Urban Transition in West Bengal, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1258-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debarshi Guin
Keyword(s):  
Urban Governance ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Economic Base ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Urban Transition ◽  
History Of

Contemporary urbanization in India is in transition and this, along with the continuation of a ‘top heavy’ urban structure and gradual deindustrialization, is characterized by faster growth of informal employment, a declining trend of urban-ward migration of males, the slow down in the growth of cities and towns and the emergence of new urban centres. Given this immediate backdrop, this paper examines the contemporary processes and emerging forms of urban transition in West Bengal, with its longstanding history of ‘mono-centric’ urbanization. It reveals that urbanization in the state is no longer confined to a few pockets, as many new urban centres have emerged away from them and small towns are growing at relatively faster rates compared to the cities. But the underlying factors of this transition are not associated with the dispersal of economic activities and employment opportunities away from the metropolises. Furthermore, the study is sceptical about the significance of this emerging form of urbanization fuelled by the growth of small cities and towns which have a weak economic base, a crisis of urban governance and inadequate access to basic amenities.

URBAN PLANNING CONCEPT OF FORMING AN ARCHITECTURAL AND SPATIAL SOLUTION FOR AN ENTRANCE SIGN TO A SMALL CITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
A.V. SHUTKA ◽  
◽  
E.I. GUREVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Small City ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Planning Concept

Variants of architectural, spatial, and compositional solutions of entrance signs in small towns are considered. The article analyzes the features of architectural and artistic, structural, and compositional solutions of the entrance sign, as well as the use of finishing materials. The urgency of development of small cities taking into account the historical, cultural, economic characteristics and achievements of the district, as well as symbols of culture and long history of the region in the context of solving problems of urban development. The requirements for the assessment of each characteristic indicator that affects the identification of new architectural, artistic and aesthetic possibilities for the representation of the symbol at the entrance to a small city are given.

scholarly journals SUB-MEDIUM CITIES AS A SPECIAL CATEGORY OF SMALL CITIES IN CENTRAL RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Илья Петрович Смирнов ◽  
Влада Евгеньевна Сабонис
Keyword(s):  
Small Towns ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Tver Region ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Special Category

Статья посвящена особой категории малых городов - субсредним городам. К этой категории городских населенных пунктов отнесены города с людностью от 20 до 50 тыс.чел. В работе проведен анализ роли субсредних городов в территориально-урбанистической структуре регионов Центральной России. Проанализирована динамика людности городов в период с 1959 по 2020 гг. На основе показателей естественного и миграционного движения населения проведена оценка современной демографической ситуации, сложившейся в городах данной категории. Особое внимание в работе уделено анализу центральных функций, который показал важную роль субсредних городов в организации территории Центральной России. На примере городов Тверской области проанализирован вклад данной категории городов в региональное развитие. The article is devoted to a special category of small towns - sub-middle towns. This category of urban settlements is from 20 to 50 thousand people. The paper analyzes the role of sub-mediums in the territorial-urban structure of the regions of Central Russia. The dynamics of the population density of cities in the period from 1959 to 2020 is analyzed. Based on the results of the natural and migration movement of the population, an assessment of the current demographic situation in the cities of this category has been carried out. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the central functions, which showed the important role of sub-middle cities in the organization of the territory of Central Russia. On the example of the cities of the Tver region, the contribution of this category of cities to regional development is analyzed.

History of the Samba Schools

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Sandroni ◽  
Felipe Barros
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Instrumental Accompaniment ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City

