scholarly journals “The Uncertain Method of Drops”: How a Non-uniform Unit Survived the Century of Standardization

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-65
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Communication Device ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Historical Trajectory ◽  
Open Drop ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Measurement Practices

Abstract This paper follows the journey of two small fluid units throughout the 19th century in Anglo-American medicine and pharmacy, explaining how the non-uniform “drop” survived while the standardized minim became obsolete. I emphasize two roles these units needed to fulfill: that of a physical measuring device, and that of a rhetorical communication device. First, I discuss the challenges unique to measuring small amounts of fluid, outlining how the modern medicine dropper developed out of an effort to resolve problems with the “minimometer,” which measured minim. Second, I explain how drops, utilized in “the open drop method” of administering general anesthesia, effectively communicated a gradual process and epistemically valuable heuristic to the audience of practitioners, whose attention to individual medical outcomes was important for verifying the proper dosage. The standardized minim was never able to achieve success as the drop’s intended replacement; the non-uniform drop better served the relevant epistemic goals within the practical contexts for which these units were designed. The surprising historical trajectory of drops should cause us to question the common equivocation of “standardization” with “progress” in the history and philosophy of measurement. This study also exemplifies how examining non-standard measurement practices can be instructive for better understanding the role and function of standardization within epistemology of measurement

Kontrast und Wissen

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-102
Author(s):  
Robin Rehm
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Max Scheler ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Circle ◽  
Black Cross ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century

Kasimir Malewitschs suprematistische Hauptwerke ›Schwarzes Quadrat‹, ›Schwarzer Kreis‹ und ›Schwarzes Kreuz‹ von 1915 setzen sich aus schwarzen Formen auf weißem Grund zusammen. Der Typus des Schwarzweißbildes weist überraschende Parallelen zu den bildlichen Wahrnehmungsinstrumenten auf, die vom ausgehenden 18. bis Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts in den Experimenten der Farbenlehre, physiologischen Optik und Psychologie verwendet worden sind. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht diese Parallelen in drei Schritten: Zunächst erfolgt eine allgemeine Charakterisierung des Schwarzweißbildes mit Hilfe des Kontrastbegriffs von Edmund Husserl. Des weiteren wird die Entstehung und Funktion des schwarzweißen Kontrastbildes in den Wissenschaften des 19. Jahrhunderts typologisch herausgearbeitet. Unter Berücksichtigung des Wissensbegriffs von Max Scheler wird abschließend die Spezifik des Wissens eruiert, das die Schwarzweißbilder sowohl in der Malerei Malewitschs als auch in den genannten Wissenschaften generieren. Malevich’s main Suprematist works, such as ›Black Square‹, ›Black Circle‹, and ›Black Cross‹ from 1915, consist of black shapes on white ground. Surprisingly this series of shapes strongly resembles scientific black-and-white images used for research on colour theory, physiological optics, and psychology throughout the 19th century. This paper examines the parallels between Malevich’s paintings and the scientific drawings in three steps: It first characterizes black-and-white images in general, using Edmund Husserl’s definition of the term ›contrast‹. Secondly, the paper investigates the development and function of black-and-white images as tools of perception in the sciences. It finally discusses the specific knowledge generated through Malevich’s art and through scientific black-and-white images, following Max Scheler’s phenomenological identification of knowledge.

scholarly journals Variations in American marketing practices of early 19th-century ceramic importers and dealers, reflecting culture and identity

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-375
Author(s):  
Neil Ewins
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Advertising Strategy ◽  
Political Views ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The 19Th Century

Purpose This paper explores the advertising strategy of crockery importers and dealers in relationship to their origins and backgrounds. This is a departure from earlier ceramic-history literature which tended to focus on the Staffordshire producers, with limited awareness on how the identity of importers and dealers influenced what products were sold, and their individual approaches to marketing. Design/methodology/approach Within a context of historical marketing research, this paper analyses newspaper advertising and commentary. It combines an examination of marketing practices with a wider consideration of the cultural identities of ceramic importers and dealers. The digitalization of historical records, combined with sophisticated search engines, makes it more feasible to examine a broader range of sources. Thus, modern research methods can enhance our understanding of production and demand and reveal how marketing strategy was diverse. Findings Awareness on how advertising was influenced by the backgrounds and socio-political views of importers and dealers demonstrates ways in which Anglo-American ceramic trade could be far more market-led. More significantly, marketing approaches were not necessarily responding to American demand, but rather that importers could engage in commissioning goods which reflected their own views on politics, religion or slavery. Originality/value Examining the advertising of importers demonstrates the complex relationship between production and ceramic demand. This paper opens up debates as to how far the advertising of other merchandise in the USA shows evidence of taking a more individual approach by the 19th century.

