scholarly journals Hoodwinking the Big-Eater to Prosper: The Salmonella-Macrophage Paradigm

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayuri Gogoi ◽  
Meghanashree M. Shreenivas ◽  
Dipshikha Chakravortty
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Intracellular Pathogen ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Contaminated Food

Salmonella is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing and underdeveloped nations. Being a foodborne disease, Salmonella infection is primarily contracted through the ingestion of contaminated food or water, or due to close contact with infected/carrier individuals. It is an intracellular pathogen, which can survive and replicate in various cells including macrophages, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and other white blood cells. Once Salmonella crosses the intestinal barrier, it disseminates to various systemic sites by circulation via immune cells. One of the major cell types which are involved in Salmonella infection are host macrophages. They are the niche for intracellular survival and proliferation of Salmonella and a mode of dissemination to distal systemic sites. These cells are very crucial as they mediate the mounting of an appropriate innate and adaptive anti-Salmonella immune response. In this review, we have tried to concise the current knowledge of complex interactions that occur between Salmonella and macrophages.

scholarly journals Neuroinflammation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia and the Interest of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Study Immune Cells Interactions With Neurons

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise Liu ◽  
Léa Karpf ◽  
Delphine Bohl
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Frontotemporal Dementia ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Inflammation is a shared hallmark between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). For long, studies were conducted on tissues of post-mortem patients and neuroinflammation was thought to be only bystander result of the disease with the immune system reacting to dying neurons. In the last two decades, thanks to improving technologies, the identification of causal genes and the development of new tools and models, the involvement of inflammation has emerged as a potential driver of the diseases and evolved as a new area of intense research. In this review, we present the current knowledge about neuroinflammation in ALS, ALS-FTD, and FTD patients and animal models and we discuss reasons of failures linked to therapeutic trials with immunomodulator drugs. Then we present the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and its interest as a new tool to have a better immunopathological comprehension of both diseases in a human context. The iPSC technology giving the unique opportunity to study cells across differentiation and maturation times, brings the hope to shed light on the different mechanisms linking neurodegeneration and activation of the immune system. Protocols available to differentiate iPSC into different immune cell types are presented. Finally, we discuss the interest in studying monocultures of iPS-derived immune cells, co-cultures with neurons and 3D cultures with different cell types, as more integrated cellular approaches. The hope is that the future work with human iPS-derived cells helps not only to identify disease-specific defects in the different cell types but also to decipher the synergistic effects between neurons and immune cells. These new cellular tools could help to find new therapeutic approaches for all patients with ALS, ALS-FTD, and FTD.

scholarly journals The Immune System of Mesothelioma Patients: A Window of Opportunity for Novel Immunotherapies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Nicolini ◽  
Massimiliano Mazza
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Screening Strategies ◽  
Tertiary Lymphoid Structures ◽  
Lymphoid Structures ◽  
Review Current

The interplay between the immune system and the pleural mesothelium is crucial both for the development of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and for the response of MPM patients to therapy. MPM is heavily infiltrated by several immune cell types which affect the progression of the disease. The presence of organized tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) witness the attempt to fight the disease in situ by adaptive immunity which is often suppressed by tumor expressed factors. In rare patients physiological, pharmacological or vaccine-induced immune response is efficient, rendering their plasma a valuable resource of anti-tumor immune cells and molecules. Of particular interest are human antibodies targeting antigens at the tumor cell surface. Here we review current knowledge regarding MPM immune infiltration, MPM immunotherapy and the harnessing of this response to identify novel biologics as biomarkers and therapeutics through innovative screening strategies.

scholarly journals Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Modulating Trained Immunity by Various Cell Types in Response to Pathogen Encounter

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orlando A. Acevedo ◽  
Roslye V. Berrios ◽  
Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte ◽  
Bastián Lillo-Dapremont ◽  
Alexis M. Kalergis
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Trained Immunity

