Investigative Outcomes of CODIS Matches in Previously Untested Sexual Assault Kits

2021 ◽  
pp. 088740342199072
Author(s):  
Robert C. Davis ◽  
Alicia Jurek ◽  
William Wells ◽  
Joshua Shadwick
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Index System ◽  
The State ◽  
Dna Index ◽  
Additional Investigation ◽  
Police Agencies ◽  
Local Agencies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Crime Reports

A 2011 Texas statute required that police agencies submit to the state all unanalyzed sexual assault kits between 1996 and 2011. Cases where a match was made with DNA from an individual or case were returned to local agencies for additional investigation. This article examines outcomes of these cases. Consistent with other studies, we found that the ratio of arrests to all kits submitted was below 1%, and the ratio of arrests to Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) hits was 5.5%. A cost analysis concluded that the cost per court filing was US$132,000. We argue that the small number of arrests was partially due to the age of the cases, based on 8- to 23-year-old crime reports. We further contend that the program could have produced better results if the state had provided funding more quickly for testing and investigations.

Impacts of Maintaining Traffic Signs Within Minimum Retroreflectivity Guidelines

1998 ◽  
Vol 1650 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Taori ◽  
Hugh W. Mcgee
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Traffic Signs ◽  
Federal Highway ◽  
Yellow Orange ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Local Agencies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The Federal Highway Administration has developed guidelines for minimum levels of retroreflectivity for four groups of signs: ( a) black-on-yellow/orange warning signs, ( b) black-on-white regulatory or guide signs, ( c) white-on-red regulatory signs, and ( d) white-on-green guide signs. The impact of implementing these guidelines was assessed by estimating the percentage of signs not meeting the proposed minimum levels and the cost of replacing such signs. Various state and local highway agencies assisted in the study by measuring the retroreflectivity of a sample of in-use signs, providing data on sign replacement costs, and commenting on the practicality of maintaining signs at minimum retroreflectivity levels. In general, the local agencies will have a higher percentage of signs needing replacement due to noncompliance with the minimum retroreflectivity guidelines than the state agencies, primarily due to a higher percentage of older and engineering-grade sheeting signs in service under their jurisdiction than the states. Overall, about 5.5 percent of the nation’s signs will not meet the minimum guidelines. About 8 percent of the local signs and about 4.5 percent of those under state jurisdictions will need replacement. Although warning signs will be the most critical signs for local agencies, the guide signs will be most critical for the states, each group requiring over 9.5 percent of the signs replaced. If all the signs not meeting the minimum guidelines are replaced, it would cost about $32 million to all the state agencies combined and about $144 million to the local agencies.

scholarly journals Combined DNA Index System (CODIS)-Based analysis of untested sexual assault evidence in Palm Beach County Florida

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 253-270
Author(s):  
Cecelia A. Crouse ◽  
Lawrence Bauer ◽  
Tara Sessa ◽  
Amelia Looper ◽  
Julie Sikorsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Index System ◽  
Palm Beach County ◽  
Dna Index

PP613 The Cost Analysis Of Subcutaneous And Intravenous Dosage Forms For Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Treatment In Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (S1) ◽  
pp. 44-44
Author(s):  
Alona Masheiko ◽  
Oresta Piniazhko ◽  
Iryna Romanenko ◽  
Mariya Leleka ◽  
Valeriia Serediuk
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽  
Medical Costs ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
The State ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Direct Medical Costs ◽  
Costs Of Treatment ◽  
The Cost

