Tandem Breastfeeding and Human Milk Macronutrients: A Prospective Observational Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 089033442110038
Author(s):  
Gilad Rosenberg ◽  
Laurence Mangel ◽  
Dror Mandel ◽  
Ronella Marom ◽  
Ronit Lubetzky
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Macronutrient Content ◽  
In Pregnancy

Background Tandem breastfeeding is defined as two or more offspring of different ages who are breastfed by their mother at the same time. Breastfeeding during pregnancy and tandem breastfeeding have not been widely investigated. Research Aim To determine the influence of tandem breastfeeding on the macronutrient content of human milk. Methods This longitudinal study used a prospective and a retrospective group. Human milk samples from tandem-breastfeeding participants ( n = 18) were compared to samples from non-tandem-breastfeeding participants ( n = 31). Samples were collected during the last month of pregnancy (pregnancy milk), 72 hr after birth (colostrum) and 14–60 days post-delivery (mature milk). Macronutrients were measured by mid-infrared spectroscopy. Results Fat content in pregnancy milk was lower than in mature milk ( p < .01). Protein content was higher in pregnancy milk than in colostrum and mature milk ( p < .01 and p < .001, respectively). Inversely, carbohydrate content in pregnancy milk was lower than in colostrum and mature milk ( p = .02 and p < .01, respectively). Fat and energy contents in pregnancy milk of tandem-breastfeeding participants were lower than in mature milk of non-tandem-breastfeeding participants ( p < .001 and p < .01, respectively), and protein content was higher than in mature milk ( p < .001). Carbohydrate content in colostrum and mature milk of tandem-breastfeeding participants was higher than that of non-tandem-breastfeeding participants ( p < .001 for both). Conclusion Human milk produced during pregnancy had different macronutrient content than human milk produced after delivery. Colostrum and mature milk of tandem-breastfeeding participants were similar to human milk produced by non-tandem-breastfeeding participants, with the exception of carbohydrate content.

scholarly journals Macronutrient and calorie content in preterm and term human milk at first three week after delivery

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-8
Author(s):  
Dessy Shinta Murty ◽  
Hasriza Eka Putra ◽  
Sri Mulatsih ◽  
Neti Nurani ◽  
Tunjung Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
The Third ◽  
Macronutrient Content ◽  
Calorie Content ◽  
Preterm Group ◽  
A Prospective Study

Background The macronutrients in human milk change dynamically and vary among mothers. Evaluation of macronutrient content in human milk is needed to improve nutritional management in preterm infants. Objective To measure the macronutrient content in preterm and full term human milk during three lactation periods in the first three weeks after delivery. Methods We conducted a prospective study among 80 mothers of infants who were hospitalized in the Department of Perinatology/NICU at Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta. Carbohydrate, fat, protein, and caloric content were measured using a MIRIS human milk analyzer, once per week for three consecutive weeks after delivery. A single, daytime human milk specimen was collected in the morning by directly expressing from the breast. Results Median protein, fat, carbohydrate, and caloric contents of mature milk in the preterm group were 1.40 (IQR 0.38), 3.25 (IQR 1.00), 5.70 (IQR 0.80) g/dL, and 60 kcal/dL, respectively. Median protein, fat, carbohydrate, and caloric contents of mature milk in the full term group were 1.40 (IQR 0.35), 3.30 (IQR 0.77), 5.80 (IQR 0.75) g/dL, and 62 kcal/dL, respectively, at the third week after delivery. In both groups, protein content in the first week was significantly higher than in the third week (P<0.001) after delivery. In contrast, fat content in the first week was significantly lower than in the third week (P< 0.05) after delivery, in both groups. Conclusions There are no significant differences in macronutrient and caloric content between preterm and full term human milk during the first three weeks after delivery. However, there are significant changes in fat and protein content in both preterm and full term human milk during early lactation, between the first and third weeks.