Samba schools are musical and recreational associations linked to carnival, created in Rio de Janeiro between 1928 and 1932 approximately. The first competitive samba school parade was held during the 1932 carnival, and since then they have held annually, always during carnival. Samba schools were also created in São Paulo later in the 1930s and gradually spread throughout Brazil, expanding internationally from the 1970s onwards. Since the end of the 1950s, the samba school parade has been recognized as the principal event in the Rio de Janeiro carnival. It is characterized as a performance involving music, dance, costume, and artwork. In the 1930s, each school sang up to three different sambas: the rule of just a single samba per parade was established later. Instrumental accompaniment is produced by the bateria, a set of membranophones and idiophones, which is perhaps the most the most characteristic element of a samba school. In addition, a small group of guitars and cavaquinho (a type of ukulele) provide the harmonic base for the singing. A group of judges mark the competition: points are organized by theme, music, dance, and outstanding features. The parade has gone through numerous transformations over the years. One such was the growing importance of the enredo, the central theme or story guiding the parade as a whole. In the 1950s, the composition of the sambas for the parade came to be driven by the need to present each aspect of the enredo in the music and lyrics, which led to the creation of a new type of samba, the samba-enredo. At time, the sambas performed in the parades were not very different from the sambas released on records and sung in different contexts in festivities. In the 1960s, the coordination of all aspects of the parade, with the aim of showing the enredo in the best manner possible, led to the emergence of a new role, the carnavalesco, who is charged with choosing the theme and designing and planning everything related to the parade’s visual and scenic dimensions. Increasing public interest in the samba schools was accompanied by the growth of the parade itself, implying ever greater costs, connections, and conflicts with the public authorities and with different private economic agents, including in some cases illegal economic activities, such as gambling. The importance of the parade of the samba schools for the city of Rio de Janeiro was expressed in the construction in 1983–1984 of a new and immense urban structure, known as the Sambódromo. Designed to shelter the parades without disturbing urban circulation, as had happened until then in the mounting and dismantling of stands, the Sambódromo is used throughout the year. Its open spaces host various festive events in the city, while the closed ones are used for activities linked to public education.

Early Cinema in Scotland

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Early Cinema ◽  
Popular Song ◽  
Feature Film ◽  
Local Newspapers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Production History ◽  
History Of ◽  
International Audience

This collection of essays, drawn from a three-year AHRC research project, provides a detailed context for the history of early cinema in Scotland from its inception in 1896 till the arrival of sound in the early 1930s. It details the movement from travelling fairground shows to the establishment of permanent cinemas, and from variety and live entertainment to the dominance of the feature film. It addresses the promotion of cinema as a socially ‘useful’ entertainment, and, distinctively, it considers the early development of cinema in small towns as well as in larger cities. Using local newspapers and other archive sources, it details the evolution and the diversity of the social experience of cinema, both for picture goers and for cinema staff. In production, it examines the early attempts to establish a feature film production sector, with a detailed production history of Rob Roy (United Films, 1911), and it records the importance, both for exhibition and for social history, of ‘local topicals’. It considers the popularity of Scotland as an imaginary location for European and American films, drawing their popularity from the international audience for writers such as Walter Scott and J.M. Barrie and the ubiquity of Scottish popular song. The book concludes with a consideration of the arrival of sound in Scittish cinemas. As an afterpiece, it offers an annotated filmography of Scottish-themed feature films from 1896 to 1927, drawing evidence from synopses and reviews in contemporary trade journals.

The History Of Modern Vaccination In Cooch Behar State In The Nineteenth Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 180-190
Author(s):  
Rajkumar Bind
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Vaccination Programme ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
The State ◽  
The People ◽  
Small Pox ◽  
Preventive Method ◽  
History Of

This paper examines the development of modern vaccination programme of Cooch Behar state, a district of West Bengal of India during the nineteenth century. The study has critically analysed the modern vaccination system, which was the only preventive method against various diseases like small pox, cholera but due to neglect, superstation and religious obstacles the people of Cooch Behar state were not interested about modern vaccination. It also examines the sex wise and castes wise vaccinators of the state during the study period. The study will help us to growing conciseness about modern vaccination among the peoples of Cooch Behar district.   

MODERN PROGRESS OF EVENTFUL TOURISM TRENDS ІN ZAKARPATTIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 298 (5 Part 1) ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
Natalia PANKIV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Web Sites ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Government Program ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tourist Infrastructure ◽  
Regional Centers ◽  
The Government ◽  
International Status ◽  
History Of Study