IntroductionThe Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Department of the “State Expert Center of the Ministry of Health (MoH) of Ukraine” was established in 2019 for conducting assessments and development of recommendations for informing decisions for the Ministry of Health of Ukraine (MoH) regarding the financing of health technologies based on HTA. The study aimed to conduct cost analysis and compare the treatment costs of two available dosage forms of tocilizumab for subcutaneous and intravenous administration for systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis in Ukraine. Currently there is a central procurement program financed by the state budget with pharmaceuticals provided to patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis approved by the Cabinet of Ministers Decree of Ukraine №255 dated 13.03.2019.MethodsThe cost analysis was carried out for tocilizumab over a 1-year horizon per one patient. The analysis included drug manufacturers' prices from the registry of the MoH dated 19.09.2019. The annual number of tocilizumab vials for intravenous infusion for each weight category of patients is approved by the order MoH №334 from 14 February 2019. The direct medical costs were included in the analysis omitting cost of administration.ResultsThe direct medical costs of treatment with intravenous tocilizumab per one patient for one budgetary year ranged from between USD7,563.83 and USD30,255.30 depending on patient's weight that was in the range of 10–80 kg. The direct medical costs of treatment per one patient for one year with subcutaneous tocilizumab was USD7,782.40 for patients < 30 kg and USD15,564.80 for patients ≥ 30 kg.ConclusionsThe introduction of subcutaneous tocilizumab can potentially lead to cost savings on average USD 4,041.97 (34.2%) for patients < 30 kg and USD 5,245.82 (25.2%) for patients ≥ 30 kg per one patient for 1-year treatment compared to the intravenous route. Intravenous tocilizumab has an economic advantage over the subcutaneous route solely for the pediatric population of certain weight categories. The cost of intravenous tocilizumab was USD 218.58 lower (2.9%) for patients ≤ 13 kg and USD 2,320.25 lower (17.5%) for patients with weight 31–35 kg, compared to the cost of subcutaneous tocilizumab.

Identyfikacja kosztów pogorszenia reputacji przedsiębiorstwa z perspektywy interesariuszy

2014 ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Danuta Szwajca ◽  
Alina Rydzewska ◽  
Tomasz Nawrocki
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Crisis Situation ◽  
Modern Economy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
A Company ◽  
Crisis Situations

In the realities of modern economy even the best-managed company is not able to avoid threats and bad decisions, that can cause a crisis. Each crisis situation, that a company experiences, generates not only measurable economic costs, but also more difficult to assess and measure costs of a deteriorated reputation. These costs are the result of infringement of interests or failing to satisfy different stakeholders expectations. The aim of this article is an attempt to identify the cost of reputation deterioration in the context of the various interests of stakeholders groups. In the first part, the paper presents the effects of good and bad reputation, the reputation "contamination" path in a crisis situation and a cost analysis caused by it. The second part is empirical, where the identification of crisis situations measurable costs and reputation deterioration based on the examples of three selected companies was performed.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF A MECHANISM FOR STATE REGULATION OF SOCIAL GUARANTEES IN THE REGION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Lobas ◽  
◽  
Elena Petryaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Periodic Review ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
State Management ◽  
The Cost

The article deals with modern mechanisms for managing social protection of the population by the state and the private sector. From the point of view of forms of state regulation of the sphere of social protection, system indicators usually include the state and dynamics of growth in the standard of living of the population, material goods, services and social guarantees for the poorly provided segments of the population. The main indicator among the above is the state of the consumer market, as one of the main factors in the development of the state. Priority areas of public administration with the use of various forms of social security have been identified. It should be emphasized that, despite the legislative conflicts that exist today in Ukraine, mandatory indexation of the cost of living is established, which is associated with inflation. Various scientists note that although the definition of the cost of living index has a well-established methodology, there are quite a lot of regional features in the structure of consumption. All this is due to restrictions that are included in the consumer basket of goods and different levels of socio-economic development of regions. The analysis of the establishment and periodic review of the minimum consumer budgets of the subsistence minimum and wages of the working population and the need to form state insurance funds for unforeseen circumstances is carried out. Considering in this context the levers of state management of social guarantees of the population, we drew attention to the crisis periods that are associated with the market transformation of the regional economy. In these conditions, there is a need to develop and implement new mechanisms and clusters in the system of socio-economic relations. The components of the mechanisms ofstate regulation ofsocial guarantees of the population are proposed. The deepening of market relations in the process of reforming the system of social protection of the population should be aimed at social well-being.

The Self-Undermining State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
Final Section ◽  
The State ◽  
The Self ◽  
Central Authority ◽  
Interstate War ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Willingness To Sacrifice ◽  
The Cost

This chapter provides an informal rationalist model of state formation as an exchange between a central authority and a population. In the model, the central authority protects the population against external threats and the population disarms and pays taxes. The model specifies the conditions under which the exchange is self-enforcing, meaning that the parties prefer the exchange to alternative courses of action. These conditions—costly but winnable interstate war—are historically rare, and the cost of such wars can rise beyond the population’s willingness to sacrifice. At this point, the population prefers to avoid war rather than fight it and may prefer an alternative institution to the state if that institution can prevent war and reduce the level of extraction. Thus the modern centralized state is self-undermining rather than self-enforcing. A final section addresses alternative explanations for state formation.

