Looks and Living Kinds: Varieties of Racial Cognition in Bahia, Brazil

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 247-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug Jones
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Racial Classification ◽  
Racial Categories ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Alternative Theories

AbstractPsychological research in the USA and elsewhere suggests that race is regarded as an underlying, inherited “essential” trait, like membership in a biological species. Yet Brazil has often been regarded as very different from the USA: as a country in which racial variation is seen as more continuous than categorical, more a matter of appearance than descent. This study tests alternative theories of racial cognition in Bahia, Brazil. Data include racial classification of drawings and photographs, judgments of similarity – dissimilarity between racial categories, ideas about expected and possible race of offspring from inter-racial unions, heritability of racial and non-racial traits, and conservation of race through changes in appearance. The research demonstrates consensus over time in appearance-based classification, yet race is also thought of as an “essential” trait. However, racial essences can be mixed, with a person containing the hereditary potential of multiple races, so that race in Bahia does not define clear-cut groups or discrete “living kinds.” If essentialism is the shared core of folk theories of race, there may be more variability and room for social construction in the categorization of mixed-race individuals.

Openness to context‐based research: the gulf between the claims and actions of Big Six firms in the USA

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Gendron
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Joint Decision ◽  
Academic Knowledge ◽  
Multilateral Negotiations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Client Acceptance ◽  
Big Six ◽  
Client Acceptance Decision

This paper has been written following the refusal of US Big Six firms to participate in a context‐based research project on the new‐client‐acceptance decision, in spite of their claims that current audit research is too far removed from the realities of practice. The paper aims to problematise the firms’ refusal, arguing that it exemplifies efforts at policing the development of academic knowledge on the part of gatekeepers who strive to make researchers work on technicalities, thereby mitigating the risk that research may tarnish the profession’s legitimacy. Insights into the social construction of the gatekeepers’ efforts at policing knowledge are provided by the multilateral negotiations with the firms, showing initial differences in gatekeepers’ boundaries of acceptable research, and subsequent between‐firm discussions that resulted in the firms’ joint decision to refuse participation.

Discriminating arboviral species

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyuan Li ◽  
Angela C. O’Donnell ◽  
Howard Ochman
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Species Concept ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Biological Species Concept ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Artificial Boundaries ◽  
Human Infections

Mosquito-borne arboviruses, including a diverse array of alphaviruses and flaviviruses, lead to hundreds of millions of human infections each year. Current methods for species-level classification of arboviruses adhere to guidelines prescribed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), and generally apply a polyphasic approach that might include information about viral vectors, hosts, geographical distribution, antigenicity, levels of DNA similarity, disease association and/or ecological characteristics. However, there is substantial variation in the criteria used to define viral species, which can lead to the establishment of artificial boundaries between species and inconsistencies when inferring their relatedness, variation and evolutionary history. In this study, we apply a single, uniform principle – that underlying the Biological Species Concept (BSC) – to define biological species of arboviruses based on recombination between genomes. Given that few recombination events have been documented in arboviruses, we investigate the incidence of recombination within and among major arboviral groups using an approach based on the ratio of homoplastic sites (recombinant alleles) to non-homoplastic sites (vertically transmitted alleles). This approach supports many ICTV-designations but also recognizes several cases in which a named species comprises multiple biological species. These findings demonstrate that this metric may be applied to all lifeforms, including viruses, and lead to more consistent and accurate delineation of viral species.

Simple and complex cognitive modelling in oblique translation strategies in a corpus of English

Target ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Sandra Peña-Cervel ◽  
Carla Ovejas-Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Cognitive Modelling ◽  
English Drama ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
Translation Techniques ◽  
Peninsular Spanish

Abstract This article provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the translation of English drama film titles into Peninsular Spanish, drawing on cognitive modelling and following preliminary findings in Peña-Cervel (2016). Our study is consistent with the epistemological and ontological grounding of Cognitive Linguistics (Samaniego-Fernández 2007) and contributes to satisfying one of the major challenges Rojo-López and Ibarretxe-Antuñano (2013a, 10) identify for present-day Translation Studies: To reveal the conceptual substratum that guides the translation process. Our approach does not rely on an exhaustive classification of clear-cut and well-defined translation techniques, but rather on a broad distinction between direct and oblique strategies. We demonstrate how the notion of cognitive operation, as proposed by Ruiz de Mendoza-Ibáñez and Galera-Masegosa (2014), can help elucidate the sometimes seemingly arbitrary relationship between original English titles and their counterparts in Spanish, especially in cases of traditionally so-called free translations. Stands-for relations, such as expansion and reduction, are shown to play a fundamental role in the translation process and the fruitful combination of cognitive operations into conceptual complexes is explored. Our study attempts to go beyond descriptive adequacy in order to achieve explanatory adequacy.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study on Application of Computer Vision and Fluorescence Imaging Spectroscopy for Detection of Huanglongbing Citrus Disease in the USA and Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caio B. Wetterich ◽  
Ratnesh Kumar ◽  
Sindhuja Sankaran ◽  
José Belasque Junior ◽  
Reza Ehsani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Fluorescence Imaging ◽  
Imaging Spectroscopy ◽  
Texture Features ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Segmented Images ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Citrus Disease