Human milk mycobiota composition: relationship with gestational age, delivery mode, and birth weight

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dinleyici ◽  
V. Pérez-Brocal ◽  
S. Arslanoglu ◽  
O. Aydemir ◽  
S. Sevuk Ozumut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Caesarean Delivery ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Delivery Term ◽  
Spontaneous Delivery

Intestinal and human milk microbiota studies during infancy have shown variations according to geographical location, delivery mode, gestational age, and mother-related factors during pregnancy. In this study, we performed metagenomic mycobiota analyses of 44 transient and mature human milk among five different groups: mothers of normal spontaneous delivery-term (NS-T), caesarean delivery-term (CS-T), premature (PT), small for gestational age (SGA), and large for gestational age (LGA) infants. Fungi were detected in 80 out of the 88 samples. Regarding the number of observed fungal species, the NS-T group was more homogeneous (less variable) comparing the other groups (P<0.05). In the transient human milk samples, the most abundant species were Saccharomyces cerevisiae (33.3%) and Aspergillus glaucus (27.4%). While A. glaucus (33.7%) was second most abundant species in mature milk, S. cerevisiae disappeared (P<0.01) and Penicillium rubens became the most abundant species (35.5%) (P<0.05). Among the NS-T group, the most abundant species was Malassezia globosa in both transient and mature milk. In contrast, S. cerevisiae was the most abundant species in transient human milk (45.0%) in the CS-T group, but it disappeared in mature milk (P<0.01). In transient milk, M. globosa was only represented 6.0-9.0% of taxa in the PT, SGA, and LGA groups (P<0.05). In transient and mature milk in the PT, SGA and LGA groups, the most abundant species were A. glaucus and P. rubens. In mature milk samples, P. rubens is more abundant in CS-T group, PT group and LGA group, than the NS-T groups (P<0.05 for all). Although fungi constitute only a very small part of the human milk microbiome, we observed some changes that the human milk mycobiota composition varies in caesarean delivery, premature, SGA and LGA groups, comparing the normal spontaneous delivery, as well as differences between transient and mature human milk.

scholarly journals Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Milk Produced by Women with COVID-19 and Follow-Up of Their Infants: A Preliminary Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
TALAT KILIC ◽  
Sebnem Kilic ◽  
Nurcan Kirici Berber ◽  
Ayten Gunduz ◽  
Yasemin Ersoy
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Throat Swab ◽  
Case Series ◽  
The Other ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
First Case ◽  
Preliminary Study

Objectives: Studies have shown that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is primarily transmitted from person to person via airborne droplets. It is unclear whether it can be shed into human milk and transmitted to a child via breastfeeding.We investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in human milk samples of 15 mothers with coronavirus disease 19(COVID-19) and in the throat swab samples of their infants. Methods: This is a prospective observational study in which breast milk samples were collected from 15 mothers with COVID-19. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the whole human milk samples of the patients was investigated using RT-qPCR. All of the infants underwent a clinical follow-up during their 14-day isolation and their throat swab samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Results: Of 15 mothers with COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in milk samples from 4 mothers. The throat swab samples from these mothers’ infants were found to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Three of the four mothers were breastfeeding. In addition, during the 14-day isolation, all but three of the mothers breastfed their infants. Of the 12 breastfed infants, while the test for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in throat swab samples was negative in six of the infants, the other six infants, who had mild COVID-19 symptoms, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA.Clinical outcomes of all mothers and infants were uneventful. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first case series with the largest number of cases with SARS-CoV-2 RNA positivity in human milk samples of mothers with COVID-19. However, we believe that the benefits of breastfeeding may outweigh the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants

scholarly journals A Comparison of Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile of Human Milk of Spanish Lactating Women during the First Month of Lactation Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A Comparison with Infant Formulas

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Sánchez-Hernández ◽  
Adelaida Esteban-Muñoz ◽  
Rafael Giménez-Martínez ◽  
María José Aguilar-Cordero ◽  
Beatriz Miralles-Buraglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Milk Samples

