Disparities in Physical and Psychological Symptoms in Hospitalized African American and White Persons with Dementia

Objectives: This study examined differences in physical function, delirium, depressive symptoms, and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in hospitalized African American and white older adults with dementia. Methods: This secondary data analysis using baseline data from an ongoing trial testing family-centered function-focused care included African American ( n = 159) and white persons ( n =135) with dementia. Results: A multivariate analysis of covariance showed that controlling for relevant demographic and health characteristics, African Americans with dementia had lower physical function, more delirium, and more depressive symptoms upon admission than white participants. There were no significant differences in BPSD between African American and white persons. Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine racial differences in admission symptoms of hospitalized persons with dementia. While the findings are preliminary, they can be used to inform the design of future research, including identifying the causes of disparities.

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Maltreatment timing, HPA axis functioning, multigenic risk, and depressive symptoms in African American youth: Differential associations without moderated mediation

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579420000589 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (5) ◽

pp. 1838-1853

Author(s):

Adrienne A. VanZomeren ◽

Jingchen Zhang ◽

Sun-Kyung Lee ◽

Meredith Gunlicks-Stoessel ◽

Timothy Piehler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Racial Differences ◽

Hpa Axis ◽

Developmental Psychopathology ◽

African American Youth ◽

Future Research ◽

American Children ◽

Risk Processes ◽

The Relationship

AbstractUtilizing a large (N = 739), ancestrally homogenous sample, the current study aimed to better understand biological risk processes involved in the development of depressive symptoms in maltreated, African American children age 8-12 years. Maltreatment was independently coded from Child Protective Services records and maternal report. Self-reported depressive symptoms were attained in the context of a week-long, summer research camp. DNA was acquired from buccal cell or saliva samples and genotyped for nine polymorphisms in four hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis-related genes: FKBP5, NR3C1, NR3C2, and CRHR1. Salivary cortisol samples were collected each morning (9 a.m.) and late afternoon (4 p.m.) throughout the week to assess HPA functioning. Results revealed that experiences of maltreatment beginning prior to age 5 were most predictive of depressive symptoms, whereas maltreatment onset after age 5 was most predictive of HPA axis dysregulation (blunted daytime cortisol patterns). Multigenic risk did not relate to HPA functioning, nor did it moderate the relationship between maltreatment and HPA activity. There was no mediation of the relationship between maltreatment and depressive symptoms by HPA dysfunction. Results are interpreted through a developmental psychopathology lens, emphasizing the principle of equifinality while carefully appraising racial differences. Implications for future research, particularly the need for longitudinal studies, and important methodological considerations are discussed.

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Impact of Serum Nutritional Status on Physical Function in African American and Caucasian Stroke Survivors

Stroke Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2014/174308 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Monica C. Serra ◽

Charlene E. Hafer-Macko ◽

Frederick M. Ivey ◽

Richard F. Macko ◽

Alice S. Ryan

Keyword(s):

Uric Acid ◽

African American ◽

General Population ◽

Physical Function ◽

Racial Differences ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Serum Markers ◽

Nutritional Risk ◽

Stroke Survivors ◽

Minute Walk

Background. The purpose of this study is to compare serum nutritional profiles in chronic stroke survivors to a representative sample of US Adults (NHANESIII) and determine whether these serum markers differed by race and impact physical function in stroke.Methods. Fasting serum samples were collected for analysis of lipids, uric acid, and albumin in 145 African American (AA) and 111 Caucasian (C) stroke survivors (age: 60 ± 1 years [mean ± SEM]). A six-minute walk was performed in a subset of stroke survivors (N= 134).Results. Triglycerides were higher and HDL-cholesterol and albumin lower in C than AA women stroke survivors (Ps < 0.05). Uric acid was lower in C than AA stroke survivors (P< 0.05). Compared to NHANESIII, HDL-cholesterol, albumin, and hemoglobin generally were lower (Ps < 0.05) and lipids were more favorable in stroke (Ps < 0.01). Uric acid was related to six-minute walk performance among a subset of stroke survivors (P< 0.05).Conclusion. In stroke, racial differences exist with regard to serum nutritional risk, but these differences are similar to that observed in the general population. Regardless of race, nutritional risk appears elevated above that of the general population with regard to many of the serum markers. As a modifiable biomarker, uric acid should be monitored closely as it may provide insight into the functional risk of stroke survivors.

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Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms in Male Intercollegiate Student-Athletes and Nonathletes

Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology ◽

10.1123/jcsp.4.3.204 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 204-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Steven L. Proctor ◽

Candace Boan-Lenzo

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Southeastern United States ◽

Team Sport ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Future Research ◽

Strategy Selection ◽

Athletic Status ◽

Task Oriented ◽

Status Differences ◽

Actual Prevalence

This study examined the athletic status differences in reported depressive symptoms between male intercollegiate team sport athletes (n= 66) and male nonathletes (n = 51) enrolled at one of two public universities in the Southeastern United States, while controlling for preferred (task-oriented and emotion-oriented) coping strategies. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed that the athletes reported significantly fewer depressive symptoms than nonathletes while controlling for coping strategy selection (p< .05). In terms of the actual prevalence rates of depressive symptoms, 29.4% of the nonathletes met the criterion for possible depression compared with only 15.6% of the athletes. Overall, athletic participation in an intercollegiate team sport appears related to lower levels of depression. The potentially distress-buffering aspects of athletic involvement and implications for future research are discussed.

