scholarly journals Nanoparticle Therapy for Vascular Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 635-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa M. Flores ◽  
Jianqin Ye ◽  
Kai-Uwe Jarr ◽  
Niloufar Hosseini-Nassab ◽  
Bryan R. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Theranostic Nanoparticles ◽  
Cancer Field ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Imaging Payloads ◽  
Target Effects

Nanoparticles promise to advance strategies to treat vascular disease. Since being harnessed by the cancer field to deliver safer and more effective chemotherapeutics, nanoparticles have been translated into applications for cardiovascular disease. Systemic exposure and drug-drug interactions remain a concern for nearly all cardiovascular therapies, including statins, antithrombotic, and thrombolytic agents. Moreover, off-target effects and poor bioavailability have limited the development of completely new approaches to treat vascular disease. Through the rational design of nanoparticles, nano-based delivery systems enable more efficient delivery of a drug to its therapeutic target or even directly to the diseased site, overcoming biological barriers and enhancing a drug’s therapeutic index. In addition, advances in molecular imaging have led to the development of theranostic nanoparticles that may simultaneously act as carriers of both therapeutic and imaging payloads. The following is a summary of nanoparticle therapy for atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and restenosis and an overview of recent major advances in the targeted treatment of vascular disease.

Endothelial Dysfunction and Inflammatory Markers of Vascular Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevket Balta
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Carotid Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Willebrand Factor

: Vascular diseases are the main reason for morbidity and mortality worldwide. As we know, the earlier phase of vascular diseases is endothelial dysfunction in humans, the endothelial tissues play an important role in inflammation, coagulation, and angiogenesis, via organizing ligand-receptor associations and the various mediators’ secretion. We can use many inflammatory non-invasive tests (flowmediated dilatation, epicedial fat thickness, carotid-intima media thickness, arterial stiffness and anklebrachial index) for assessing the endothelial function. In addition, many biomarkers (ischemia modified albumin, pentraxin-3, E-selectin, angiopoietin, endothelial cell specific molecule 1, asymmetrical dimethylarginine, von Willebrand factor, endothelial microparticles and endothelial progenitor cells) can be used to evaluate endothelial dysfunction. We have focused on the relationship between endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory markers of vascular disease in this review.

scholarly journals Convection Enhanced Delivery in the Setting of High-Grade Gliomas

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 561
Author(s):  
Chibueze D. Nwagwu ◽  
Amanda V. Immidisetti ◽  
Michael Y. Jiang ◽  
Oluwasegun Adeagbo ◽  
David C. Adamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
High Grade Glioma ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Clinical Experiences ◽  
Convection Enhanced Delivery ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Infiltrative Growth Pattern ◽  
High Grade Gliomas

Development of effective treatments for high-grade glioma (HGG) is hampered by (1) the blood–brain barrier (BBB), (2) an infiltrative growth pattern, (3) rapid development of therapeutic resistance, and, in many cases, (4) dose-limiting toxicity due to systemic exposure. Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has the potential to significantly limit systemic toxicity and increase therapeutic index by directly delivering homogenous drug concentrations to the site of disease. In this review, we present clinical experiences and preclinical developments of CED in the setting of high-grade gliomas.

scholarly journals Aptamer Chimeras for Therapeutic Delivery: The Challenging Perspectives

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Esposito ◽  
Silvia Catuogno ◽  
Gerolama Condorelli ◽  
Paola Ungaro ◽  
Vittorio de Franciscis
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Therapeutic Delivery ◽  
Specific Recognition ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Target Effects

Nucleic acid-based aptamers have emerged as efficient delivery carriers of therapeutics. Thanks to their unique features, they can be, to date, considered one of the best targeting moieties, allowing the specific recognition of diseased cells and avoiding unwanted off-target effects on healthy tissues. In this review, we revise the most recent contributes on bispecific and multifunctional aptamer therapeutic chimeras. We will discuss key examples of aptamer-mediated delivery of nucleic acid and peptide-based therapeutics underlying their great potentiality and versatility. Achieved objectives and challenges will be highlighted as well.

scholarly journals Nanoparticles Enable Efficient Delivery of Antimicrobial Peptides for the Treatment of Deep Infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingxue Deng ◽  
Rui Huang ◽  
Songyin Huang ◽  
Menghua Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
Delivery Vehicles

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as promising alternatives of traditional antibiotics against drug-resistant bacteria owing to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties and low tendency to drugresistance. However, their therapeutic efficacy in vivo, especially for infections in deep organs, is limited owing to their systemic toxicity and low bioavailability. Nanoparticles-based delivery systems offer a strategy to increase the therapeutic index of AMPs by preventing proteolysis, increasing the accumulation at infection sites, and reducing toxicity. Herein, we will discuss the current progress of using nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for AMPs for the treatment of deep infections.

