Merit-Based College Scholarships and Car Sales

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Cornwell ◽  
David B. Mustard
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Control Group ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Hope Scholarship ◽  
Consumer Durables ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Program Characteristics

Since the early 1990s, state governments have distributed billions of dollars in financial aid through merit-based college scholarships, most of which have no means tests. The model for most of these programs is Georgia's Helping Outstanding Pupils Educationally (HOPE) scholarship. Given the high correlation between precollege academic achievement and family income, the program characteristics raise the question: to what extent are HOPE disbursements simply rent payments to households otherwise inclined to send their children to college? This article addresses the rent question by examining the effect of HOPE on automobile consumption. The relatively swift passage of the lottery law and establishment of the program created an unanticipated windfall large enough to encourage the financing of consumer durables purchases, such as automobiles, out of household savings targeted for college. First, we compare car registrations in Georgia with those in sets of control group states before and after HOPE. We do not find a statistically significant overall HOPE effect, but allowing the HOPE coefficient to vary by year reveals statistically significant percentage increases in registered vehicles in 1994 and 1995, when the program's income cap was raised and then removed. Next, we examine the relationship between car registrations and HOPE recipients by county. Our results indicate that the number of HOPE recipients attending degree-granting institutions increases car registrations in counties above the 75th percentile in per capita income; there is no evidence of a relationship in counties below the 25th per capita income percentile.

Trends in affordability of tobacco products before and after the transition to GST in India

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055525
Author(s):  
Rijo M John ◽  
Estelle Dauchy
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Tax Changes ◽  
Taxation System ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveTo estimate the trends in affordability of bidis, cigarettes and smokeless tobacco (SLT) in India and examine the impact of transition from the earlier indirect taxation system to the new goods and services tax (GST) on the affordability.MethodsRetail price data and per-capita gross domestic product data were used to examine the trends in affordability of cigarettes, bidis and SLT from 2007–2008 to 2018–2019. Relative income price defined as the share of real per-capita income required to purchase a given quantity of a product was used to measure affordability. Changes in affordability were decomposed to disaggregate the effects of real prices or income changes.FindingsOn average, cigarettes, bidis and SLT have become increasingly affordable over the past 10 years. Bidis were found to be nine times more affordable than cigarettes. The GST has accentuated the increase in the affordability of cigarettes and SLT, and did not significantly alter the high affordability of bidis. In general, states with high (low) value-added tax rates during the pre-GST period experienced increases (decreases) in tobacco products’ affordability after GST.ConclusionBidis continue to be highly affordable while the affordability of cigarettes and SLT increased mainly due to lack of any tax changes after GST and the growth in per-capita income. To effectively reduce affordability, significant increase in either the excise taxes and/or the compensation cess—a temporary duty in addition to GST—is warranted. Compensation cess should also be applied on bidis to address the huge tobacco use problem in India.

scholarly journals Socio-economic status and lifestyle of female greenhouse workers

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (11) ◽  
pp. 1244-1249
Author(s):  
V. N. Rakitskii ◽  
L. A. Yatsenko ◽  
N. V. Gabbasova ◽  
N. P. Mamchik ◽  
Yu. S. Kalashnikov
Keyword(s):  
Family Member ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Voronezh Region ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Greenhouse Workers

The aim of the study was to assess the socio-economic factors and some components of the lifestyle of female workers in greenhouse farms in the Voronezh region for the period 2018-2019. Materials and methods. The research material was the results of a questionnaire survey of 451 female worker of agricultural enterprises in the Voronezh region. The results were processed using Microsoft Excel 2010. Results. The study showed female workers in greenhouse farms in the area in most cases had a low level of income (less than 8 thousand roubles/family member), only 60.31% of female workers had good living conditions. Most of the female workers (79.82%) had specialized secondary education. Characteristics of the marital status of greenhouse workers in the studied production groups showed that only half of the workers were officially married (55.21%). Informal relationships and divorces were found much more often in vegetable and mushroom female growers. A registered marriage was seen less frequently than in the control group. The income level of fewer than 8 thousand rubles per family member was of decisive importance for the possibility of marriage. It was also associated with a low level of quality of relations between partners. According to the survey, the majority of female workers had good family relations (71.62%). Inappropriate and awful relationships were observed only in families with less than 8 thousand rubles per capita income, and excellent - only at a higher income level. The majority of the surveyed women was found to have bad habits: 88.16 - 90.74% of women indicated alcohol consumption, without significant differences between the studied groups; significantly more often smoking cigarettes was observed among vegetable and mushroom growers in comparison with the control group - 34.29% and 28.57%, respectively, versus 13.89%. Conclusion. The determining factors of the quality of life were the levels of per capita income and education, which influence all aspects of the lifestyle, including bad habits.

