“Saving Lives”—Lü Kun’s Manual on City Defense

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-188
Author(s):  
Kai Filipiak
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Combat Experience ◽  
The People ◽  
Northern Border ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Military Law ◽  
Military Preparedness ◽  
The Military

AbstractThe subject of this article is theBook on Saving Lives(Jiuming shu) written by the late Ming scholar-official Lü Kun. The book enjoyed great popularity during the Ming and Qing dynasties and offers practical advice for those who were in charge of city defense. Lü wrote this text in anticipation of imminent social crises. His prime motivation was to save the lives of his fellow countrymen when “bandits” attacked the county seat. The book, which is a survival manual rather than a handbook for magistrates, was written for military non-professionals who would lead the civilian population to defend the county. On the other hand, the text is of a military nature and refers to the military function of Chinese towns.The majority of the book deals with military preparedness. Although the book also discusses various aspects of city defense such as weapons, tactics, fortification, training, and military law, Lü himself lacked combat experience. In this respect, the book illustrates a dilemma: The defense of small cities lay beyond the scope of the central government. This placed the responsible officials in a difficult and contradictory situation. The magistrate, for example, was not prepared for the job. He lacked military experience but had to lead the local population into war. Despite his power, he depended on the cooperation of the people, including the assistance of rich families and the support of armed villagers skilled in martial arts. In this way, Lü Kun’s treatise illustrates the consequences of earlier political decisions to concentrate the military on the northern border and around the capital.

scholarly journals Gubernatorzy wojskowi w systemie polskiej administracji początków XIX w ieku

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-66
Author(s):  
Piotr Krzysztof Marszałek
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Administrative System ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
Model Set ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Military Law ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

In Polish literature on the subject, the military governor’s office is usually associated with the organisation of the administrative system that prevailed in the partitioning states (Poland’s Partitions 1791-1918). However, the governor’s office had already been known in Poland during the Duchy of Warsaw (1807-1815), when it was, like many other solutions of administrative and military law, imported directly from France. In the structure of Polish public organs, the office of governor was created for the first time during the Polish-Austrian war in 1809. Although no documents have survived from which we could learn of the competences of a Polish governor in those times, what is known is that the description of his authority followed closely the model set out by the French legislation. It was not before the Polish-Russian war in 1830-1831 that first attempts were made to independently set out the authority o f a governor of the Polish state, but even then, at least initially, the solutions set forth by the regime o f the Napoleonic decree were directly referred to and copied. In the second half of the 19th century, shortly before the collapse of the November Uprising, a draft describing the office and competences of a Polish governor was finally ready to be put forward for parliamentary discussion, but it was already too late for the Sejm to deal with it.

Efektifitas Kebijakan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar Dalam Masa Pandemi Corona Virus 2019 oleh Pemerintah Sesuai Amanat UUD NRI Tahun 1945

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aprista Ristyawati
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Lower Middle Class ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Government ◽  
Mutual Care ◽  
The Right

The current global pandemic clearly raises public concern. Therefore, the Government must provide protection to the community in the prevention and handling of COVID-19 cases in accordance with the mandate of UUD NRI Tahun 1945. during the effective Pandemic period according to UUD NRI Tahun 1945. The method of approach used in this research is normative juridical and analytical descriptive that is describing the object that is the subject of the problem, from the depiction taken an analysis adapted to existing legal theories and putting the law as a norm building system. The results of this study indicate that if it is associated with the mandate of UUD NRI Tahun 1945, many PSBB policies are less effective because surely the community feels that they have not fully received legal protection over the existing policies made by the current government. To avoid other levels of infertility, the following efforts were made so that the PSBB policies provided during the effective pandemic period in accordance with UUD NRI Tahun 1945 include (1) the Central Government and Regional Governments ensuring the disclosure of public information in a real way to be able to know the chain of spread of the virus, (2 ) must be able to guarantee and ensure especially to the lower middle class are able to meet their needs to guarantee the right to life of their people and not diminish any dignity of the people (in accordance with the mandate of UUD NRI Tahun 1945 and the need for public roles in terms of mutual care, mutual reminding, and help each other.            Keywords:  Effectiveness, PSBB, UUD NRI Tahun 1945  Abstrak Pandemi global yang terjadi saat ini jelas menimbulkan kekhawatiran masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, Pemerintah harus memberikan perlindungan kepada masyarakat dalam pencegahan maupun penanganan kasus COVID-19 sesuai amanat Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas kebijakan  pemerintah pada masa pandemi dan bagaimana upaya yang dilakukan agar kebijakan yang diberikan selama masa Pandemi efektif sesuai UUD NRI Tahun 1945. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yuridis normatif dan bersifat deskriptif analitis yaitu menggambarkan objek yang menjadi pokok permasalahan, dari penggambaran tersebut diambil suatu analisa yang disesuaikan dengan teori-teori hukum yang ada dan meletakan hukum sebagai sebuah bangunan sistem norma. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa jika dikaitkan dengan amanat Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, kebijakan PSBB banyak yang kurang efektif karena pasti masyarakat merasa bahwa belum sepenuhnya mendapatkan perlindungan hukum atas kebijakan yang ada yang dibuat oleh pemerintah saat ini. Untuk menghindari tingkat kefatalan lainnya, berikut upaya yang dilakukan agar kebijakan PSBB yang diberikan selama masa pandemi efektif sesuai UUD NRI Tahun 1945 antara lain (1) Pemerintah Pusat dan Pemerintah Daerah memastikan keterbukaan informasi publik secara nyata untuk dapat mengetahui rantai penyebaran virus tersebut, (2) harus dapat menjamin dan memastikan terutama kepada kaum menengah ke bawah mampu memenuhi kebutuhannya untuk menjamin hak atas hidup masyarakatnya dan tidak terkurangi suatu apapun harkat martabat masyarakatnya (sesuai amanat UUD NRI Tahun 1945) dan perlunya peran publik dalam hal saling menjaga, saling mengingatkan, dan saling membantu satu sama lain.            Kata Kunci : Efektifitas, PSBB, UUD NRI Tahun 1945

