scholarly journals Increasing evenness in the neighbourhood distribution of income poverty in England 2005–2014: Age differences and the influence of private rented housing

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Fransham
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Recent Change ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Distribution Of Income

A recent change in the geography of poverty in Britain has been reported: it appears to be becoming more evenly distributed in major cities, such that low-income individuals are less likely to be living in the highest poverty areas. Studying all local authority areas in England between 2005 and 2014, this paper finds that this phenomenon is strongly differentiated by age group and local authority type. Poverty amongst children and working age people is becoming more evenly distributed in almost all local authority types, with the largest changes occurring in the most urban areas. The change is strongly associated with the increasing proportion of low-income households living in private sector housing. Conversely, there is evidence of an increasing residential concentration of poverty at older ages. The paper also proposes a method for decomposing a change in rates between changes in the numerator and changes in the denominator. It concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for area effects, area-based initiatives and gentrification by displacement.

scholarly journals Income Poverty, Deprivation and Exclusion: A Comparative Study of Australia and Britain

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER SAUNDERS ◽  
LAURA ADELMAN
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Poverty Measure ◽  
Lone Parents ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Using Data

Poverty research has a long history in both Australia and Britain, but its influence on policy remains subject to political priorities and ideology. This can partly be explained by the limitations of defining poverty as low income and measuring it using an income poverty line. This article examines two national data sets that allow the income poverty profile to be compared with, and enriched by, the incidence of deprivation and social exclusion, measured using data that directly reflect experience. Although a degree of care must be applied when interpreting these new indicators within and between countries, a validated poverty measure is developed that reflects both low income and the experience of deprivation and exclusion. When results for the two countries are compared, they reveal stark differences between the alternative indicators. Britain has the higher income poverty rate and, although the incidence of both deprivation and exclusion are higher in Australia, Britain still has more validated poverty. The distributional profiles of deprivation and exclusion are shown to be very different in the two countries. These differences are explained by the very low incomes of low-income households in Britain, relative to other British households and relative to their Australian counterparts. Despite these differences, the results indicate that the same three groups face the greatest risk in both countries: lone parents, single working-age people and large (couple) families.

scholarly journals Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in a major referral cardiology clinic in Ethiopia: A retrospective cross-sectional study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246519
Author(s):  
Melkamu H. Asmare ◽  
Frehiwot Woldehanna ◽  
Samuel Hunegnaw ◽  
Luc Janssens ◽  
Bart Vanrumste
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Rheumatic Heart Disease ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hypertensive Heart Disease ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Interquartile Range ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Rheumatic Heart

Background Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) remains one of the major causes of death and disability in developing countries. This preventable, treatable but not curable form of cardiovascular disease is needlessly killing scores of children and youth mainly due to the misunderstanding of the burden of the disease in these countries. We sought to describe the prevalence of RHD at one of the major referral cardiology clinics in Ethiopia. Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional chart review of all patients referred for a cardiopathy at the Tikur Anbessa Referral Cardiac Clinic from June 2015 to August 2018. We excluded records of patients with a non-cardiac diagnosis and those without a clear diagnosis. A predesigned and tested EXCEL form was used to collect the data. The data was encoded directly from the patient record files. MATLAB’s statistics toolbox (MATLAB2019b) was used for statistical analysis. Results Among the total 7576 records analyzed 59.5% of the patients were women. 83.1% of the data belonged to adult patients with the largest concentration reported in the 18 to 27 age group. 69.7% of the patients were from urban areas. The median age of the study population was 30 (interquartile range = 21–50). 4151 cases were caused by RHD which showed that RHD constituted 54.8% of the cases. The median age for RHD patients was 25 (interquartile range = 19–34). The second most prevalent disease was hypertensive heart disease which constituted 13.6% that was followed by congenital heart disease with 9% prevalence rate. Conclusion The results of this study indicated the extent of the RHD prevalence in Ethiopia’s cardiac hospital was 54.8%. What was more critical was that almost 70% of the RHD patients were mainly the working-age group(19 to 34 years).

scholarly journals Income disparity in southeastern Mexico: A reflection from economic indicators