Constructing Images of Deviance: A Look at State Intervention into the Problem of Wife-Battery

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 60-76
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Social Problem ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Structural Position ◽  
Wife Battering ◽  
The Social ◽  
Class Context ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cost

Patricia Morgan's paper describes what happens when the state intervenes in the social problem of wife-battering. Her analysis refers to the United States, but there are clear implications for other countries, including Britain. The author argues that the state, through its social problem apparatus, manages the image of the problem by a process of bureaucratization, professionalization and individualization. This serves to narrow the definition of the problem, and to depoliticize it by removing it from its class context and viewing it in terms of individual pathology rather than structure. Thus refuges were initially run by small feminist collectives which had a dual objective of providing a service and promoting among the women an understanding of their structural position in society. The need for funds forced the groups to turn to the state for financial aid. This was given, but at the cost to the refuges of losing their political aims. Many refuges became larger, much more service-orientated and more diversified in providing therapy for the batterers and dealing with other problems such as alcoholism and drug abuse. This transformed not only the refuges but also the image of the problem of wife-battering.

Economic impact of the use of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvine Fansi ◽  
Angela Ly ◽  
Julie Mayrand ◽  
Maggy Wassef ◽  
Aldanie Rho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Quality Improvement Program ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Surgical Quality ◽  
Acs Nsqip ◽  
The Cost

Objectives The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP®) is a validated, risk-adjusted database for improving the quality and security of surgical care. ACS NSQIP can help participating hospitals target areas that need improvement. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature analyzing the economic impact of using NSQIP. This paper also provides an estimation of annual cost savings following the implementation of NSQIP and quality improvement (QI) activities in two hospitals in Quebec. Methods In June 2018, we searched in seven databases, including PubMed, Embase, and NHSEED for economic evaluations based on NSQIP data. Contextual NSQIP databases from two hospitals were collected and analyzed. A cost analysis was conducted from the hospital care perspective, comparing complication costs before and after 1 year of the implementation of NSQIP and QI activities. The number and the cost of complications are measured. Costs are presented in 2018 Canadian dollars. Results Out of 1,612 studies, 11 were selected. The level of overall evidence was judged to be of moderate to high quality. In general, data showed that, following the implementation of NSQIP and QI activities, a significant decrease in complications and associated costs was observed, which improved with time. In the cost analysis of contextual data, the reduction in complication costs outweighed the cost of implementing NSQIP. However, this cost analysis did not take into account the costs of QI activities. Conclusions NSQIP improves complication rates and associated costs when QI activities are implemented.

scholarly journals A cost analysis to address issues of budget constraints on the implementation of the indoor residual spray programme in two districts of Maputo Province, Mozambique

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neide Canana
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Financial Cost ◽  
Provider Perspective ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background It is frequently said that funding is essential to ensure optimal results from a malaria intervention control. However, in recent years, the capacity of the government of Mozambique to sustain the operational cost of indoor residual spraying (IRS) is facing numerous challenges due to restrictions of the Official Development Assistance. The purpose of the study was to estimate the cost of IRS operationalization in two districts of Maputo Province (Matutuíne and Namaacha) in Mozambique. The evidence produced in this study intends to provide decision-makers with insight into where they need to pay close attention in future planning in order to operationalize IRS with the existent budget in the actual context of budget restrictions. Methods Cost information was collected retrospectively from the provider perspective, and both economic and financial costs were calculated. A “one-way” deterministic sensitivity analysis was performed. Results The average economic costs totaled US$117,351.34, with an average economic cost per household sprayed of US$16.35, and an average economic cost per person protected of US$4.09. The average financial cost totaled US$69,174.83, with an average financial cost per household sprayed and per person protected of US$9.84 and US$2.46, respectively. Vehicle, salary, and insecticide costs were the greatest contributors to overall cost in the economic and financial analysis, corresponding to 52%, 17%, and 13% in the economic analysis and 21%, 27%, and 22% in the financial analysis, respectively. The sensitivity analysis was adapted to a range of ± (above and under) 25% change. There was an approximate change of 14% in the average economic cost when vehicle costs were decreased by 25%. In the financial analysis, the average financial cost was lowered by 7% when salary costs were decreased by 25%. Conclusions Altogether, the current cost analysis provides an impetus for the consideration of targeted IRS operationalization within the available governmental budget, by using locally-available human resources as spray operators to decrease costs and having IRS rounds be correctly timed to coincide with the build-up of vector populations.

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