in 26 normal boys during puberty. The mean trend of SM-A increased in relation to age, pubic hair development and peak height velocity (PHV) and significant correlations were observed with testicular volume, height velocity and T (all P < 0.001) but not with DHEA. In relation to growth SM-A increased mainly during 12 to 6 months prior to PHV but no further increase was seen in the 6 months thereafter. Thus pubertal growth and development have to be taken into account in the evaluation of changes in bioassayable SM-A concentrations in boys.

scholarly journals Sex-specific relationships among iron status biomarkers, athletic performance, maturity, and dietary intakes in pre-adolescent and adolescent athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marni E. Shoemaker ◽  
Zachary M. Gillen ◽  
Brianna D. Mckay ◽  
Nicholas A. Bohannon ◽  
Sydney M. Gibson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Anaerobic Exercise ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Adolescent Male ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Peak Height Velocity

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among biomarkers of iron status, athletic performance, growth and development, and dietary intakes in pre-adolescent and adolescent male and female athletes. Methods Two-hundred and forty-nine male (n = 179) (mean ± standard deviation for age = 12.0 ± 2.1 years, height = 156.3 ± 13.9 cm, and weight = 49.1 ± 16.5 kg) and female (n = 70) (12.0 ± 2.2 years, 152.4 ± 12.3 cm, 45.3 ± 14.5 kg) athletes volunteered for capillary blood sample, anthropometric, athletic performance, and dietary intake assessments. Outcomes included maturity offset from peak height velocity, percent body fat, estimated muscle cross-sectional areas, vertical jump height (VJ), broad jump distance (BJ), pro-agility time (PA), L-cone time, 20-yard dash time (20YD), power push up (PPU) force, dietary intakes, and ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations. Results Athletic performance was consistently correlated with Hb in males (r = .237–.375, p < 0.001–0.05) and with sTfR (r = .521–.649, p < 0.001–0.004) and iron intake (r = .397–.568, p = 0.001–0.027) in females. There were no relationships between dietary intakes and ferritin, sTfR, or Hb (p > 0.05). After partialing out age and height, VJ, PA, LC, and 20YD remained correlated with Hb in males (|rHb,y.Age| = .208–.322, p = 0.001–0.041; |rHb,y.Height| = .211–.321, p = 0.001–0.038). After partialing out iron intake, PA and LC remained correlated with sTfR in females (|rsTfR,y.ironintake| = .516–.569, p = 0.014–0.028). Conclusions Iron status biomarkers demonstrated sex-specific relationships with anaerobic exercise performance in youth athletes, which may be more dependent on maturity status and dietary intake than age. Moderate relationships between sTfR and athletic performance in adolescent female athletes emphasizes the importance of iron intake in this demographic.

scholarly journals Changes in the Growth and Development of Adolescents in a Country in Socio-Economic Transition 1993–2013

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-171
Author(s):  
Tatjana Robič Pikel ◽  
Tina Malus ◽  
Gregor Starc ◽  
Petra Golja
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity

AbstractIntroductionChanges in human growth and development depend on genetic and environmental factors. In the case of Slovenia, the environmental factors changed as a result of the period of socio-economic transition that the country underwent between 1991 and 2013. The authors used anthropometric techniques to evaluate differences in body height, proportions and sexual maturity in 1,221 adolescents aged 14 in 1993, 2003 and 2013.MethodsData was collected as a part of the ACDSi study, which has monitored children’s somatic growth and motor development every decade over the last 40 years.ResultsBetween 1993 and 2013, a trend (p=0.08) towards increased body height was observed in males. The comparison of age at peak height velocity (PHV) between generations demonstrated a trend (p=0.07) of earlier entry into puberty in adolescents in 2013 compared to those in 1993. The leg-to-body height ratio increased (p<0.05) with every decade in males, while in females it decreased (p<0.05) in 2013. Similar trends were observed in the leg-to-trunk ratio. Contemporary generations experienced PHV at a younger age (p<0.05), which is true for both genders even in adolescents born no more than two decades (1993 (2013) apart. In both generations, females experienced PHV sooner than their male peers.ConclusionThe authors assume that females of the 2013 generation reached puberty earlier than females of older generations. It is most likely that, unlike females from older generations and unlike males, they were already at the stage of trunk growth at the time of the measurements, which explains the observed changes in their trunk length, leg-to-body height and leg-to-trunk ratios in comparison to earlier generations.

scholarly journals Nutritional, immunological and health status of the elderly population living in poor neighbourhoods of Quito, Ecuador

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 845-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Sempértegui ◽  
Bertha Estrella ◽  
Negar Elmieh ◽  
Michael Jordan ◽  
Tanvir Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Delayed Type Hypersensitivity ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skin Response

The number of elderly people is increasing in less-developed countries. Although nutritional deficiencies and infectious diseases are generally more prevalent in resource-poor countries, the health and nutritional status of the elderly in South America in general, and in Ecuador, in particular, remains largely unstudied. The objective of the present study was to assess the nutritional, immunological and health status of elderly Ecuadorians. A cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate a sample of elderly Ecuadorians with 24 h dietary recalls, biochemical and anthropometric measurements, delayed type hypersensitivity skin response and a health questionnaire. The 145 elders who enrolled had a mean age of 74·3 (sd 6·9) years. Of the subjects, 52 % exhibited BMI ≥25 kg/m2, whereas 9·1 % had BMI ≤20 kg/m2. Means of dietary intakes were below recommendations for most nutrients; exceptions were carbohydrate, fat, Fe and Se. Serum nutrient levels indicated that 50, 44, 43, 19 and 18 % of participants had deficiencies of Zn, Fe, vitamins B12and D, and folate, respectively. The mean number of positive responses to seven recall antigens was 2·1 (sd 1·7) with an induration diameter of 9·9 (sd 7) mm, which are substantially lower than those reported for elders in developed countries. During the previous 6 months, 54 and 21 % of subjects reported at least one episode of respiratory infection or diarrhoea, respectively. Of these, 47 % sought care at a hospital or from a physician and 96 % from a relative or friend. In conclusion, while few elderly Ecuadorians were underweight, obesity was common. Micronutrient deficiencies were prevalent and may contribute to reduced immunological responses in this population.