The overall objective of this work was to develop and evaluate computer vision and machine learning technique for classification of Huanglongbing-(HLB)-infected and healthy leaves using fluorescence imaging spectroscopy. The fluorescence images were segmented using normalized graph cut, and texture features were extracted from the segmented images using cooccurrence matrix. The extracted features were used as an input into the classifier, support vector machine (SVM). The classification results were evaluated based on classification accuracies and number of false positives and false negatives. The results indicated that the SVM could classify HLB-infected leaf fluorescence intensities with up to 90% classification accuracy. Though the fluorescence intensities from leaves collected in Brazil and the USA were different, the method shows potential for detecting HLB.

scholarly journals PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF SPECIALISTS FOR THE ECONOMIC FIELD AS AN OBJECT OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
Oleksii Sysoiev
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Pedagogical Competence ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Systemic Problems ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Doctoral Dissertations

The article provides a theoretical analysis of the problems of scientific research dedicated to training of specialists for the economic industry. As a result of the theoretical analysis, the classification of modern researches on the problem of training of future economists has been carried out: 1) research that examines problems that are common not only for the training of future economists but also systemic problems for other specialists’ training; 2) research that analyzes the problems aimed at preparation of future economists for a certain type of activity necessary for their profession, or is related to the ways of improvement of the quality of future economists’ professional training as well as the formation of pedagogical competence among future specialists in the economic field, that is, the training of teachers of economic disciplines; 3) scientific research on comparative professional pedagogy related to training of specialists in economic specialties in other countries of the world. There has been presented the classification of scientific research related to the scientific degree for which the research was submitted: in doctoral dissertations there were raised the problems which are systemic for training of not only future economists but other specialists too. A candidate level research is more focused on individual problems of future economists’ professional training, improving the quality of professional training of future economists. It has been stressed that studies aimed at studying foreign experience of economists’ training are still not sufficient, although due attention is paid to such countries as the USA, Great Britain and Germany. The research aimed at studying the experience of the Republic of Poland, which is Ukraine’s neighbour and is close to it in culture and history, has been noted as insufficient.

scholarly journals Assessment of genetic diversity in Indian Barnyard millet (Echinochloa spp. complex) using morphological and molecular markers

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1643-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Moharil ◽  
Dipti Gawai ◽  
N. Dikshit ◽  
M.S. Dudhare ◽  
P. V. Jadhav
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Genetic Improvement ◽  
Molecular Diversity ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Barnyard Millet ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
High Degree

In the present study, morphological and molecular markers (RAPD primers) were used to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic relationships among 21 accessions of Echinochloa spp. complex comprising the wild and cultivated species collected from Melghat and adjoining regions of Vidarbha, Maharashtra. The availability of diverse genetic resources is a prerequisite for genetic improvement of any crop including barnyard millet. A high degree of molecular diversity among the landraces was detected. Among the 21 genotypes, two major groups (A and B) were formed, at 67.28 % similarity, which clearly encompasses 15 accessions of E. frumentacea and 6 accessions of E. colona. Higher similarity was observed in accessions of E. frumentacea. The accessions IC 597322 and IC 597323 also IC 597302 and IC 597304 showed more than 94% similarity among themselves. The classification of genetic diversity has enabled clear-cut grouping of barnyard millet accessions into two morphological races (E. frumentacea and E. colona).

scholarly journals Comparison of the systems of classification of operational and strategic planning documents of the USSR and the USA during the Cold War

2018 ◽  
pp. 101-107
Author(s):  
Mykola Saychuk
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
The Us ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Widespread View

The system of secrecy of documents of operative-strategic planning which worked in the armed forces of the USSR and the USA during the Cold War the author analyzes based on his experience with archival documents. On the basis of the author’s experience with work with archival documents, this article analyzes the systems of classification of operational and strategic planning documents of the Armed Forces of the USSR and the USA during the Cold War. A comparison of documents’ classification levels and works of the regime-secret (classification) bodies is made. It is determined which secrecy classification levels and additional code words were used for different documents depending on the nature of the information contained in them: nuclear planning, mobilization planning, operational plans at the theaters of war. After a detailed comparison, it is concluded that despite the widespread view of extraordinary secrecy in the USSR, in fact, the US regime-secret system was more advanced, demanding and rigid. The Soviet system included three levels of document secrecy. In addition, the US system had additional restrictions due to acronyms listing a narrow range of document users. The aim of the article is to investigate documents that reveal the preparation for war in Europe during the Cold War.

