Victim Incentives and Criminal Activity: Evidence from Bus Driver Robberies in Chile

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-45
Author(s):  
Patricio Dominguez
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Bus Drivers ◽  
The World ◽  
Bus Driver ◽  
Large Decline

This paper analyzes crime as a function of the interaction between offenders and victims. I study robbery of bus drivers, a crime that remains common in cities throughout the world. Exploiting the timing of a Chilean public transportation reform and detailed administrative data, I show how victims' propensity to resist an attack can alter the level and nature of criminal activity. I also find a large decline in crime after the implementation of a technological innovation that eliminated cash transactions on buses. My results suggest a strong relationship between victim incentives, cash, and crime.

scholarly journals A Choice Too Far: Transit Difficulty and Early High School Transfer

2020 ◽  
pp. 0013189X2094950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc L. Stein ◽  
Julia Burdick-Will ◽  
Jeffrey Grigg
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
School System ◽  
Ninth Grade ◽  
Public School System ◽  
Baltimore City ◽  
School Transfer ◽  
The Relationship

The challenge of a long and difficult commute to school each day is likely to wear on students, leading some to change schools. We used administrative data from approximately 3,900 students in the Baltimore City Public School System in 2014–2015 to estimate the relationship between travel time on public transportation and school transfer during the ninth grade. We show that students who have relatively more difficult commutes are more likely to transfer than peers in the same school with less difficult commutes. Moreover, we found that when these students change schools, their newly enrolled school is substantially closer to home, requires fewer vehicle transfers, and is less likely to have been included among their initial set of school choices.

The Opera and the Omnibus: Material Culture, Urbanism and Boieldieu's La dame blanche

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-114
Author(s):  
Nicole Vilkner
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Mass Transportation ◽  
Musical Work ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

AbstractIn the summer of 1828, the Entreprise générale des Dames Blanches launched a fleet of white omnibuses onto the streets of Paris. These public transportation vehicles were named and fashioned after Boieldieu's opéra comique La dame blanche (1825): their rear doors were decorated with scenes of Scotland, their flanks painted with gesturing opera characters, and their mechanical horns trumpeted fanfares through the streets. The omnibuses offered one of the first mass transportation systems in the world and were an innovation that transformed urban circulation. During their thirty years of circulation, the omnibuses also had a profound effect on the reception history of Boieldieu's opera. When the omnibuses improved the quality of working- and middle-class life, bourgeois Parisians applauded the vehicles’ egalitarian business model, and Boieldieu's opera became unexpectedly entwined in the populist rhetoric surrounding the omnibus. Viewing opera through the lens of the Dames Blanches, Parisians conflated the sounds of opera and street, as demonstrated by Charles Valentin Alkan's piano piece Les omnibus, Op. 2 (1829), which combines operatic idioms and horn calls. Through these examples and others, this study examines the complex ways that material culture affects the dissemination and reception of a musical work.

scholarly journals Understanding Leisure Centre-Based Physical Activity after Physical Activity Referral: Evidence from Scheme Participants and Completers in Northumberland UK

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2957
Author(s):  
Jordan Bell ◽  
Lis Neubeck ◽  
Kai Jin ◽  
Paul Kelly ◽  
Coral L. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Ordinal Regression ◽  
World Health ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
The World ◽  
The Uk

Physical activity referral schemes (PARS) are a popular physical activity (PA) intervention in the UK. Little is known about the type, intensity and duration of PA undertaken during and post PARS. We calculated weekly leisure centre-based moderate/vigorous PA for PARS participants (n = 448) and PARS completers (n = 746) in Northumberland, UK, between March 2019–February 2020 using administrative data. We categorised activity levels (<30 min/week, 30–149 min/week and ≥150 min/week) and used ordinal regression to examine predictors for activity category achieved. PARS participants took part in a median of 57.0 min (IQR 26.0–90.0) and PARS completers a median of 68.0 min (IQR 42.0–100.0) moderate/vigorous leisure centre-based PA per week. Being a PARS completer (OR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.61–2.82) was a positive predictor of achieving a higher level of physical activity category compared to PARS participants. Female PARS participants were less likely (OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.43–0.97) to achieve ≥30 min of moderate/vigorous LCPA per week compared to male PARS participants. PARS participants achieved 38.0% and PARS completers 45.3% of the World Health Organisation recommended ≥150 min of moderate/vigorous weekly PA through leisure centre use. Strategies integrated within PARS to promote PA outside of leisure centre-based activity may help participants achieve PA guidelines.

scholarly journals What's in a Word? Falsified/Counterfeit/Fake Medicines - The Definitions Debate

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. maapoc.0000008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Isles
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
World Region ◽  
The Public ◽  
Counterfeit Medicine ◽  
The World ◽  
Falsified Medicines ◽  
Trademark Protection ◽  
Exact Size