scholarly journals Does Resisted Sled Towing Improve the Physical Qualities of Elite Youth Soccer Players of Differing Maturity Status?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhys Morris ◽  
Tony Myers ◽  
Stacey Emmonds ◽  
Dave Singleton ◽  
Kevin Till
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Bayesian Regression ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Regression To The Mean ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Maturity Group ◽  
Youth Soccer ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose Sled towing has been shown to be an effective method to enhance the physical qualities in youth athletes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a 6-week sled towing intervention on muscular strength, speed and power in elite youth soccer players of differing maturity status. Method Seventy-three male elite youth soccer players aged 12–18 years (Pre-Peak Height Velocity [PHV] n = 25; Circa-PHV n = 24; Post-PHV n = 24) from one professional soccer academy participated in this study. Sprint assessments (10 m and 30 m), countermovement jump and isometric mid-thigh pull were undertaken before (T1) and after (T2) a 6-week intervention. The training intervention consisted of 6 weeks (2 × per week, 10 sprints over 20 m distance) of resisted sled towing (linear progression 10%–30% of body mass) during the competitive season. Bayesian regression models analysed differences between T1 and T2 within each maturity group. Results There were minimal changes in strength, speed and power (P = 0.35–0.80) for each maturity group across the 6-week intervention. Where there were changes with greater certainty, they are unlikely to represent real effect due to higher regression to the mean (RTM). Conclusion It appears that a 6-week sled towing training programme with loadings of 10%–30% body mass only maintains physical qualities in elite youth soccer players pre-, circa-, and post-PHV. Further research is required to determine the effectiveness of this training method in long-term athletic development programmes.

scholarly journals Breakfast: A Crucial Meal for Adolescents’ Cognitive Performance According to Their Nutritional Status. The Cogni-Action Project

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1320
Author(s):  
Humberto Peña-Jorquera ◽  
Valentina Campos-Núñez ◽  
Kabir P. Sadarangani ◽  
Gerson Ferrari ◽  
Carlos Jorquera-Aguilera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Demand ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
The Body ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Action Project

This study aimed to determine whether pupils who have breakfast just before a cognitive demand, do not regularly skip breakfast, and consume a high-quality breakfast present higher cognitive performance than those who do not; furthermore, to establish differences according to their nutritional status. In this study, 1181 Chilean adolescents aged 10–14 years participated. A global cognitive score was computed through eight tasks, and the body mass index z-score (BMIz) was calculated using a growth reference for school-aged adolescents. The characteristics of breakfast were self-reported. Analyses of covariance were performed to determine differences in cognitive performance according to BMIz groups adjusted to sex, peak height velocity, physical fitness global score, and their schools. A positive association was found in adolescents’ cognitive performance when they had breakfast just before cognitive tasks, did not regularly skip breakfast, presented at least two breakfast quality components, and included dairy products. No significant differences were found between breakfast components, including cereal/bread and fruits/fruit juice. Finally, pupils who were overweight/obese who declared that they skipped breakfast regularly presented a lower cognitive performance than their normal-BMIz peers. These findings suggest that adolescents who have breakfast just prior to a cognitive demand and regularly have a high quality breakfast have better cognitive performance than those who do not. Educative nutritional strategies should be prioritized, especially in “breakfast skippers” adolescents living with overweight/obesity.

scholarly journals Growth in achondroplasia, from birth to adulthood, analysed by the JPA-2 model

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 1589-1595
Author(s):  
Mariana del Pino ◽  
Virginia Fano ◽  
Paula Adamo
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Growth Velocity ◽  
Adult Height ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity

AbstractObjectivesIn general population, there are three phases in the human growth curve: infancy, childhood and puberty, with different main factors involved in their regulation and mathematical models to fit them. Achondroplasia children experience a fast decreasing growth during infancy and an “adolescent growth spurt”; however, there are no longitudinal studies that cover the analysis of the whole post-natal growth. Here we analyse the whole growth curve from infancy to adulthood applying the JPA-2 mathematical model.MethodsTwenty-seven patients, 17 girls and 10 boys with achondroplasia, who reached adult size, were included. Height growth data was collected from birth until adulthood. Individual growth curves were estimated by fitting the JPA-2 model to each individual’s height for age data.ResultsHeight growth velocity curves show that after a period of fast decreasing growth velocity since birth, with a mean of 9.7 cm/year at 1 year old, the growth velocity is stable in late preschool years, with a mean of 4.2 cm/year. In boys, age and peak height velocity in puberty were 13.75 years and 5.08 cm/year and reach a mean adult height of 130.52 cm. In girls, the age and peak height velocity in puberty were 11.1 years and 4.32 cm/year and reach a mean adult height of 119.2 cm.ConclusionsThe study of individual growth curves in achondroplasia children by the JPA-2 model shows the three periods, infancy, childhood and puberty, with a similar shape but lesser in magnitude than general population.

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