Administrative Traditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Guy Peters
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
North America ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Administrative Behavior ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Bureaucracy ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
And Function

Contemporary public administration reflects its historical roots as well as contemporary ideas about how the public bureaucracy should be organized and function. This book argues that there are administrative traditions that have their roots centuries ago but continue to influence administrative behavior. Further, within Western Europe, North America, and the Antipodes there are four administrative traditions: Anglo-American, Napoleonic, Germanic, and Scandinavian. These are not the only traditions however, and the book also explores administrative traditions in Central and Eastern Europe, Latin America, Asia, and the Islamic world. In addition there is a discussion of how administrative traditions of the colonial powers influenced contemporary administration in Africa. These discussions of tradition and persistence also are discussed in light of the numerous attempts to reform and change public administration.

scholarly journals Microbial food web dynamics along a soil chronosequence of a glacier forefield

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 3283-3294 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Esperschütz ◽  
A. Pérez-de-Mora ◽  
K. Schreiner ◽  
G. Welzl ◽  
F. Buegger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Litter Decomposition ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Food Web Dynamics ◽  
Glacier Forefield ◽  
Microbial Food Webs ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract. Microbial food webs are critical for efficient nutrient turnover providing the basis for functional and stable ecosystems. However, the successional development of such microbial food webs and their role in "young" ecosystems is unclear. Due to a continuous glacier retreat since the middle of the 19th century, glacier forefields have expanded offering an excellent opportunity to study food web dynamics in soils at different developmental stages. In the present study, litter degradation and the corresponding C fluxes into microbial communities were investigated along the forefield of the Damma glacier (Switzerland). 13C-enriched litter of the pioneering plant Leucanthemopsis alpina (L.) Heywood was incorporated into the soil at sites that have been free from ice for approximately 10, 60, 100 and more than 700 years. The structure and function of microbial communities were identified by 13C analysis of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and phospholipid ether lipids (PLEL). Results showed increasing microbial diversity and biomass, and enhanced proliferation of bacterial groups as ecosystem development progressed. Initially, litter decomposition proceeded faster at the more developed sites, but at the end of the experiment loss of litter mass was similar at all sites, once the more easily-degradable litter fraction was processed. As a result incorporation of 13C into microbial biomass was more evident during the first weeks of litter decomposition. 13C enrichments of both PLEL and PLFA biomarkers following litter incorporation were observed at all sites, suggesting similar microbial foodwebs at all stages of soil development. Nonetheless, the contribution of bacteria, especially actinomycetes to litter turnover became more pronounced as soil age increased in detriment of archaea, fungi and protozoa, more prominent in recently deglaciated terrain.

scholarly journals Treatment by bloodletting in the past and present

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 240-248
Author(s):  
Natasa Colovic ◽  
Danijela Lekovic ◽  
Mirjana Gotic
Keyword(s):  
Western Medicine ◽  
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Cardiac Insufficiency ◽  
The Past ◽  
Treatment Of Hypertension ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Methods Of Treatment ◽  
Proper Balance

Introduction. Therapeutic bloodletting has been practiced at least 3000 years as one of the most frequent methods of treatment in general, whose value was not questioned until the 19th century, when it was gradually abandoned in Western medicine, while it is still practiced in Arabic and traditional Chinese medicine. Content. In modern medicine bloodletting is practiced for very few indications. Its concept was modeled on the process of menstrual bleeding, for which it was believed to ?purge women of bad humours.? Thus, bloodletting was based more on the belief that it helps in the reestablishment of proper balance of body ?humours? than on the opinion that it serves to remove excessive amount of blood as well as to remove toxic ?pneumas? that accumulate in human body. It was indicated for almost all known diseases, even in the presence of severe anemia. Bloodletting was carried out by scarification with cupping, by phlebotomies (venesections), rarely by arteriotomies, using specific instruments called lancets, as well as leeches. In different periods of history bloodletting was practiced by priests, doctors, barbers, and even by amateurs. In most cases, between one half of liter and two liters of blood used to be removed. Bloodletting was harmful to vast majority of patients and in some of them it is believed that it was either fatal or that it strongly contributed to such outcome. In the 20th century in the ?Western? medicine bloodletting was still practiced in the treatment of hypertension and in severe cardiac insufficiency and pulmonary edema, but these indications were later abandoned. Conclusion. Bloodletting is still indicated for a few indications such as polycythemia, haemochromatosis, and porphyria cutanea tarda, while leeches are still used in plastic surgery, replantation and other reconstructive surgery, and very rarely for other specific indications.

ROLE OF DASHMOOLADI MAJJA SNEHA (THERAPEUTIC ENEMA) IN AVASCULAR NECROSIS: A CASE STUDY

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-57
Author(s):  
Jakra Priyanka ◽  
Mishra Meenu ◽  
Soni Kamini
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Avascular Necrosis ◽  
Classical Method ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Neck Of Femur ◽  
Glucocorticoid Treatment ◽  
And Function ◽  
Necrosis Of Femoral Head