Breastfeeding is the ideal way to provide infants with the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development. Milk composition changes throughout lactation, and fat is one of the most variable nutrients in human milk. The aim of this study was to determine the main differences between the fatty acid (FA) profile of human milk samples (colostrum, transitional, and mature milk group) and infant formulas. Human milk samples were provided by lactating women from Granada. Moreover, different commercial infant formulas were analyzed. FAs were determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. According to the results, oleic acid was the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid (41.93% in human milk and 43.53% in infant formulas), while palmitic acid was the most representative saturated fatty acid (20.88% in human milk and 23.09% in infant formulas). Significant differences were found between human milk groups and infant formulas, mainly in long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC-PUFAs). The content of araquidonic acid (AA) and docoxahexaenoic acid (DHA) was higher in human milk (0.51% and 0.39%, respectively) than in infant formulas (0.31% and 0.22%, respectively). Linoleic acid (LA) percentage (15.31%) in infant formulas was similar to that found in human milk (14.6%). However, α-linolenic acid (ALA) values were also much higher in infant formulas than in human milk (1.64% and 0.42%, respectively).

scholarly journals Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy (MIR) for Simultaneous Determination of Fat and Protein Content in Meat of Several Animal Species

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3462-3470 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lozano ◽  
P. Rodríguez-Ulibarri ◽  
J. C. Echeverría ◽  
M. Beruete ◽  
M. Sorolla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Mid Infrared Spectroscopy

scholarly journals Prediction of coagulating and noncoagulating milk samples using mid-infrared spectroscopy

2013 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 4707-4715 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. De Marchi ◽  
V. Toffanin ◽  
M. Cassandro ◽  
M. Penasa
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Mid Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Milk Samples

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Triglycerides From Different Regions and Mature Lactation Periods in Chinese Human Milk Project (CHMP) Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiquan Zhu ◽  
Aimei Liang ◽  
Xiaodan Wang ◽  
Wenyuan Zhang ◽  
Yumeng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Double Bond ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Carbon Number ◽  
Acyl Carbon Number ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Chinese Cities ◽  
Acyl Carbon ◽  
Milk Samples

The kinds and proportions of triglycerides of human mature milk play an independent role in the growth of infants. In this study, the human milk samples obtained from eight different Chinese cities (Chengdu, Weihai, Lanzhou, Jinhua, Beijing, Guangzhou, Zhengzhou, and Harbin) and six sequential mature lactation times (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days) were detected for the triglycerides. The result demonstrated that total 66 triglycerides were detected in mature human milk, with acyl carbon number (ACN) numbers were locating in the range of 34–54 and double bond (DB) numbers were locating in the range of 0–6. In addition, the percentage of OPO, OPL, and OOO was relatively higher than others, accounted for more than 4% of total triglycerides in all the lactation areas and times, and the percentage of U2S and LLL triglycerides was also richest in mature milk. Furthermore, it was obvious that lactation regions had more significant effect on the triglycerides compared with lactation time and the triacylglycerols (TAGs) of human milk in Guangzhou were clearly different from that in other regions. Therefore, the results of this study will provide data reference for the design of infant formula suitable for Chinese babies.

Vaginal Delivery Could Affect on Lactose Content of Human Milk

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Zeynali ◽  
Roghayyeh Nourizadeh ◽  
Azizeh Farshbaf Khalili ◽  
Mohammad Bagher Hosseini ◽  
Asef Khalili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Milk Samples

Objective: The macronutrients of human milk are considered as essential nutritional sources in the first few months of a newborn’s life. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of delivery mode on the macronutrients of human milk. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted on 102 women who gave birth by cesarean section or vaginal delivery between September 2019 and November 2019. The participants were requested to provide their milk samples on day 15±1 after childbirth. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups (cesarean and vaginal delivery) regarding the sociodemographic characteristics and intake of fat, carbohydrate, protein, and energy. The lactose level was significantly higher in women who gave birth by vaginal delivery [adjusted mean difference, 1.2 (95% CI 0.02- 1.82)]. For other macronutrients, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion: The vaginal delivery might influence the mature milk lactose level.

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