There is a rising tide of criminal activity to manufacture and distribute falsified, counterfeit, or fake medicines. The exact size of this problem is unknown but estimates vary from US$75 billion to US$200 billion per year, and evidence clearly demonstrates it is on the increase. Depending on the world region, infiltration into the legitimate supply chain versus the illegitimate (e.g., the internet) varies greatly. However, what is certain is that the direction of travel by regulatory agents is to develop supply chains that allow access to medicines via the World Wide Web. Within this context, there has been a long-running debate about how to correctly describe the various forms of medicines that are fraudulently or otherwise manufactured and distributed. This article attempts to describe the evolution of the definitions and recommends that a consensus be formed to describe such medicines that reach the public: • Falsified medicine: This being the term used and defined in the Falsified Medicines Directive and which is primarily concerned with public health. • Counterfeit medicine: This is closely associated and legally defined within intellectual property legislation and concentrates on trademark protection. • Fake medicine: This is the term that best serves to communicate with the public to raise awareness about the phenomenon.

scholarly journals ANALISIS BIAYA OPERASIONAL KENDARAAN (BOK) DAN WTP (WILLINGNESS TO PAY) PADA BUS AKAP JURUSAN BANJARMASIN - SAMARINDA

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Bagus Nugroho Putra ◽  
Utami Sylvia Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Bus Drivers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Passenger Transportation ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Transportation Facilities

Kota Banjarmasin adalah ibu kota provinsi dari Kalimantan Selatan dengan berbagai macam aktivitas. Salah satu angkutan umum Kota Banjarmasin adalah bus AKAP (Antar Kota Antar Provinsi) PO. Pulau Indah Jaya yang melayani transportasi penumpang dengan tujuan kota dan provinsi. Sarana transportasi memiliki tarif biaya yang ditentukan berdasarkan Biaya Operasional Kendaraan (BOK). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui besar BOK bus AKAP dengan metode Pacific Consultant International (PCI) dan untuk mengetahui besar tarif yang diinginkan penumpang beserta tanggapan terhadap tarif yang berlaku saat ini Willingness To Pay (WTP).Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui survei wawancara untuk BOK kepada pihak PO. dan sopir bus dengan jumlah data 25 unit bus dan untuk WTP survei wawancara dengan sampel 200 penumpang bus di terminal KM 6 tempat pembelian tiket bus.Besar BOK yang dikeluarkan oleh PO. Pulau Indah Jaya Rp Rp 8.137.912.279 /tahun (bus Non AC) dengan tarif Rp 168.194 /penumpang dan Rp 8.712.239.580 /tahun (bus AC+Toilet) dengan tarif Rp 229.173 /penumpang. Besar nilai WTP bus Non AC Rp 185.000 /penumpang dan AC+Toilet Rp 245.000 /penumpang. Tanggapan terhadap tarif bus AKAP Non AC Rp 175.000 /penumpang dan AC+Toilet Rp 235.000 /penumpang adalah harga tarif bus  sesuai dengan kemampuan penumpang membayar dan mau membayar lebih dengan syarat adanya penambahan pelayanan dan fasilitas.Kata Kunci: Bus AKAP, Biaya Operasional Kendaraan (BOK), Willingness To Pay (WTP)banjarmasin city is the capital of the province of South Borneo with a wide range of activities. One of the public transportation of Banjarmasin city is the bus AKAP (Inter-City Inter Province) PO. Pulau Indah Jaya which serves passenger transportation with a city and provincial destinations. Transportation facilities have a fee that is determined based on Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC). The purpose of this study is to find out the size of the bus AKAP VOC with the Pacific Consultant International (PCI) method and to find out the number of tariffs desired by passengers along with responses to the current rates of Willingness To Pay (WTP).This research was conducted through interview surveys for VOC to PO. parties and bus drivers with data on 25 bus units and for WTP interview surveys with a sample of 200 bus passengers at the terminal KM 6 places to buy bus tickets.VOC amount issued by PO. Pulau Indah Jaya Rp. 8.137.912.279 /year (Non AC buses) with a tariff of Rp 168.194 /passenger and Rp. 8.712.239.580 /year (AC + Toilet bus) at a rate of Rp. 229.173 /passenger. The value of the Non AC WTP bus is Rp. 185.000 /passenger and the AC + Toilet Rp. 245.000 /passenger. The response to the AKAP Non AC bus fare of Rp. 175.000 /passenger and AC + Toilet Rp. 235.000 /passenger is the price of the bus fare according to the ability of the passengers to pay and pay more on the condition of additional services and facilities.Keywords: Bus AKAP, Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC), willingness to pay (WTP) 

scholarly journals Economy of the mexican agriculture sector in times of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Rivas-Valencia ◽  
Leonardo Ángel Rosales-Rivas ◽  
Graciela Dolores Ávila-Quezada ◽  
Talina Olivia Martínez-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Food Chains ◽  
New Production ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Agricultural Planning ◽  
International Policies ◽  
The World