scholarly journals Use of the Territorial Defence Forces (TDF) in counter-subversive operations

2020 ◽  
Vol 196 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-408
Author(s):  
Marek Pytel ◽  
Mariusz Cieśla
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Territorial Defence ◽  
Quality Of Protection ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Military ◽  
Practical Conduct ◽  
Freedom Of Action

The Territorial Defence Forces (TDF, Polish abbrev. WOT) are to participate in combat counter-subversive operations, alone or in cooperation with other security actors. Using both offensive and protective-defensive forms and methods, they will create freedom of action for operational troops. Precise reconnaissance of the area, infrastructure knowledge in permanent areas of responsibility (Polish abbrev. SRO), cooperation with the non-military system (Polish abbrev. UPM), and cooperation with the local population in combination with the training of the TDF commanders and soldiers equipped with modern weaponry, reconnaissance and object monitoring systems will ensure good quality of protection while reducing the number of human resources involved. All forms and methods of conducting combat counter-subversive activities presented in the article are a compilation of the content contained in the literature on the subject and the practical conduct of training classes with cadets and officers at the Military University of Land Forces.

Diocletian and the Decline of the Roman Municipalities

1938 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. van Sickle
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Municipal Government ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Military ◽  
New Evidence

It has for a long time been recognized that a sharp decline in the prosperity and strength of municipal life in the Roman Empire took place during and shortly after the reign of Diocletian, and this has been attributed largely to his bureaucratic administrative system and heavy increases in taxation, with their consequent pressure upon the urban middle class—the curiales. Of the essential correctness of this view there can be no doubt; and apart from possible new evidence there is little more to be said on that phase of the subject. But there are other aspects of this important problem which seem to have received less attention than they deserve. Bureaucracies and crushing taxes have not always destroyed the middle classes of the countries in which they have existed, as the case of France under the Old Régime clearly proves; so there must be other contributory factors which helped to produce this result in the case under consideration. Some of these have been dealt with ; but one at least—the continuance under the new system of a type of internal municipal government suited only to the most prosperous period of the system which it replaced—seems to have been largely, if not entirely, ignored by investigators. Diocletian not only tried to make the municipia of his empire efficient agents of the central government, but in addition attempted to render them once more the energetic and prosperous organisms which they had been before the Military Anarchy ; and, as his efforts in the end contributed powerfully to produce exactly the opposite result, this portion of his work is worthy of note, if for no other reason than to serve as a warning for would-be benevolent despots in other ages.

scholarly journals MILITARY TORT � A PHENOMENON OF MODERN LEGAL SCIENCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman V. Aliiev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
National Security ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Legal Science ◽  
Social Acts ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Theory Of Law ◽  
Military Law ◽  
The Military