The induction of trained immunity represents an emerging concept defined as the ability of innate immune cells to acquire a memory phenotype, which is a typical hallmark of the adaptive response. Key points modulated during the establishment of trained immunity include epigenetic, metabolic and functional changes in different innate-immune and non-immune cells. Regarding to epigenetic changes, it has been described that long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) act as molecular scaffolds to allow the assembly of chromatin-remodeling complexes that catalyze epigenetic changes on chromatin. On the other hand, relevant metabolic changes that occur during this process include increased glycolytic rate and the accumulation of metabolites from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which subsequently regulate the activity of histone-modifying enzymes that ultimately drive epigenetic changes. Functional consequences of established trained immunity include enhanced cytokine production, increased antigen presentation and augmented antimicrobial responses. In this article, we will discuss the current knowledge regarding the ability of different cell subsets to acquire a trained immune phenotype and the molecular mechanisms involved in triggering such a response. This knowledge will be helpful for the development of broad-spectrum therapies against infectious diseases based on the modulation of epigenetic and metabolic cues regulating the development of trained immunity.

The role of SLAM family receptors in immune cell signalingThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled CSBMCB — Membrane Proteins in Health and Disease.

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 832-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena A. Ostrakhovitch ◽  
Shawn S.-C. Li
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Slam Family ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Selection Of

The signaling lymphocyte-activating molecule (SLAM) family immunoreceptors are expressed in a wide array of immune cells, including both T and B lymphocytes. By virtue of their ability to transduce tyrosine phosphorylation signals through the so-called ITSM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif) sequences, they play an important part in regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses. The critical role of the SLAM immunoreceptors in mediating normal immune reactions was highlighted in recent findings that SAP, a SLAM-associated protein, modulates the activities of various immune cells through interactions with different members of the SLAM family expressed in these cells. Importantly, mutations or deletions of the sap gene in humans result in the X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and survey the latest developments in signal transduction events triggered by the activation of SLAM family receptors in different cell types.

scholarly journals The Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Function of Myeloperoxidase (MPO) in Inflammatory Communication

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 562
Author(s):  
Yulia Kargapolova ◽  
Simon Geißen ◽  
Ruiyuan Zheng ◽  
Stephan Baldus ◽  
Holger Winkels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils ◽  
Autoimmune Response ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Enzymatic Function

Myeloperoxidase is a signature enzyme of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in mice and humans. Being a component of circulating white blood cells, myeloperoxidase plays multiple roles in various organs and tissues and facilitates their crosstalk. Here, we describe the current knowledge on the tissue- and lineage-specific expression of myeloperoxidase, its well-studied enzymatic activity and incoherently understood non-enzymatic role in various cell types and tissues. Further, we elaborate on Myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the complex context of cardiovascular disease, innate and autoimmune response, development and progression of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Understanding Host Immunity and the Gut Microbiota Inspires the New Development of Vaccines and Adjuvants

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Kyosuke Yakabe ◽  
Jun Uchiyama ◽  
Masahiro Akiyama ◽  
Yun-Gi Kim
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
New Development

Vaccinations improve the mortality and morbidity rates associated with several infections through the generation of antigen-specific immune responses. Adjuvants are often used together with vaccines to improve immunogenicity. However, the immune responses induced by most on-going vaccines and adjuvants approved for human use vary in individuals; this is a limitation that must be overcome to improve vaccine efficacy. Several reports have indicated that the symbiotic bacteria, particularly the gut microbiota, impact vaccine-mediated antigen-specific immune responses and promote the induction of nonspecific responses via the “training” of innate immune cells. Therefore, the interaction between gut microbiota and innate immune cells should be considered to ensure the optimal immunogenicity of vaccines and adjuvants. In this review, we first introduce the current knowledge on the immunological mechanisms of vaccines and adjuvants. Subsequently, we discuss how the gut microbiota influences immunity and highlight the relationship between gut microbes and trained innate immunity, vaccines, and adjuvants. Understanding these complex interactions will provide insights into novel vaccine approaches centered on the gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Spleen glia are a transcriptionally unique glial subtype interposed between immune cells and sympathetic axons

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tawaun A. Lucas ◽  
Li Zhu ◽  
Marion S. Buckwalter
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Autonomic Nerves ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
List Type ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Neuroimmune Communication ◽  
The Brain