Abstract 512: Collagen Homologous Sequence R1R2 Mediates Vascular Remodeling by Decreasing Inflammation and Smooth Muscle Proliferation

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-Hein Lee ◽  
Hou-Yu Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Vascular Remodeling ◽  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Inflammatory Cell ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Cell Infiltration ◽  
Collagen I ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Ecm Proteins

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a major constituent of the vessel wall. Except for providing a structural scaffold for cells, ECM controls numerous cellular functions like adhesion, growth, migration and differentiation. The components of ECM are mediated by the interplay between ECM synthesis, deposition, degradation and the interaction between ECM proteins. Vascular remodeling occurs in the vascular diseases and is characterized by endothelial cell activation, inflammatory cell infiltration, smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation/migration, and augmented deposition of ECM proteins. Collagen I is the major ECM component in the arterial wall, excess collagen I accumulation may exacerbate the vascular disease by further facilitating SMC proliferation/migration. Therefore, treatments to inhibit excess collagen deposition could provide a remedy for vascular disease. R1R2, a peptide derived from the bacterial adhesin SFS with sequence homology to collagen, is known to inhibit collagen I deposition by inhibiting the binding of fibronectin to collagen. Studies have revealed that R1R2 affects collagen I-dependent cell growth and migration in vitro. However, the in vivo functions of R1R2 during vascular remodeling remain unknown. We hypothesized that R1R2 prevents excess collagen I accumulation and SMC proliferation, resulting in decreased neointimal formation. We induced vascular remodeling by ligating the carotid artery on mice. Delivery of R1R2 was periadventially applied using pluronic gel and evaluated its effects on vascular remodeling, ECM deposition, SMC proliferation and differentiation. Morphometric analysis demonstrated that R1R2 reduced intima-media thickening by 50% compared to the control group. R1R2 treatment also decreased collagen I deposition in the vessel wall and maintained SMC in the contractile phenotype. Interestingly, R1R2 dramatically reduced inflammatory cell infiltration into the vessel by 80% accompanied with decreased VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. In conclusion, our data showed that R1R2 attenuates the vascular remodeling response by decreasing inflammation and SMC proliferation/migration. These studies provide a therapeutic potential of periadventitially delivering R1R2 in treating vascular diseases.

ROLE OF VITAMIN D IN PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Amarendra Tripathi ◽  
Prem Singh ◽  
Arvind Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Peripheral Vascular Disease ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Institute Of Medicine ◽  
Peripheral Vascular ◽  
Peripheral Vascular Diseases ◽  
Serum Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Levels

BACKGROUND – Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is currently a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. More than 200 million people globally have been estimated to be affected by PVD. Recent evidence has shown that Vitamin D deciency plays a causal role in various systemic disorders specially in PVD. Vitamin D deciency affects almost 50% of the population worldwide. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were particularly associated with a higher prevalence of PVD. OBJECTIVE –To study the relation between serum Vitamin D levels and peripheral vascular diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS – Study subjects comprised 100 patients of Peripheral Vascular Disease, aged 18 - 70 years, enrolled from OPD and indoor of L.P.S. Institute of Cardiology & K.P.S Institute of Medicine. Their detailed physical examination and investigations was done including serum vitamin D levels. RESULTS – The results showed that majority of the patients (70%) with PVD were having vitamin D deciency (S. Vit D <20ng/ml). The prevalence of PVD increases with increasing age of the subjects but the association was statistically insignicant. There was no signicant association of PVD with any socio-demographic factors. CONCLUSION – The study showed that vitamin D deciency was present in majority of subjects (70%) establishing its signicant association with PVD (p<0.05).

scholarly journals The role of oxygen transport in atherosclerosis and vascular disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (165) ◽  
pp. 20190732 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Tarbell ◽  
Marwa Mahmoud ◽  
Andrea Corti ◽  
Luis Cardoso ◽  
Colin Caro
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Intimal Hyperplasia ◽  
Hypoxia Inducible Factor ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Vasa Vasorum ◽  
Mechanical Factors

Atherosclerosis and vascular disease of larger arteries are often associated with hypoxia within the layers of the vascular wall. In this review, we begin with a brief overview of the molecular changes in vascular cells associated with hypoxia and then emphasize the transport mechanisms that bring oxygen to cells within the vascular wall. We focus on fluid mechanical factors that control oxygen transport from lumenal blood flow to the intima and inner media layers of the artery, and solid mechanical factors that influence oxygen transport to the adventitia and outer media via the wall's microvascular system—the vasa vasorum (VV). Many cardiovascular risk factors are associated with VV compression that reduces VV perfusion and oxygenation. Dysfunctional VV neovascularization in response to hypoxia contributes to plaque inflammation and growth. Disturbed blood flow in vascular bifurcations and curvatures leads to reduced oxygen transport from blood to the inner layers of the wall and contributes to the development of atherosclerotic plaques in these regions. Recent studies have shown that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a critical transcription factor associated with hypoxia, is also activated in disturbed flow by a mechanism that is independent of hypoxia. A final section of the review emphasizes hypoxia in vascular stenting that is used to enlarge vessels occluded by plaques. Stenting can compress the VV leading to hypoxia and associated intimal hyperplasia. To enhance oxygen transport during stenting, new stent designs with helical centrelines have been developed to increase blood phase oxygen transport rates and reduce intimal hyperplasia. Further study of the mechanisms controlling hypoxia in the artery wall may contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies for vascular diseases.