Race and/or Ethnicity in Hawai‘i

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Y. Okamura
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Ethnic Inequality ◽  
Racial Categories ◽  
Structural Principle ◽  
The Social ◽  
Historical Transition

This chapter argues that ethnicity is the dominant organizing principle of social relations in Hawai‘i since the 1970s when it superseded race. This contention is based on the social construction of Hawaii’s constituent groups as ethnic groups rather than races, on the consequent lesser construction and assertion of racial categories and identities commonly invoked in the continental United States, and on the ongoing regulation of differential access to socioeconomic status by ethnicity and not race (or class). The chapter first discusses the conceptual difference between race and ethnicity, outlines the historical transition from race to ethnicity as the foremost structural principle of island society, reviews persisting ethnic inequality evident from 2010 U.S. Census data, and analyzes the racial dimensions of the shooting death in 2011 of a young Native Hawaiian by a U.S. State Department agent in Waikīkī. The argument that ethnicity is more significant than race as the primary principle of social organization in contemporary Hawai‘i is consistent with multiculturalism being the dominant ideology related to race and ethnicity in the islands rather than colorblindness as in the continental United States.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LASER HYGIENE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu.P. Paltsev ◽  
◽  
L.V. Pokhodzey
Keyword(s):  
Laser Radiation ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Laser Safety ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Spectral Ranges

Annotation. The widespread introduction of laser products in various fields of science, technology and medicine, as well as the possibility of serious damage to the organ of vision and skin during their operation, put forward new and increasingly complex tasks for laser hygiene. An analysis of the hygienic normative and methodological documents currently in force on the territory of the Russian Federation showed that they cannot fully ensure laser safety. Differences in the approaches to the hygienic standardization of laser radiation (LR), adopted in the Russian Federation and the USA and the European Union, have been established. The LR hygienic standards in GOST R IEC 60825-1-2013 are practically identical to foreign IEC 60825 standards, that is, in most spectral ranges they exceed the MPL by an order of magnitude or more (SanPiN 1.2.3685-21). The necessity of correcting the hygienic standards of LR, harmonizing the classification of lasers according to the degree of hazard, and developing effective means of control and protection was revealed. Draft documents have been developed: "Hygienic standards for laser radiation" and "Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for working conditions during the operation of laser products", the introduction of which into the practice of sanitary and epidemiological supervision will ensure the preservation of the health of workers. Key words: lasers, correction of hygienic standards, classification, methods and means of control and protection, laser safety.

scholarly journals The Pathology of Tumours of the Urinary Tract

1939 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1455-1467
Author(s):  
W. D. Newcomb
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Renal Pelvis ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Renal Tumours ◽  
The Difference

Attention is called to the difference between the pathologist's and the radiologist's point of view. The reasons for this difference are discussed with special emphasis on renal tumours. Classification of renal tumours. The first main groups are innocent and malignant. Are these really clear-cut or do they blend into one another? The commoner innocent renal tumours are adenoma, fibroma, myoma, lipoma, and angioma. These are rarely of any clinical importance but adenoma is a possible source of hypernephroma. Many elaborate classifications of cancer of the kidney have been proposed but the following four groups are sufficient for most puposes: Carcinoma, hypernephroma, sarcoma, and teratoid tumours. Much the commonest malignant renal tumour in adults is the hypernephroma, thought by Grawitz and others to be derived from ectopic adrenal rests. There is still no agreement concerning their origin but three views are held at the present time: ( a) All are carcinoma of renal tubules. ( b) Some are derived from renal tubules and some from ectopic adrenal. ( c) All are formed from adrenal tissue. These views are discussed with special reference to material in St. Mary's Hospital Museum, and it is suggested that the first view is the most probable although the second cannot be excluded. The teratoid tumours are the commonest in infants and swine. The differences between them and hypernephromata are described. The renal Pelvis, ureter, and bladder all have tumours of the same type and can conveniently be considered together. Connective tissue tumours, both innocent and malignant, are very rare. Papilloma and carcinoma are rare in the pelvis and ureter, but commoner in the bladder. The relation between these two tumours is discussed.

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