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Adverse Life Events and Depressive Symptoms in African American Youth: The Role of Control-Related Beliefs

Depression Research and Treatment ◽

10.1155/2011/871843 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yadira M. Sanchez ◽

Sharon F. Lambert ◽

Nicholas S. Ialongo

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Life Events ◽

Low Income ◽

Latent Variable ◽

African American Youth ◽

African American Adolescents ◽

Future Research ◽

Adverse Life Events ◽

And Gender

The association between experiences of adverse life events and adolescent depressive symptoms has been well documented. However, this association is not consistently observed in urban and low income African American youth. In addition, mechanisms linking life event stress and African American adolescents' depressive symptoms have received little attention. This study examined past year violent and nonviolent life events assessed in 6th grade as predictors of 7th grade depressive symptoms among a community epidemiologically defined sample of 447 (47% girls) urban African American adolescents. Depressive symptoms were assessed twice, at a 1-year interval, and initial depressive symptoms were controlled in the analyses. Control-related beliefs were examined as mediators of the association between life events and depressive symptoms, and gender was examined as a moderator of the association between control-related beliefs and depressive symptoms. Associations among study variables were examined in a series of models, from general to more specific. A model in which nonviolent and violent life events were examined separately and control and contingency beliefs examined as one latent variable was the most informative about the etiology of depressive symptoms in a sample of urban, African American youth. Implications of the findings for preventive interventions and future research are discussed.

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Race, Emotional Reliance, and Mental Health

Society and Mental Health ◽

10.1177/2156869317713552 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 69-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Christy L. Erving ◽

Courtney S. Thomas

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Life Satisfaction ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Racial Differences ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Psychosocial Risk ◽

Psychosocial Risk Factor ◽

Future Research ◽

Racial Variations

Prior research shows that emotional reliance, an indicator of interpersonal dependence, is an important psychosocial risk factor for mental health problems. However, few have considered black-white differences in emotional reliance or the role it may play in racial variations in mental health outcomes. Using a community epidemiologic sample of adults in Nashville, Tennessee, the current study builds on the small literature on emotional reliance by exploring three aims. First, we evaluate racial differences in emotional reliance. Second, we examine the association between emotional reliance and mental health. Last, we assess the relationships among race, emotional reliance, and mental health. Findings reveal that emotional reliance is generally associated with higher depressive symptoms, more anxiety symptoms, and lower levels of life satisfaction. However, the magnitude of these relationships is greater for blacks compared to whites. We discuss the implications of these findings and areas of promising future research.

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Screening African-American Elderly for the Presence of Depressive Symptoms: A Preliminary Investigation

Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology ◽

10.1177/089198879600900304 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 127-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

F. M. Baker ◽

Jebose Okwumabua ◽

Vilmala Philipose ◽

Steve Wong

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Social Network ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

African Americans ◽

Activities Of Daily Living ◽

Physical Function ◽

Daily Living ◽

Rural Residents ◽

Symptoms Of Depression ◽

Network Scale

Several authors have reported that older African-Americans with multiple medical problems and decreased activities of daily living are at an increased risk of reporting symptoms of depression. African-Americans were more likely to report symptoms of anger, irritability, denial of illness, and to spontaneously report symptoms that did not reflect a change in mood, but rather forbearance of a difficult time or somatic complaints. This paper describes the results of a study to assess the presence of depressive symptoms in older African-American community residents. Anew instrument, the Baker Belief Scale, is compared with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) and the association of medical illnesses, social network, and level of physical function in activities of daily living (ADL). Ninety-six African-American men and women, aged 60 years or older, with equal representation from urban and rural counties in western Tennessee comprised the sample. The sample was stratified, in each of the two counties, into three age categories; 60-69, 70-79, and 80 years and older. A screening battery consisting of the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, the CES-D, the Lubben Social Network Scale, and the Katz ADL were administered to the sample. Current medical illnesses were recorded with demographic data. There was a significant association between the CES-D score and the BBS score for those who screened positive for symptoms of depression. In addition there was a significant relationship between CES-D score and specific medical illnesses, social network, physical function in ADL, and residence (urban vs. rural). Residents who screened positive (N = 19) for depressive symptomatology with CES-D scores of 16 or higher exhibited a higher frequency of hypertension, arteriosclerosis, and circulatory problems than those who tested negative (N = 77). More urban residents (N = 13) than rural residents (N = 6) screened positive for symptoms of depression. Approximately 21% (N = 20) of the 96 respondents had scores of 20 or less on the Lubben Social Network Scale, suggesting a group “at risk” for social isolation.

