Repression by Proxy

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 924-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Eck
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Organizational Capacity ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Leaders ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
Intelligence Gathering ◽  
Unique Data ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Intelligence Control ◽  
The Military

Why do regimes delegate authority over a territory to nonstate militias, in effect voluntarily sacrificing their monopoly over the use of violence? This article argues that two factors increase the probability of states delegating control to a proxy militia, namely, military purges and armed conflict. Military purges disrupt intelligence-gathering structures and the organizational capacity of the military. To counteract this disruption, military leaders subcontract the task of control and repression to allied militias that have the local intelligence skills necessary to manage the civilian population. This argument is conditioned by whether the state faces an armed insurgency in a given region since intelligence, control, and repression are needed most where the state is being challenged. This hypothesis is tested on unique data for all subnational regions within Myanmar during the period 1962 to 2010 and finds that proxy militias are more likely to be raised in conflict areas after military purges.

Civilian Victimization and Ethnic Civil War

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1199-1225
Author(s):  
Lars-Erik Cederman ◽  
Simon Hug ◽  
Livia I. Schubiger ◽  
Francisco Villamil
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
The State ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
Targeted Violence ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
Global Coverage

While many studies provide insights into the causes of wartime civilian victimization, we know little about how the targeting of particular segments of the civilian population affects the onset and escalation of armed conflict. Previous research on conflict onset has been largely limited to structural variables, both theoretically and empirically. Moving beyond these static approaches, this article assesses how the state-led targeting of specific ethnic groups affects the likelihood of ethnic conflict onset and the evolution of conflicts once they break out. Relying on a new data set with global coverage that captures the ethnic identity of civilian victims of targeted violence, we find evidence that the state-led civilian victimization of particular ethnic groups increases the likelihood that the latter become involved in ethnic civil war. We also find tentative, yet more nuanced, evidence that ethnic targeting by state forces affects the escalation of ongoing conflicts.

Fratelli tutti and the Responsibility to Protect

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Drew Christiansen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Just War ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
The State ◽  
Responsibility To Protect ◽  
Pope Francis ◽  
Just War Tradition ◽  
The Military

Fratelli tutti expresses skepticism about the ability of the just-war tradition to provide guidance on the state use of force. It is dismissive of a whole range of rationales for going to war. In rejecting humanitarian “excuses,” Pope Francis puts to question the Church’s support even for armed enforcement of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). In place of abstract moral reasoning, Francis invites contemplation of the suffering of the victims of war. He expands the horizon of analysis from particular acts to consideration of the cascading consequences of war. He invites the military to color their warrior ethic with the kindness of Christ. In practice, his teaching implies increased attention to the ius postbellum and “the responsibility to rebuild” after armed conflict.

scholarly journals Polish army and polish national policy in the Lwow, Stanisławow and Tarnopol voivodships in 1921–1926

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 50-66
Author(s):  
Adam OSTANEK
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
The State ◽  
Domestic Policy ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Military Administration ◽  
Western Ukraine ◽  
The Military

Of all the citizens of the Second Polish Republic, 30 % were representatives of various national minorities. The Polish authorities, realizing that such a large percentage of national minorities concentrated in specific regions, can threaten the security of the state, are trying to pursue an appropriate national domestic policy. Its goal was to reduce this danger. The Polish army was one of the instruments that were used to varying degrees by the authorities. The purpose of the article is to show the place, role and tasks that the Polish army had to fulfill in relation to the national policy pursued in the southeastern voivodships of the Second Polish Republic in 1921–1926. The sources for publication is the then civil-military legal acts, archival materials collected in archives on the territory of Poland and Ukraine, as well as scientific research. The author paid considerable attention to the measures of the military administration to neutralize the actions of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, the Communist Party of Western Ukraine, the foreign intelligence agents (primarily from the USSR) in the military and civilian population of the Lviv, Stanislaviv and Ternopil voivodships which were under the control of the military structures of the District Corps Command No. VI «Lviv» and No. X «Przemysl». Almost 5.5 million people lived in these voivodships, of which 45.1% were Poles, 47.9% were Ukrainians, 6.4% were Jews, 0.65 were Germans, 0.1% were other nationalities. The author claims that the military authorities were vigilant about the security and strengthening of the Polish state. Keywords Polish Army, the Second Polish Republic, national policy, Lwow Voivodeship, Stanisławow Voivodeship, Tarnopol Voivodeship.