Introduction:Avascular necrosis is also known as aseptic, osteonecrosis and ischaemic necrosis of bone. There are a multitude of risk factors but over 80% of cases are attributed to glucocorticoid treatment or alcohol excess. Avascular Necrosis of femoral head is the most common type of necrosis, because the artery supplying to neck of femur is very narrow which easily gets injured. In modern medicine there is no specic treatment rather than surgery. In Ayurveda avascular necrosis can be correlated with Asthimajjagatvata. Aim: To assess the efcacy of Dashmooladi Majja Sneha in the management of avascular necrosis. The objective of the treatment includes the preservation of structure and function of hip joint with symptomatic relief. Materials & Methods:The present case study is upon a 32 year old, diagnosed case of avascular necrosis of femoral head with complaints of pain in bilateral sacroiliac joint since one and half years which was associated with difculty in doing normal daily activities such as walking, sitting, squatting along with change in the gait, at the Panchakarma OPD of Govt. Ayurvedic hospital Bhopal. The patient of idiopathic AVN of femoral head was treated with Dashmooladi Majja Sneha, Brihatvata Chintamani Rasa, Amritaristha, Panchtikta Ghrita Guggulu and Shastik Shali Pind Swedan have done as per the classical method for 30 days. Assessment was done after treatment and follow up after 15 days for 2months. Observations: The Ayurvedic therapies and oral medicines yielded complete symptomatic relief from pain, general debility and improvement in the gait. Conclusion: On the basis of the results obtained it can be concluded that Dashmooladi Majja Sneha, Shastik Shali Pind Swedan and some oral medicines can be used as an effective treatment in the management of Avascular Necrosis.

An Analysis of Marketing Function of Fashion Show

2011 ◽  
Vol 331 ◽  
pp. 607-610
Author(s):  
Yi Xu ◽  
Mei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Marketing Theory ◽  
Marketing Function ◽  
Commercial Value ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
At Home

The fashion show was come into being with the appearance of retail of costumes in the middle of the 19th century. Up to now, it has become an indispensable media, added with a lot of artistic elements which strengthen its value of appreciation, in the fashion field. However, what could not be overlooked is that the ultimate goal of the fashion show is still the commercial value in the costume market and still to emphasize the significance and function in the costume marketing. By summarizing the practical experience of fashion show of hers and referring to all kinds of information at home and abroad, the author divides the fashion show into five categorizes and explains one by one. At the same time, the author analysis the marketing function of fashion show in practice by connecting marketing theory.

Hebraic Authorities: A Historical-Theoretical Perspective

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bella Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Information Network ◽  
Western Tradition ◽  
Research Libraries ◽  
Authority Control ◽  
American Tradition ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Manual Mode

The standardization of Hebrew names in cataloging and bibliography has its roots in the Anglo-American tradition of Romanized author main entry. Cross-references from Hebrew names to their Roman equivalents are found in some British Hebraica catalogs published in the 19th century. In the Hebrew bibliographic tradition, in contrast, title main entry predominated and, given the nondistinctiveness of Jewish names, author access was rarely provided. Israeli librarians adopted the Western tradition of author main entry while retaining their commitment to original-alphabet cataloging; their Hebraic authority work consisted primarily of standardization of Hebrew orthography. The Hebraic capability of the Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN) made American Judaica librarians aware of the advantages of Hebrew name access; they had formerly been accustomed to Hebrew title access only. Many libraries are inputting parallel Hebrew access points to RLIN, with varying degrees of authority control. The USMARC Format for Authority Data has been revised to allow for parallel non-Roman data; the fields defined for non-Roman data have not been implemented, however, because the Library of Congress cannot handle non-Roman scripts in its processing system. Hebraic authority control is therefore done locally, in manual mode or with database management software.

scholarly journals Building the right centriole for each cell type

2017 ◽  
Vol 217 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-835 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jadranka Loncarek ◽  
Mónica Bettencourt-Dias
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Single Organism ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
High Resolution Microscopy

The centriole is a multifunctional structure that organizes centrosomes and cilia and is important for cell signaling, cell cycle progression, polarity, and motility. Defects in centriole number and structure are associated with human diseases including cancer and ciliopathies. Discovery of the centriole dates back to the 19th century. However, recent advances in genetic and biochemical tools, development of high-resolution microscopy, and identification of centriole components have accelerated our understanding of its assembly, function, evolution, and its role in human disease. The centriole is an evolutionarily conserved structure built from highly conserved proteins and is present in all branches of the eukaryotic tree of life. However, centriole number, size, and organization varies among different organisms and even cell types within a single organism, reflecting its cell type–specialized functions. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of centriole biogenesis and how variations around the same theme generate alternatives for centriole formation and function.

scholarly journals Impf-Alltag im 19. Jahrhundert

Gesnerus ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 66-82
Author(s):  
Mathias Steinmann
Keyword(s):  
Medical Profession ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
General Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Compulsory Vaccination ◽  
Health Movement ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
The People ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Public Health Movement

This study describes the vaccination practices in a rural area in Switzerland in the 19th century. Using reports of the vaccinating physicians and records of the local authorities a differentiated picture of the interests and behaviors of the involved social groups was obtained. Efforts at compulsory vaccination were counteracted by a variety of factors like shortage of vaccine, opposition by the people on the grounds of interference with private lives and mistrust in modern medicine and academically trained physicians, and even reservation by the vaccinating physicians themselves. Nevertheless, the practice of vaccination became a significant factor in the general process of me- dicalization, thus improving the position of the medical profession and fur-thering the public health movement by strengthening the bonds between me-dical knowledge and state power.

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