AbstractGlia are known to play important roles in the brain, the gut, and around the sciatic nerve. While the gut has its own specialized nervous system, other viscera are innervated solely by autonomic nerves. The functions of glia that accompany autonomic innervation are not well known, even though they are one of the most abundant cell types in the peripheral nervous system. Here, we focused on non-myelinating Schwann Cells in the spleen, spleen glia. The spleen is a major immune organ innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, which modulates immune function. This interaction is known as neuroimmune communication. We establish that spleen glia can be visualized using both immunohistochemistry for S100B and GFAP and with a reporter mouse. Spleen glia ensheath sympathetic axons and are localized to the lymphocyte-rich white pulp areas of the spleen. We sequenced the spleen glia transcriptome and identified genes that are likely involved in axonal ensheathment and communication with both nerves and immune cells. Spleen glia express receptors for neurotransmitters made by sympathetic axons (adrenergic, purinergic, and Neuropeptide Y), and also cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors that may communicate with immune cells in the spleen. We also established similarities and differences between spleen glia and other glial types. While all glia share many genes in common, spleen glia differentially express immune genes, including genes involved in cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, phagocytosis, and the complement cascade. Thus, spleen glia are a unique glial type, physically and transcriptionally poised to participate in neuroimmune communication in the spleen.Table of ContentsMain PointsSpleen glia maintain tight associations with splenic nerves and come in close contact with immune cellsSpleen glia express genes required for communication with nerves and immune cellsSpleen glia are a transcriptionally unique glial type

scholarly journals Platelets, thrombo-inflammation and cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Slukhanchuk ◽  
V. O. Bitsadze ◽  
J. Kh. Khizroeva ◽  
M. V. Tretyakova ◽  
A. G. Solopova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Antitumor Agents ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Metastatic Tumor ◽  
Tumor Cell Dissemination ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Enhance Tumor Cell ◽  
Cells Of The Microenvironment ◽  
Cell Dissemination

It has long been recognized a crucial role played by platelets in thrombosis and hemostasis. Along with that, laboratory and clinical data suggest that platelets contribute to tumor progression and metastasis through a variety of interactions with cancer cells. During oncological process, the platelet function becomes modulated via their activation and increased aggregation being one of the risk factors for developing thrombosis in cancer patients. The platelets per se enhance tumor cell dissemination, activate endothelial cells, and attract immune cells to the primary and metastatic tumor sites. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the complex interactions between platelets and tumor cells, as well as cells of the microenvironment, and discuss the development of new antitumor agents aimed at various arms in platelet functioning.

The Immune System Regulation in Sepsis: From Innate to Adaptive

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 799-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Qiu ◽  
Guo-wei Tu ◽  
Min-jie Ju ◽  
Cheng Yang ◽  
Zhe Luo
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Systemic Inflammatory Response ◽  
Immune System Regulation

Sepsis, which is a highly heterogeneous syndrome, can result in death as a consequence of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The activation and regulation of the immune system play a key role in the initiation, development and prognosis of sepsis. Due to the different periods of sepsis when the objects investigated were incorporated, clinical trials often exhibit negative or even contrary results. Thus, in this review we aim to sort out the current knowledge in how immune cells play a role during sepsis.

scholarly journals Immune Actions on the Peripheral Nervous System in Pain

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1448
Author(s):  
Jessica Aijia Liu ◽  
Jing Yu ◽  
Chi Wai Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Lipid Mediators ◽  
Cellular Changes

Pain can be induced by tissue injuries, diseases and infections. The interactions between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and immune system are primary actions in pain sensitizations. In response to stimuli, nociceptors release various mediators from their terminals that potently activate and recruit immune cells, whereas infiltrated immune cells further promote sensitization of nociceptors and the transition from acute to chronic pain by producing cytokines, chemokines, lipid mediators and growth factors. Immune cells not only play roles in pain production but also contribute to PNS repair and pain resolution by secreting anti-inflammatory or analgesic effectors. Here, we discuss the distinct roles of four major types of immune cells (monocyte/macrophage, neutrophil, mast cell, and T cell) acting on the PNS during pain process. Integration of this current knowledge will enhance our understanding of cellular changes and molecular mechanisms underlying pain pathogenies, providing insights for developing new therapeutic strategies.

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