The Authoritarian Republic, 1958–1968

Iraq ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeed Dawisha
Keyword(s):  
Coercive Force ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Coup ◽  
Military Leaders ◽  
The Military ◽  
Ideas And Institutions

This chapter discusses events following the demise of Iraq's monarchy in 1958. The demise of the monarchy was met with almost universal approval by the Iraqi people. During the first week after the military coup, huge demonstrations filled the streets of the country's major cities, all proclaiming their devotion and commitment for the infant republic and their support for the new military leaders. While the military's initial political moves suggested a promising proclivity for sharing power with like-minded civilians, it would not be long before those who had a monopoly over coercive force would hold sway over all institutions of the state. For the following decade, the military would radically and consequentially impact the ideas and institutions of governance, democracy, and identity.

scholarly journals PSYCHOLOGICAL SPECIFIC FEATURES OF FORMATION OF FUTURE RESERVE OFFICERS’ READINESS FOR SERVICE-AND-COMBAT ACTIVITIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
Sofia DEMIANYSHYNA ◽  
◽  
Yuliia MEDVID ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
National Guard ◽  
The State ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Martial Law ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Psychological Features ◽  
The Military ◽  
Training Of Personnel

Service and combat activities of servicemen of the National Guard of Ukraine have psychological features, respectively, and in the process of training reserve officers they must be taken into account. Changes in service and combat activities in the training of personnel for service and combat activities have an impact on the psychological features of this activity and on the psychological features of the formation of readiness of future reserve officers for it. Method. Survey. Results. According to the results of the study, the psychological features of the formation of the readiness of future reserve officers for service and combat activities are determined. It is proposed to adjust the training process taking into account the identified psychological features of the formation of this readiness. Originality. The necessity has been determined: to carry out training of applicants according to the program of training of reserve officers in the military accounting specialty - military psychologist; scientific and pedagogi- cal staff of the department of reserve officers training to review the content of the program in such a way as to reveal the features and importance of all functions of the National Guard of Ukraine, including participation in measures to end armed conflict and other provocations at the state border prevention of mass crossing of the state border from the territory of neighboring states, participation in the implementation of measures of the legal regime of martial law and participation in the implementation of territorial defense tasks; application of exercises and games for the development of the necessary qualities and prevention of the development of negative qualities, which can be used both during the training program for reserve officers and in out-of-class activities. Resume. Further research will be aimed at determining the pedagogical conditions for the formation of the readiness of future reserve officers for service and combat activities, taking into account the psychological characteristics and conducting a pedagogical experiment.

State-Minority Contestations in Post-colonial Sri Lanka

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-165
Author(s):  
Mansoor Mohamed Fazil
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Research Method ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Social Force ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
State And Society ◽  
The Military

Abstract This research focuses on the issue of state-minority contestations involving transforming and reconstituting each other in post-independent Sri Lanka. This study uses a qualitative research method that involves critical categories of analysis. Migdal’s theory of state-in-society was applied because it provides an effective conceptual framework to analyse and explain the data. The results indicate that the unitary state structure and discriminatory policies contributed to the formation of a minority militant social force (the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam – The LTTE) which fought with the state to form a separate state. The several factors that backed to the defeat of the LTTE in 2009 by the military of the state. This defeat has appreciably weakened the Tamil minority. This study also reveals that contestations between different social forces within society, within the state, and between the state and society in Sri Lanka still prevail, hampering the promulgation of inclusive policies. This study concludes that inclusive policies are imperative to end state minority contestations in Sri Lanka.