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
Yazmin Denisse Salvador-Garcia ◽  
Erika Guadalupe May-Guillermo ◽  
Samuel De La Cruz-May
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Quintana Roo ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
High Poverty ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
Economic Vulnerability ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The objective of this document is to analyze the distribution of income in the states of the southeast region of Mexico during the period 2010-2016, to identify the levels of inequality in economic matters. For this, a documentary, descriptive and longitudinal investigation was carried out, analyzing six economic indicators reported by the Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL) for the period studied: 1) Gini coefficient, 2) population in poverty situation, 3) vulnerable population by income, 4) population in extreme poverty, 5) population with income below the extreme poverty line by income and 6) population with income below the income poverty line. The results indicate that Chiapas, Guerrero and Oaxaca were the most vulnerable states due to low income levels, high poverty in general, and prevailing inequality in the region. In contrast, the state with the least economic vulnerability was Quintana Roo. The main contribution of the study lies in the identification of the poorest and most vulnerable states in the southeast of Mexico, as well as in the formulation of recommendations for the better distribution of income and poverty reduction in the analyzed region.

Prescribing trends of antidiabetic drugs in diabetic and hypertensive diabetic patients in an urban tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-343
Author(s):  
Mohammad Didar Khan ◽  
Md. Ibrahim ◽  
Md. Mizanur Rahman Moghal ◽  
Dipti debnath ◽  
Asma Kabir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Patient Profile ◽  
Prescribing Trends ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Insight Into

Objective: The present epidemiological study was conducted with the objectives of providing an insight into the current use of antidiabetic medications to diabetics and hypertensive diabetics in urban areas and determining how the patient factors influence the prescribing of antidiabetic medications. Methodology: Data of patients of past two years were collected from Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The details were entered in the structured patient profile form. Data were statistically analyzed using the Microsoft Excel 2007 software. Result: A total of 958 patient’s data were collected and analyzed of which 632 (65.97 %) were males and 326 (34.03 %) were females. These patients were further categorized based on their age. 330 patients (34.45 %) belonged to the age group 20 – 44 years, 504 (52.61 %) to the age group 45 – 65 years and 124 (12.94 %) to the age group 65 – 80 years. 684 (71.4%) patients out of the 958 patients studied were suffering from coexisting hypertension. Co-existing hypertension was found to be more prevalent in the age group 45 – 65 years (67.69%) and was found more in females (84.04%). Conclusion: Metformin was the oral hypoglycemic which was the highest prescribed. In hypertensive diabetics Metformin and Pioglitazone were most frequently prescribed drugs. Biguanides and Insulin were the most commonly prescribed antidiabetics. A combination of two or more drugs of different classes was prescribed to hypertensive diabetics. It is necessary to have an improved understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of diabetes to focus on research efforts appropriately.

TURNING FARMERS INTO SOCIAL FARMER ENTREPRENEURS FOR DISADVANTAGED PEOPLE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus Runcan
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Development Programme ◽  
Rural And Urban

According to Romania’s National Rural Development Programme, the socio-economic situation of the rural environment has a large number of weaknesses – among which low access to financial resources for small entrepreneurs and new business initiatives in rural areas and poorly developed entrepreneurial culture, characterized by a lack of basic managerial knowledge – but also a large number of opportunities – among which access of the rural population to lifelong learning and entrepreneurial skills development programmes and entrepreneurs’ access to financial instruments. The population in rural areas depends mainly on agricultural activities which give them subsistence living conditions. The gap between rural and urban areas is due to low income levels and employment rates, hence the need to obtain additional income for the population employed in subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, especially in the context of the depopulation trend. At the same time, the need to stimulate entrepreneurship in rural areas is high and is at a resonance with the need to increase the potential of rural communities from the perspective of landscape, culture, traditional activities and local resources. A solution could be to turn vegetal and / or animal farms into social farms – farms on which people with disabilities (but also adolescents and young people with anxiety, depression, self-harm, suicide, and alexithymia issues) might find a “foster” family, bed and meals in a natural, healthy environment, and share the farm’s activities with the farmer and the farmer’s family: “committing to a regular day / days and times for a mutually agreed period involves complying with any required health and safety practices (including use of protective clothing and equipment), engaging socially with the farm family members and other people working on and around the farm, and taking on tasks which would include working on the land, taking care of animals, or helping out with maintenance and other physical work”

Poverty-Reducing Growth Strategy in Poor Countries

2005 ◽  
pp. 103-134
Author(s):  
Rodney Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Growth Strategy ◽  
Poverty Traps ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Land Redistribution ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
The North ◽  
Urban Rural