<p>COVID-19, a pandemic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, changed the production schemes and supply chains in all spheres of the world’s economy. The agricultural sector in Mexico was no exception, although it has been so essential during the pandemic that its growth was higher than the other sectors of the Mexican economy and it stood out as a food supplier in the world in 2020. Farmers’ vocations and the integration of productive food chains led to a surplus of 1.2 billion dollars, with an annual increase of 39.92%. The pandemic is a challenge and an opportunity for the Mexican countryside in terms of digital and technological innovation derived from border investigation. However, it is crucial to establish public agricultural planning policies to help optimize this area of opportunity by focusing on new production and national and international trade models, responding efficiently to national visions to benefit  producers-consumers and guaranteeing food security in the framework of the UN’s international policies for sustainable development, the IPCC’s reduction of climate impact and ensuring human health by the WHO.</p>

Who’s really driving student outcomes?

2018 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Meals
Keyword(s):  
Student Outcomes ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Bus Drivers ◽  
Student Access ◽  
Bus Driver ◽  
Safe Transport ◽  
Education Process ◽  
Bus Transportation

The author, a teacher and substitute bus driver, explains the pivotal role that bus drivers play in the education process by proving safe transport and getting students off to a good start each day. Reducing bus transportation budgets, or charging families for using it, reduces student access to education.

THE USE OF CRYPTOCURRENCY FOR CRIMINAL PURPOSES: ISSUES OF COUNTERACTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
В.И. Ерохов ◽  
В.Ф. Васюков
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Methods Of Operation ◽  
The Ideal

Стремительное развитие технологии блокчейн сделало криптовалюты широко распространенными по всему миру платежными средствами, используемыми в качестве альтернативной онлайн-валюты. Одновременно с этим криптовалюты также зарекомендовали себя как идеальная валюта для киберпреступников из-за их нерегулируемого и псевдоанонимного характера. Такое положение дел привело к возникновению возможности использования криптовалют в качестве инструмента содействия преступлениям, совершаемым как в киберпространстве, так и в реальном мире, включая легализацию (отмывание) денежных средств, кибер-вымогательство, фишинг, взлом, кибермошенничество и иные преступления в финансовой сфере. Учитывая высокотехнологичный, децентрализованный и, следовательно, сложный характер криптовалют, криминологам важно иметь базовое представление о методах работы, используемых в криптовалютных преступлениях. Таким образом, в представленных тезисах проанализированы проблемы, связанные с использованием криптовалюты для содействия преступной деятельности, и рассмотрены методы противодействия им. The rapid development of blockchain technology has made cryptocurrencies widespread around the world, used as an alternative online currency. At the same time, cryptocurrencies have also established themselves as the ideal currency for cybercriminals due to their unregulated and pseudo-anonymous nature. This state of affairs has led to the emergence of the possibility of using cryptocurrencies as a tool to facilitate crimes committed both in cyberspace and in the real world, including money laundering, cyber extortion, phishing, hacking, cyber fraud and other crimes in the financial sector. Given the high-tech, decentralized and therefore complex nature of cryptocurrencies, it is important for criminologists to have a basic understanding of the methods of operation used in "cryptocurrency crimes." Thus, this article analyzes the issues of using cryptocurrency to promote criminal activity, as well as countering issues.

Disruptions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution

2021 ◽  
pp. 189-199
Author(s):  
Idris Olayiwola Ganiyu ◽  
Ola Olusegun Oyedele ◽  
Evelyn Derera
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
Skill Gaps ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Robotics

The Fourth Industrial Revolution has resulted in the disruption of the world of work whereby technological innovation such as artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics. These disruptions may be creative in that as some jobs are lost due to the development of artificial intelligence, new ones are created. This chapter explored the impact of disruptive technological innovations on the future of work. The skill gaps brought about by the emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution was also explored in this chapter.

New Financial Technologies, Cryptocurrencies, Blockchain, and Challenges

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-102
Author(s):  
Burcu Sakiz
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Information Systems Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Start Ups

As technological innovation transforms our economies, companies and start-ups all over the world are performing developments on financial technologies called “FinTech/fintech” for a chance to thrive. It even sparked the invention of blockchain and the inception of cryptocurrencies (digital/virtual money) such as Bitcoin. The blockchain technology provides Bitcoin's public ledger, an ordered and timestamped record of transactions. Blockchain is one of a kind decentralized technology mainly used by fintechs and it is a distributed as well as decentralized ledger that presents a radical, new, modern, and disruptive way of conducting all manner of transactions over the internet. Blockchain-based applications provide many opportunities to create a more sustainable world. With this research agenda, this chapter contributes to the discussion on future avenues for sustainability and information systems research on fintechs, especially cryptocurrencies and blockchain-based platforms and services.

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