Corporate culture as a driver of the corporate security of foreign military-industrial enterprises

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 2363-2380
Author(s):  
S.B. Zainullin ◽  
O.A. Zainullina
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Corporate Security ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Military

Subject. The military-industrial complex is one of the core industries in any economy. It ensures both the economic and global security of the State. However, the economic security of MIC enterprises strongly depends on the State and other stakeholders. Objectives. We examine key factors of corporate culture in terms of theoretical and practical aspects. The article identifies the best implementation of corporate culture that has a positive effect on the corporate security in the MIC of the USA, the United Kingdom, the European Union, Japan ans China. Methods. The study employs dialectical method of research, combines the historical and logic unity, structural analysis, traditional techniques of economic analysis and synthesis. Results. We performed the comparative analysis of corporate culture models and examined how they are used by the MIC corporations with respect to international distinctions. Conclusions and Relevance. The State is the main stakeholder of the MIC corporations, since it acts as the core customer represented by the military department. It regulates and controls operations. The State is often a major shareholder of such corporations. Employees are also important stakeholders. Hence, trying to satisfy stakeholders' needs by developing the corporate culture, corporations mitigate their key risks and enhance their corporate security.

Value of psychotherapeutic self-control in energy saving at experts of dangerous professions

2018 ◽  
pp. 56-65
Author(s):  
Е.Ю. Соколов ◽  
А.И. Адаев ◽  
А.А. Фомин ◽  
Л.Г. Магурдумова
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
The State ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Preliminary Training ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
State Of Health ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
The Military ◽  
Business Trip

In article the importance of use of psychotherapeutic actions of self-control by employees of a dangerous profession is stated during the work in emergency situations. The state of health of fighters who before the direction in business trip were trained previously in self-control methods at different stages of performance of a fighting task, with a condition of group of the military personnel who didn’t pass preliminary training in energy saving methods is compared.

SOCIAL PROTECTION IS A GUARANTEE OF FAMILY UNITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Dilbar Karshieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Necessary Conditions ◽  
Family Members ◽  
The State ◽  
The Military ◽  
Family Unity

This article demonstrates the great attention and care paid by the state to the military and their families in our country.Social protection of families of military men consists in creating necessary conditions for family members to develop and demonstrate their abilities in socio-economic, cultural, medical and other spheres.

IMPROVING MECHANISMS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN THE STATE BORDER SERVICE OF UKRAINE, PUBLIC ORGANISATIONS AND POPULATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Iakiv Serhiiovych Halaniuk
Keyword(s):  
Political Stability ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Border Area ◽  
Public Control ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mechanism Model ◽  
Public Organisations ◽  
The Military

The article highlights the author’s approach to improving coopera- tion mechanisms of the State Border Service of Ukraine with public organiza- tions and population. There has been analyzed public control as a means their cooperation and priorities of improving the cooperation, particularly, forms and methods of organizing citizens’ feedback, introduction of the assessment pro- cedure of the efficiency of the SBSU and population and public organization. There have been stated conceptual pillars of the public control development in the SBSU, developed by the author, including public control forms and resource provision. There has been considered a mechanism algorithm of the public par- ticipation in the development of the border administration through submitting petitions or proposals concerning a legally enforceable enactment draft (or the legally enforceable enactment currently in force). There has been represented a mechanism model of discussing legally enforceable enactments and public peti- tions, developed by the author. It is noted that one of the mechanisms of interac- tion of the SBSU with the public is effective public control, which becomes an in- tegral part of ensuring national security and political stability. The conditions of permanence of Ukraine's threats in the border area, and in certain areas and their exacerbation, along with further reforms of the institutes of Ukrainian statehood, cause the problem of establishing and implementing public control in the border area as an important and urgent one.It is proved that public control is intended to determine the correctness of the military-force policy in the border area, the validity of the scale and optimality of the forms of activity of the border guards. In accordance with all this, in the subject area of public control should be: political decisions on issues of border security, including international agreements; the expediency and validity of government programs for the provision and reform of the border authorities of Ukraine, assess- ment of the effectiveness of these programs and the procedure for making changes to them.

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