scholarly journals Long Non-Coding RNA in Vascular Disease and Aging

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diewertje Bink ◽  
Noelia Lozano-Vidal ◽  
Reinier Boon
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

Cardiovascular diseases are the most prominent cause of death in Western society, especially in the elderly. With the increasing life expectancy, the number of patients with cardiovascular diseases will rise in the near future, leading to an increased healthcare burden. There is a need for new therapies to treat this growing number of patients. The discovery of long non-coding RNAs has led to a novel group of molecules that could be considered for their potential as therapeutic targets. This review presents an overview of long non-coding RNAs that are regulated in vascular disease and aging and which might therefore give insight into new pathways that could be targeted to diagnose, prevent, and/or treat vascular diseases.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Endogenous sex steroids and cardio- and cerebro-vascular disease in the postmenopausal period

2012 ◽  
Vol 167 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodora Pappa ◽  
Maria Alevizaki
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Carotid Artery Disease ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Postmenopausal Period ◽  
Endogenous Estrogen

ObjectiveCardio- and cerebro-vascular diseases are two leading causes of death and long-term disability in postmenopausal women. The acute fall of estrogen in menopause is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The relative contribution of androgen to this risk is also being recognized. The use of more sensitive assays for estradiol measurement and the study of receptor and carrier protein gene polymorphisms have provided some new information on the clinical relevance of endogenous sex steroids. We provide an update on the role of endogenous sex steroids on cardio- and cerebro-vascular disease in the postmenopausal period.Design and methodsWe performed a PubMed search using the terms ‘endogenous estrogen’, ‘androgen’, ‘cardiovascular disease’, ‘cerebro-vascular disease’, ‘stroke’, ‘carotid artery disease’, and ‘subclinical atherosclerosis’.ResultsThe majority of studies show a beneficial effect of endogenous estrogen on the vasculature; however, there are a few studies reporting the contrary. A significant body of literature has reported associations of endogenous estrogen and androgen with early markers of atherosclerosis and metabolic parameters. Data on the relevance of endogenous sex steroids in heart disease and stroke are inconclusive.ConclusionsMost studies support a beneficial role of endogenous estrogens and, probably, an adverse effect of androgens in the vasculature in postmenopausal women. However, the described associations may not always be considered as causal. It is possible that circulating estrogen might represent a marker of general health status or alternatively reflect the sum of endogenous androgens aromatized in the periphery. Elucidating the role of sex steroids in cardio- and cerebro-vascular disease remains an interesting field of future research.

scholarly journals Computational Fluid Dynamics of Vascular Disease in Animal Models

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Acuna ◽  
Alycia G. Berman ◽  
Frederick W. Damen ◽  
Brett A. Meyers ◽  
Amelia R. Adelsperger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Vascular Disease ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Human Patient ◽  
Arteriovenous Fistulas ◽  
The Impact

Recent applications of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applied to the cardiovascular system have demonstrated its power in investigating the impact of hemodynamics on disease initiation, progression, and treatment outcomes. Flow metrics such as pressure distributions, wall shear stresses (WSS), and blood velocity profiles can be quantified to provide insight into observed pathologies, assist with surgical planning, or even predict disease progression. While numerous studies have performed simulations on clinical human patient data, it often lacks prediagnosis information and can be subject to large intersubject variability, limiting the generalizability of findings. Thus, animal models are often used to identify and manipulate specific factors contributing to vascular disease because they provide a more controlled environment. In this review, we explore the use of CFD in animal models in recent studies to investigate the initiating mechanisms, progression, and intervention effects of various vascular diseases. The first section provides a brief overview of the CFD theory and tools that are commonly used to study blood flow. The following sections are separated by anatomical region, with the abdominal, thoracic, and cerebral areas specifically highlighted. We discuss the associated benefits and obstacles to performing CFD modeling in each location. Finally, we highlight animal CFD studies focusing on common surgical treatments, including arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) and pulmonary artery grafts. The studies included in this review demonstrate the value of combining CFD with animal imaging and should encourage further research to optimize and expand upon these techniques for the study of vascular disease.

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