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A Comparison of Symptoms in Hospitalized African American and White Persons With Dementia

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2754 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 763-763

Author(s):

Elizabeth Galik ◽

Boltz Marie ◽

Rachel Arendacs ◽

Ashley Kuzmik

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Psychological Symptoms ◽

Cognitive Status ◽

Analysis Of Covariance ◽

Black And White ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Clinical Presentations ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

Race Disparities ◽

Behavioral And Psychological Symptoms

Abstract There exist significant race disparities in the prevalence of dementia, with black persons with dementia (PWD) showing higher co-morbidity and more frequent hospitalizations, yet little is known how clinical presentations compare. This study compared physical function, delirium, depressive symptoms, and behavioral and psychological symptoms of distress (BPSD) in black and white PWDs when hospitalized. A multivariate analysis of covariance showed that, controlling for age, gender, cognitive status, and comorbidities, black PWD had more delirium (mean= 3.8, SD= 2.9) as compared to white PWDs (mean=2.4, SD= 2.2, F=4.8, p =.029). Additionally, black PWD had more depressive symptoms (mean= 11.7, SD= 6.7) as compared to white PWD (mean = 9.0, SD= 5.2, F=6.6, p =.011), and less improvement in functional status admission to discharge (mean =12.4, SD= 18.9) as compared to white PWD (mean=17.8, SD=18.8, F=12.3, p=.001). There were no differences in BPSD. Continued research examining factors influencing differences in race cohorts is warranted.

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Symptoms of Alcohol Dependence Predict Suicide Ideation Among Alaskan Undergraduates

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000373 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 232-235 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Christopher R. DeCou ◽

Monica C. Skewes

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Alcohol Consumption ◽

Alcohol Dependence ◽

Suicide Ideation ◽

Alcohol Problems ◽

Future Research ◽

Causal Mechanism ◽

Students At Risk ◽

The Relationship ◽

Alcohol Related Problems

Abstract. Background: Previous research has demonstrated an association between alcohol-related problems and suicidal ideation (SI). Aims: The present study evaluated, simultaneously, alcohol consequences and symptoms of alcohol dependence as predictors of SI after adjusting for depressive symptoms and alcohol consumption. Method: A sample of 298 Alaskan undergraduates completed survey measures, including the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire, the Short Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire, and the Beck Depression Inventory – II. The association between alcohol problems and SI status was evaluated using sequential logistic regression. Results: Symptoms of alcohol dependence (OR = 1.88, p < .05), but not alcohol-related consequences (OR = 1.01, p = .95), emerged as an independent predictor of SI status above and beyond depressive symptoms (OR = 2.39, p < .001) and alcohol consumption (OR = 1.08, p = .39). Conclusion: Alcohol dependence symptoms represented a unique risk for SI relative to alcohol-related consequences and alcohol consumption. Future research should examine the causal mechanism behind the relationship between alcohol dependence and suicidality among university students. Assessing the presence of dependence symptoms may improve the accuracy of identifying students at risk of SI.

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Siblings and Illness

Vanderbilt Undergraduate Research Journal ◽

10.15695/vurj.v7i0.2924 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Leah Sawyer Vanderwerp

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Birth Order ◽

Family Size ◽

Multivariate Analyses ◽

Social Role ◽

Chronically Ill ◽

Demographic Variables ◽

Future Research ◽

Mother And Child ◽

Using Data

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Mother and Child samples, I investigated the relationships among child and adolescent depressive symptoms, having a chronically ill sibling, and other child and familial demographic variables. From research on social support and social role transitions, with the Stress Process as a theoretical model, I hypothesized that children with chronically ill siblings experience more depressive symptoms. Specifically, I looked at age, gender, birth order and family size as potentially reducing the effect size of having a chronically ill sibling. Findings showed that having a chronically ill sibling is associated with demonstrating more depressive symptoms both in the bivariate and multivariate analyses. Although age, gender, birth order and family size do not interact significantly with having a chronically ill sibling in predicting depressive symptoms, they do present interesting findings about childhood depressive symptoms in general. Thus, the results of this study suggest specific and meaningful paths for future research.

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Contemporary Employee Recruitment Practices and Areas of Future Research in Indian Railways

Think India ◽

10.26643/think-india.v22i2.8878 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 745-763

Author(s):

Akhila Rao ◽

Shailashri V. T ◽

Molly Sanjay Chaudhuri ◽

Kondru Sudheer Kumar

Keyword(s):

Selection Process ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Manpower Planning ◽

Future Research ◽

Technological Advancement ◽

Employee Recruitment ◽

Recruitment Practices ◽

Modern Business ◽

The Government ◽

Recruitment And Selection

The modern business milieu is highly competitive due to vast technological advancement which makes employees a vital source of competitive advantage. Precisely, the recruitment process has become a key determinant of an organization’s success and a logistic capital resource to the human resource; thus, the process should be entirely modern. A conventional recruitment and selection process comprises of job analysis, manpower planning, and recruitment and selection. The current study seeks to explore employee recruitment practices and proposes areas of future research in Indian Railways using secondary data. It also gives recommendations on how to improve the recruitment practices in the government-owned Indian Railways. The trends investigated in the study include the applicant tracking software (ATS), use of video resumes, Chatbots, the utilization of social networks, and increased focus on passive candidates.

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