The article considers the problem of general awareness of the legally significant properties of military offences (crimes, misdemeanours), their relationship with other types of offences, which is actually an urgent task, especially for the science of military law and the integration of legal science � general theory of law. Based on the analysis of terminological and conceptual aspects of military offences (crimes, misdemeanours), their own typology, legal features and features of the composition, the author of the article proposes their generalized definition as �military torts�. The study of the essence and content of military tort as a phenomenon of modern legal science, as well as ways to prevent, detect and stop it, is a special, special law enforcement tool within the leading institute of military law. Further study of the phenomenon of military tort provides an opportunity to form an independent complex scientific field - military tort. It is proved that the causes and conditions of offences in the Armed Forces of Ukraine involve a complex set of factors, processes and phenomena. At the same time, they are characterized by a number of features due to the specifics of military service and the activities of troops (forces). For example, the activities of personnel, internal order, military life and other military-public relations, which are regulated as much as possible by the rules of military statutes. In addition to military statutes, military-public relations are regulated by other rules of law, for example, the scope of criminal law is much broader � servicemen are responsible for committing both general crimes and military criminal offences. Considering the subject of research, which is a �military tor� as a phenomenon of modern legal science, it should be noted that in the theory of law and in the practice of personnel in the direction of legal support of military formation used phrases such as �military administrative offences�, �criminal offences�. Against the established order of military service (military criminal offences)�, �war crimes�, �military and disciplinary offences in the military sphere�, �criminal order or instruction �, etc. Therefore, there is a problem in determining the meaning of terms, and there are several reasons for this. The first, classic - the definition of the term allows you to outline the subject of research and discussion, the range of related problems. Another is the problem of the spread of offences in the military sphere, i.e. ensuring the national security and defense of Ukraine, due to its specificity is global (phenomenal) and therefore can be most effectively solved only if joint efforts are made at both international and national levels. Ensuring their effective interaction directly depends on a consistent understanding and interpretation of terminology in the direction of the study of lawful behaviour or the causes and conditions of deviant �tort� behaviour of service members. Thus, we see that the epistemological processes of formation of military torts as a phenomenon of scientific and legal category is characterized by a certain inconsistency, ambiguity and fragmentation, generated by situational aspects of necessity. However, we can determine that a military tort is a set of illegal (anti-social) acts (crimes or misdemeanours) provided by the current criminal legislation of capable subjects of military-public relations, encroaching on the foundations of national security, organization of the Armed Forces of Ukraine and public order. Understanding and understanding of the acquired knowledge should be the basis for improving the institution of legal responsibility of servicemen in the military sphere as a fundamental means of protection, mechanism, guarantor, designed to ensure regulatory, protective and protective function of military law, without which the existence and development of modern Ukrainian army is impossible.

scholarly journals Tsvyntar Olʹshany u Prazi yak mistse pamʺyati ukrayintsiv

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 261-273
Author(s):  
Ihor Stambol
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Information Space ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Military

The article clarifies the role of the Olshany cemetery in Prague as a location for the memory of Ukrainians and about Ukrainians. Olshany is one of the largest necropolises of prominent Ukrainians outside Ukraine. Most Ukrainians buried here became emigrants as a result of the defeat of the Ukrainian National Revolution of 1917-1921. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the perception of this necropolis among Ukrainians, to show some aspects of mentions of Olshany in the Ukrainian information space and to find out its possible role as a place of memory. The topic of Olshany became more active in the Ukrainian media in 2017 due to the threat of losing the grave of one of the most prominent Ukrainian poets of the early twentieth century – Oleksandr Oles (Kandyba) and his wife. The periodicity of attention to Olshany is explained by the interest of Ukrainians in the subject of the Ukrainian National Revolution of 1917-1921, which also acquires a greater resonance closer to the memorable dates. Members of the Ukrainian governments buried in the cemetery, including Fedor Shvets, Stepan Siropolko, Volodymyr Leontovych, Sofia Rusova, Hryhoriy Sydorenko, Apollinarii Marshynsky, as well as scientists and artists Spiridon Cherkasenko, Mykola Andrusov, Yevhen Ivanenko and others, together with the military UGA, are very important part of the memory of Ukrainian post-revolutionary emigration, and involve people in understanding their destinies through the fields in which they were engaged before, during and after the Revolution. That is why Olshany already acts as a place of memory for Ukrainian historians, teachers, diplomats, etc. But given the professional diversity of the people buried there and the significant legacy they have left behind, this place has greater potential. And new generations of Ukrainians who work or study in the Czech Republic now can contribute even more to this.

The Military and its Role in Merovingian Society

2020 ◽  
pp. 254-277
Author(s):  
Laury Sarti
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Military Leadership ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Social Stratum ◽  
Royal Power ◽  
Ongoing Process ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Military ◽  
Military Professionalism

In Merovingian society, the military was important not only as a means for defense but also as a political tool to maintain and expand royal power. It was strongly integrated into society, as every man of a certain age and constitution was a potential fighter, while a main function of the highest social stratum was military leadership. This chapter discusses the origins, nature, and role of the Frankish military by taking a close look at the sources and current research on the subject. It deals with questions related to military professionalism, recruitment, organization, and command, and discusses the ongoing process of militarization that characterized not only the increasingly powerful Frankish elite but also the local population and society as a whole.