This paper synthesizes and develops research undertaken by participants in The North-South Institute project, "Macroeconomic policy choices for growth and poverty reduction" in low- income developing countries.1 The project analysed the features of poverty and growth in seven poor countries of varying circumstances and proposed macroeconomic and growth policies for poverty reduction for them. The research was guided by the question: "How does poverty inform growth strategy?" Our research provides evidence of the channels through which growth and distribution or poverty processes depend on each other and respond to policy together. We encapsulate the messages of these case studies in the following six propositions, discussed at length in the paper: i) macroeconomic stability reduces poverty; ii) land redistribution enhances growth; iii) income poverty traps constrain growth; iv) urban-rural growth disparities drive income inequality; v) regional poverty traps resist growth, and vi) ley growth policies can aggravate poverty gaps.  The propositions suggest growth policies that may be either of two types in terms of impact on growth and distribution. They have the potential to enhance both growth and distribution (win-win) or to enhance growth while aggravating income gaps or vice versa (win-lose).

Socio-Economic Profile of Farm Households in Cotton Belt of Rural Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 144-151
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Level ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
General Category ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The Family ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Economic Profile ◽  
Land Holdings ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Cotton Belt

This paper examined the socio-economic profile of farm households in the cotton belt of Rural Punjab. The result revealed that as a whole, more than two-thirds fall in the working-age group of 15-59 years. The average size of the family worked out to be 5.74 and the average size of owned land holdings was 11.50 acres. The data highlights that 34.96 percent were earners, 31.39 percent were earning dependents and 33.65 percent of the persons were dependents. The major proportion (88.46 percent) of total sampled households followed Sikhism and as many as 87.50 percent were from the general category. About 23 percent of the sampled persons were illiterate and literacy levels were found to be positively linked with the size of landholdings. About 34 percent of the heads of sampled farmer households were illiterate and the majority of the heads of sampled farmer households had education below secondary level. None of the heads among marginal farmers had obtained education up to graduation level, whereas, this proportion was 7.41 for the large farmers. The study points out that overall only 11.54 percent of the sampled farm households read the newspaper. There is a need for effective measures which could enhance the educational and awareness levels of farmers and their family members for raising their levels of living.

Socio-Economic Profile of Labour Households in Rural Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 306-311
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Nuclear Families ◽  
The Family ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Average Condition ◽  
Economic Profile

The present paper is an attempt to analyze the socio-economic profile of the labour households in rural Punjab. The study revealed that majority of rural labour households belonged to the scheduled caste category. As far as the distribution of sampled rural labour households according to the family type was concerned, it was found that 46.42 percent of the total rural labour households had nuclear families, while the remaining 53.58 percent have joint families. Majority of the rural labourers were living in semi-pucca houses. Further, if we look at the housing condition, 54.72 percent of rural labourers owned the houses of average condition, 40.19 percent owned good condition households and 5.09percent owned dilapidated houses. The analysis further showed that as many as 20.35percentof the sampled labour population was illiterate. A few persons from sampled labour households educated above matric. Although large majority of the sampled labour population were from the working-age group yet the ratio of dependents was high among rural labour households. This was due to lower employment opportunities in rural areas.

Ecosan Can Provide Sustainable Sanitation in Emergency Situations with Benefits for the Millennium Development Goals

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. v. Münch ◽  
G. Amy ◽  
J. F. Fesselet
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Sanitation Systems

This paper describes the potential of ecological sanitation (ecosan) to provide sustainable excreta disposal in emergency situations and in peri-urban areas or slums in developing countries. At the present time, pit latrines are the most common form of excreta disposal both for emergency situations and in low-income peri-urban areas or slums. Although not intended to be a long-term solution, pit latrines provided during emergencies are often used for a long time (more than six months to years). This practice is not sustainable if the area is prone to flooding or there are soil conditions that allow groundwater pollution in areas where groundwater is used for drinking water, to name but two of the main factors. We propose eight criteria for the applicability of ecosan based on analysis of three case studies representing different types of emergency situations. The two most important criteria are awareness and expertise in ecosan within the aid agencies, and availability of standardised, lightweight toilet units that are quick to assemble and easy to transport (e.g. container for faeces, and urine diversion squatting pan made of impact-resistant molded polypropylene). Such toilets could be moved to, or replicated in, other areas in need after the emergency (peri-urban areas or slums). This would provide benefits for Millennium Development Goals achievements (targets on hunger, child mortality, sanitation and slum dwellers) at lower cost than conventional sanitation systems. Costs for sanitation systems should be compared based on the entire system (toilet, transport, treatment, reuse in agriculture), using Net Present Value analysis for capital, and operating and maintenance costs.

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