Theoretical principles and history of study of eventful tourism, his classification, and also modern state of this sphere, are considered in the article. Progress of eventful tourism trends are analysed on Zakarpattia and it is set that during the last years there are positive tendencies in relation to their development, in particular: the specialized tour operators that offer corresponding tours and the new objects of eventful rest are opened appear. It is educed that Zakarpattia is extraordinarily rich in traditions and ethnic colour and has considerable advantages for development of eventful tourism, as here is considerable tourist-recreational potential. In villages and small towns Zakarpattia the most various and interesting festivals and holidays pass that, it is possible conditionally to divide into three groups-guilty, gastronomic and folklore. Lately large popularity was purchased by the tours of flowers on Zakarpattia. Eventful tourism is perspective on Zakarpattia, with inexhaustible resource potential, and the programs of festivals are saturated, original and interesting and profitable. They assist to socio-economic development of area, popularization of potential tourist resources among a population. Important pre-condition of organization of festival tourism is the timely informing and advertising of events, popularity to information about her and organization of her systematic realization. Most permanent festivals have own web-sites, on that there is information about realization and program of measures, tourist infrastructure, transport report. Forming of positive image of region and increase of amount of tourists is assisted by tourist-informative centers that accumulate information about tourist-recreational suggestions. Without regard to plenty of festivals international status is had only separate from them. Therefore, in order to attract the attention of tourists to Zakarpattia, it is expedient to create the government program of assistance and development of festival motion and distinguish the regional centers of festival tourism. Such regional centers can be cities that are selected on the principle of scale and the possibility of representation of an event. Such centers in the region can be Uzhgorod, Beregovo, Rakhiv, Mukachevo.

“Small town” entrepreneurial ecosystems

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip T. Roundy
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Small Cities ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems ◽  
Economic Landscape

Purpose Entrepreneurial ecosystems are receiving growing attention from scholars, practitioners and policy-makers in both developed and developing countries. Studies of this phenomenon have focused almost exclusively on ecosystems in large, urbanized regions and metropolitan areas, located primarily in developed economies. However, the prevalence of small cities across the globe and the increasing acknowledgment that entrepreneurship in small towns is a key determinant of their economic development and rejuvenation suggests that entrepreneurial ecosystems research would benefit from a broader lens of inquiry. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to introduce a framework for studying entrepreneurial ecosystems in small towns. Design/methodology/approach This conceptual paper introduces the concept of small town entrepreneurial ecosystems (STEEs), draws from a wide-ranging set of disciplines to delineate the ways in which small town ecosystems are similar to and different than their larger counterparts and theorizes about several strategies STEEs use to overcome their limitations. Findings It is theorized that entrepreneurship in small cities is best conceptualized as the outcome of an ecosystem, which means that although small towns may not have some of the same key components as entrepreneurial ecosystems in large urban centers, other elements of the ecosystem may be able to bolster these deficiencies. It also suggests that those attempting to create or develop small town ecosystems may need to be entrepreneurial in the way they attract, view and utilize resources. Finally, it is theorized that small cities may be able to engage in several strategies to overcome their limitations and create vibrant entrepreneurial communities. Originality/value The theory developed produces implications for scholars focused on entrepreneurial ecosystems, economic development and emerging economies and suggests practical implications for policy-makers and development organizations seeking to improve the economic landscape of small cities.

Denied Violence, Glorified Fighting: Spiritual Discipline and Controversy in Ananda Marga

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaëël Voix
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Spiritual Discipline ◽  
Internal Characteristic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anthropological Fieldwork

This article tackles the issue of violence inside Ananda Marga, a contemporary Indian religious movement based in West Bengal. It analyzes a controversy Ananda Marga has been through and questions its role within the movement by examining its link with an internal characteristic of the group: an initiatory process into asceticism. Based on long-term anthropological fieldwork in India, I describe the structure of Ananda Marga and then distinguish between the "history" of the movement, which is written and given collectively, and the "stories" of the movement, which are told orally and individually. By confronting these different versions of the same event, I argue that the controversy can be seen as a part of a larger initiatory process in which committed disciples gradually acknowledge the legitimacy of violence.

scholarly journals Urban efflorescences of the global and the local: An analysis of the territory of Gipuzkoa (Spain)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madalen Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Science And Technology Parks ◽  
Rural Environments ◽  
San Sebastian ◽  
Urban Concentration