scholarly journals Impact of Income on Perceived Stress, Coping, and Family Functioning in Indian Females with Pseudoseizures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richa Mehta ◽  
Anuj Mittal ◽  
Dweep Singh ◽  
Chirag Patel
Keyword(s):  
Family Functioning ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Stress Coping ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Pseudoseizures are paroxysmal alterations in behavior that resemble epileptic seizures but are without any organic cause. Stress, coping, and family functioning are contributing factors in the development and maintenance of pseudoseizures. Literature has found patients with pseudoseizures to belong to lower economic strata; however, no study has directly looked at the impact of income on the core contributing and maintaining factors of pseudoseizures. Aim This article studies the impact of income on perceived stress, coping, and family functioning in females with pseudoseizures. Materials and Method Ninety-one females with pseudoseizures were recruited from the psychiatry department of a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India. Each participant completed the Perceived Stress Scale, Ways of Coping Questionnaire, and McMasters Family Assessment Device–General Functioning Scale. Other sociodemographic variables including per capita family monthly income, level of education, area of residence, and employment status were also recorded. Results Planful Problem Solving and Positive Reappraisal were positively associated with per capita income, while escape-avoidance coping was found to be negatively associated with per capita income. Results also showed a statistically significant negative relationship between perceived stress scores, family functioning, and per capita family income, with income having the highest contribution to family functioning in females with dissociative convulsions. Conclusion Income was a significant contributor to perceived stress, coping processes, and family functioning. Therefore, high levels of perceived stress, greater familial dysfunction, and maladaptive coping had negative impacts on the outcome of female patients with pseudoseizures belonging to lower income group.

The convergence of per-capita income in Aceh Province: Study before and after the transfer of special autonomy funds (Otsus)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
T ‘Ula ◽  
C. Seftarita ◽  
T. C. Dawood ◽  
Atikah Nor Johari ◽  
J Suanda
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Aceh Province ◽  
Per Capita

scholarly journals A Comparasion Of The Leading Sectors Contibuting To Economic Growth Before And After The Economic Crisis in East Kalimantan: An Econometrical Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
S.E. Sudarlan ◽  
Achmad Rudzali ◽  
Khairil Akbar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Almost All

East Kalimantan province is not only rich in the natural resources of mining, but also in agriculture. The objective of this research is to know the extent of the contribution of the main sector's like agriculture, mining, industry and trade sectors before and after the occurrence of the economic crisis in East Kalimantan.  The results of this study indicate that (a). Almost all of the independent variables used, namely agriculture, mining, industry and trade sectors have insignificant impact on the growth of per capita income before and after the economic crisis, except for an agriculture  sector, (b). The agriculture sector has a positive influence and significantly to the growth of per capita income before the economic crisis, but after the economic crisis it was not significant impact on the growth of income per capita. 

The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution: A Comment (Notes & Comments)

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Khan Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Water Rate ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to income rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications. In this note we argue that the validity of the findings on intersectoral tax equity depends on the treatment of water rate as tax rather than the price of a service provided by the Government and on the shifting assumptions regard¬ing the indirect taxes on imports and domestic production levied by the Central Government. The relevance of the findings on the intrasectoral tax burden would have been more obvious if the tax liability was related to income from land per capita.

A Successful Population Policy: Potentials and Constraints (Distinguishedl Lecture)

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (4I) ◽  
pp. 411-431
Author(s):  
Hans-Rimbert Hemmer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Access To Health Services ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Per Capita

The current rapid population growth in many developing countries is the result of an historical process in the course of which mortality rates have fallen significantly but birthrates have remained constant or fallen only slightly. Whereas, in industrial countries, the drop in mortality rates, triggered by improvements in nutrition and progress in medicine and hygiene, was a reaction to economic development, which ensured that despite the concomitant growth in population no economic difficulties arose (the gross national product (GNP) grew faster than the population so that per capita income (PCI) continued to rise), the drop in mortality rates to be observed in developing countries over the last 60 years has been the result of exogenous influences: to a large degree the developing countries have imported the advances made in industrial countries in the fields of medicine and hygiene. Thus, the drop in mortality rates has not been the product of economic development; rather, it has occurred in isolation from it, thereby leading to a rise in population unaccompanied by economic growth. Growth in GNP has not kept pace with population growth: as a result, per capita income in many developing countries has stagnated or fallen. Mortality rates in developing countries are still higher than those in industrial countries, but the gap is closing appreciably. Ultimately, this gap is not due to differences in medical or hygienic know-how but to economic bottlenecks (e.g. malnutrition, access to health services)

Income-Based Poverty among Non-Farm Households in Rural Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-210
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Service Category ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Per Capita

This paper focuses upon the magnitude of income-based poverty among non-farm households in rural Punjab. Based on the primary survey, a sample of 440 rural non-farm households were taken from 44 sampled villages located in all 22 districts of Punjab.The poverty was estimated on the basis of income level. For measuring poverty, various methods/criteria (Expert Group Criteria, World Bank Method and State Per Capita Income Criterion) were used. On the basis of Expert Group Income criterion, overall, less than one-third of the persons of rural non-farm household categories are observed to be poor. On the basis, 40 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, around three-fourth of the persons of all rural non-farm household categories are falling underneath poverty line. Similarly, the occurrence of the poverty, on the basis of 50 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, showed that nearly four-fifths of the persons are considered to be poor. As per World Bank’s $ 1.90 per day, overall, less than one-fifth of rural non-farm household persons are poor. Slightly, less than one-fourth of the persons are belonging to self-employment category, while, slightly, less than one-tenth falling in-service category. On the basis of $ 3.10 per day criteria, overall, less than two-fifth persons of all rural non-farm household categories were living below the poverty line.

An Alternative Approach to the Analysis of the U.S. Per Capita Income Convergence

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Chien Lo ◽  
Mark D. Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Income Convergence ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The U.S
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