Need of Human Rights as a Better Way of Life

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
Tushar Kadian
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Basic Needs ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Labour Unions ◽  
The People ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Made In

Actually, basic needs postulates securing of the elementary conditions of existence to every human being. Despite of the practical and theoretical importance of the subject the greatest irony is non- availability of any universal preliminary definition of the concept of basic needs. Moreover, this becomes the reason for unpredictability of various political programmes aiming at providing basic needs to the people. The shift is necessary for development of this or any other conception. No labour reforms could be made in history till labours were treated as objects. Its only after they were started being treating as subjects, labour unions were allowed to represent themselves in strategy formulations that labour reforms could become a reality. The present research paper highlights the basic needs of Human Rights in life.

Etos Kerja Islam Dan Ketahanan Usaha Kerajinan Tangan

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Ubaidillah ◽  
Misbahul Khoir
Keyword(s):  
Group Discussion ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Religious Rituals ◽  
The People ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Village ◽  
Collection Methods

The objectives of research include; first, to describe what local Islamic working ethos are as the basis for the resilience of songkok, whip and slap handicraft businesses in Serah Panceng Gresik Village. Second, to describe the resilience of the songkok, whip and slap handicraft business in the village of Serah Panceng Gresik. This study is a qualitative-descriptive study with the aim of understanding the phenomena experienced by the subject of research including behavior, perception, motivation, and action holistically by utilizing various scientific methods. Data collection methods include; Observation, In-depth Interview or Focus Group Discussion, Documentation. Data analysis techniques include: processing and preparing data for analysis, reading the entire data, analyzing in more detail by coding data, considering detailed instructions that can help the coding process, giving descriptions that will be presented in the report, interpreting and interpreting data. The results showed that in Serah Village local Islamic working ethos were preserved by the community, such as alms giving, reading dziba', reading tahlil, attending haul akbar, and reading sholawat together every Friday. Although in the tradition it does not involve songkok, whip, and slap directly, there is a good impact to support the resilience of songkok, but not whip, and slap production. Religious rituals by praying together asking Allah to facilitate and carry out business in production songkok, whip, and slap are an expression of gratitude for what God gave to the people of Serah Village. All economic activity done by Serah community is meant to get God’s willing. Keywords: Islamic Working Ethos, Handicraft Businesses

Endemic wheats of China as resources for breeding

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-25
Author(s):  
Hao Fu ◽  
N. P. Goncharov
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
The People ◽  
Spring Variety ◽  
Northern Border ◽  
Historical Heritage

Aim. To present the wheat endemics of China as source material for breeding and historical heritage. Results and Discussion. Wheat in China is the second most widely distributed cereal crop after rice. It is cultivated in China from the extreme northern border to the southern one, at altitudes from 154 m below sea level to 4450 m above sea level. The Chinian wheat is originated from South-West and West Asia and has a history of more than 2.8 thousand years. Since ancient times, the wheat species have been grown in China: bread (Triticum aestivum L.), compactum (T. compactum Host), polonicum (T. polonicum L.), turgidum (T. turgidum L.), durum (T. durum Desf.), turanian (T. turanicum Jakubz.). The Chinese ancient bread wheats are of interest for breeders because presence among them of early ripening, multi-flowering with the grain number in a spikelet up to 7-8 and in the ear up to 90-100, drought and winter hardy, resistant to powdery mildew and leaf rust; forms with good crossability with rye and Aegilops species. Among the endemic Chinese wheat, an important place belongs to the Chinese Spring variety which played an outstanding role in wheat genetics; super dwarfs Tom Pouce and Tibetan Dwarf; three-grain wheat, in which 3 grains are formed in one flower; Charklyk ancient wheat – a boneless form of polonicum wheat; dwarf blue wheat turgidum – with a strong waxy coating; Taigu-Male-Sterile Wheat – with gene male sterility; a wheats having species and subspecies status: wheat of Petropavlovskyi – Triticum petropavlovskyi Udacz. et Migusch.; Tibetan wheat – T. spelta L. ssp. tibetanum (Shao) N.P. Gontsch comb. nov .; Yunnan wheat – T. spelta L. ssp. yunnanse (King ex S.L. Chen) N.P. Gontsch comb. nov. The origin and genetic characteristics of China's endemic wheats are discussed. Conclusions. China's wheat endemics need careful study and conservation as a reserve of valuable genes and their complexes for breeding, and as an embodiment of the history, culture, talent and work of the people who created them, and an integral part of human cultural heritage.

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