Urban efflorescences of the global and the local: An analysis of the territory of Gipuzkoa (Spain).Madalen González Bereziartua¹ ¹ Área de Urbanismo, Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de San Sebastián, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV-EHU). Plaza Oñati, 2. 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián.   E-mail: [email protected]. Tel. Num: 943015907 Keywords (3-5): Urban centrality, global exposure, territory of Gipuzkoa, spatial patterns Conference topics and scale: Tools of analysis in urban morphology, territorial scale     The present study deals with the changes generated in the last decades by the increasing globalization in order to discern its influence on the urban structure of Gipuzkoa. The incidence of globalization in the processes of urban transformation is perceived, on the one hand, in the tendency towards the concentration of economic activities and, on the other, in the stimulus received by the local level and by the specialization, as generators of urban concentration. The urban forms that have arisen in this territory as a result of the global exposure present a varied typology as a consequence of the multiple scopes and scales in which they have been developed. Far from pretending to cover them all, the present study analyses a sample of urban processes and effects that have taken place in the territory of Gipuzkoa in the last decades, such as: science and technology parks, specialized networks around local products, processes of museification of industrial and rural environments, or expansion of the tourism services network. The study of these processes will attend both to their particular urban manifestation and to their territorial incidence, through the use of diverse sources and techniques to obtain a map in which they can be studied together. The resulting map of the sum of the different indicators will reveal characteristic spatial patterns of this centrality associated to the effect exercised by the sphere of the global over the local.   References (100 words) Ascher, F. (2001), Los Nuevos Principios del Urbanismo (Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 2004). Castells, M. and Hall, P. (1994), Tecnópolis del mundo: la formación de los complejos industriales del siglo XXI (Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 2001). Ramos Truchero, G. (2013), “Alimentación e identidad territorial en la producción de queso Idiazabal”, Lurralde: investigación y espacio 36, 15-30. Sassen, S. (1991), La ciudad global: Nueva York, Londres, Tokio (Eudeba, Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, 1999). Valenzuela Rubio, M. (2003), “Turismo y Patrimonio Utilitario. El discreto encanto de las actividades decadentes”, in Valenzuela Rubio, M. (ed.) Un mundo por descubrir en el siglo XXI, (Real Sociedad Geográfica, Madrid) 401-437.

scholarly journals Characteristics of children with leprosy: Factors associated with delay in disease diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Joydeepa Darlong ◽  
Karthikeyan Govindasamy ◽  
Amrita Daniel
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Delayed Presentation ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Migration

Objectives: The objectives of the study were to characterize the clinical profile of childhood leprosy presenting at tertiary leprosy care hospitals in the states of Bihar, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh in India, and to determine the possible risk factors associated with disabilities at presentation. Methods: Subjects were children with newly diagnosed leprosy registered for treatment at tertiary Leprosy Mission Hospitals in Muzaffarpur (Bihar), Purulia (West Bengal) and Faizabad (Uttar Pradesh), India, between June and December 2019. Demographic and leprosy characteristics were collected at the time of diagnosis. Parents/guardians were interviewed on reasons for delay in presenting at the hospital. Associations between various factors and delay in diagnosis were assessed. Results: Among the 84 children, the mean (SD) age was 10 (3) years with a range of 4–14 years. There were more boys (58%) and most children were currently in school (93%), resident in rural areas (90%) and belonged to a lower socioeconomic status (68%). More children were diagnosed with multibacillary leprosy (69%), one-third of them being skin smear positive for Mycobacterium leprae. On presentation, 17% had deformity (5% grade 1 deformity and 12% grade 2), 29% had nerve involvement and skin lesions were spread across the body in half of the children. Mean (SD) duration of delay was 10.5 (9.8) months. Delayed presentation was more in boys (43% vs. 17%; P = 0.01), those without a history of migration for work compared to those who had a history of migration (40% vs. 9%; P = 0.008) and in those children who were from a poor economic status compared with those that came from a better economic status (44% vs. 7%; P = 0.001) Limitations: Because our study was conducted at tertiary care hospitals, the findings are not representative of the situation in the field. Furthermore, a comparison group of newly diagnosed adult leprosy patients with disability could have been included in the study. Conclusion: Childhood leprosy continues to occur in endemic pockets in India and a substantial number present with skin smear positivity and deformity. Guardians of these children cite many reasons for the delay in presentation.

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