Can contamination of the environment by dioxins cause craniofacial defects?

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1014-1023
Author(s):  
A Leśków ◽  
M Nawrocka ◽  
M Łątkowska ◽  
M Tarnowska ◽  
N Galas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Orofacial Cleft ◽  
Total Lack ◽  
Craniofacial Defects ◽  
Craniofacial Tissue ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Derivatives Of

Cleft lip and cleft palate also known as orofacial cleft is a congenital malformation involving the partial or total lack of anatomical continuity of craniofacial tissue. The most common environmental factors that may cause orofacial clefts include pharmaceuticals, alcohol, addictive drugs, and tobacco smoke. Living in the area of industrial factories, garbage, ironworks, crematoria, wastewater treatment plants, and plastic waste landfills also has a significant impact on the development of the craniofacial defects. Some of the main factors causing the formation of congenital craniofacial defects are dioxins, of which emission to the environment is an important environmental and health problem. Dioxins are a diverse group of organic chemical compounds, derivatives of oxanthrene and fumarates, which are organoleptically imperceptible. Acting mainly through induction of inflammation, they influence a number of metabolic processes, including the process of bone mineralization and embryonic development. In this work, we highlight the problem of orofacial cleft including the impact of dioxin on development of this defect and the recommended prevention.

scholarly journals The impact of changing smoking habits and smoke-free legislation on orofacial cleft incidence in the United Kingdom: evidence from two time-series studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew John Fell ◽  
Craig Russell ◽  
Jibby Medina ◽  
Toby Gillgrass ◽  
Shaheel Chummun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Orofacial Cleft ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Impact

Objectives: To analyse the association between active and passive cigarette smoking and the incidence of children born with a cleft lip and/or palate within the United Kingdom. Design: First, a longitudinal time-series study was conducted with routinely collected smoking prevalence data for females over 16 years of age. Second, an interrupted time-series design was used as a natural experiment to assess the impact of smoke-free legislation using segmented Poisson regression. Setting: United Kingdom. Population: All children born between 2000 and 2018 and their mothers. Main outcome measures: Orofacial cleft incidence, reported annually for England, Wales and Northern Ireland and separately for Scotland. Results: Over the study period, the annual incidence of orofacial cleft per 10,000 live births ranged from 14.2-16.2 in England, Wales and Northern Ireland and 13.4-18.8 in Scotland. The proportion of active smokers amongst females in the United Kingdom declined by 37% during the study period. Adjusted regression analysis did not show a correlation between the proportion of active smokers and orofacial cleft incidence in either dataset, although we were unable to exclude a modest effect of the magnitude seen in individual-level observational studies. The data in England, Wales and Northern Ireland suggested an 8% reduction in orofacial cleft incidence (95%CI 1% to 14%; P=0.026) following the implementation of smoke-free legislation. In Scotland, there was weak evidence for an increase in orofacial cleft incidence following smoke-free legislation. Conclusion: These two ecological studies offer a novel insight into the influence of smoking in orofacial cleft aetiology, adding to the evidence base from individual-level studies. Our results suggest that smoke-free legislation may have reduced orofacial cleft incidence in England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Computational Analysis of Olfactory Airspace in Patients With Unilateral Cleft Lip Nasal Deformity

2020 ◽  
pp. 105566562098275
Author(s):  
Reanna Shah ◽  
Jeffrey R. Marcus ◽  
Dennis O. Frank-Ito
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Nasal Deformity ◽  
Normal Anatomy ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Computed Tomography Images ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
The Impact

Objectives: To evaluate the magnitude of olfactory recess opacity in patients with unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity (uCLND). Design: Subject-specific 3-dimensional reconstruction of the nasal airway anatomy was created from computed tomography images in 11 (4 males and 7 females) subjects with uCLND and 7 (3 males, and 4 females) normal subjects. The volume and surface area of each subject’s unilateral and bilateral olfactory airspace was quantified to assess the impact of opacification. Qualitatively speaking, patients with 75% to 100% olfactory recess opacification were classified as extreme, 50% to 75% as severe, 25% to 50% as moderate, and 0% to 25% as mild. Results: Of the 11 subjects with uCLND, 5 (45%) were classified as having extreme olfactory recess opacification, 3 (27%) subjects had severe opacification, and 3 (27%) subjects had moderate opacification. Mean (±SD) bilateral olfactory recess volume was significantly greater in normal subjects than in subjects with uCLND (0.9668 cm3 ± 0.4061 cm3 vs 0.3426 cm3 ± 0.1316 cm3; P < .001). Furthermore, unilateral olfactory airspace volumes for the cleft and non-cleft sides in subjects with uCLND were considerably less than unilateral olfactory volume in subjects with normal anatomy (uCLND cleft side = 0.1623 cm3 ± 0.0933 cm3; uCLND non-cleft side = 0.1803 cm3 ± 0.0938 cm3; normal = 0.4834 cm3 ± 0.2328 cm3; P < .001). Conclusions: Our findings indicate a high prevalence of olfactory recess opacification among subjects with uCLND when compared to subjects with normal anatomy. The majority of subjects with uCLND had extreme olfactory recess opacity, which will likely influence their sense of smell.

Reduced Socioeconomic Disparities in Cleft Care After Implementing a Cleft Nurse Navigator Program

2021 ◽  
pp. 105566562110056
Author(s):  
Connor Wagner ◽  
Carrie E. Zimmerman ◽  
Carlos Barrero ◽  
Christopher L. Kalmar ◽  
Paris Butler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Multidisciplinary Care ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparities ◽  
Outpatient Appointment ◽  
Nurse Navigator ◽  
Insured Patients ◽  
The Impact

Objective: To evaluate the impact of a Cleft Nurse Navigator (CNN) program on care for patients with cleft lip and cleft palate and assess the programs efficacy to reduce existing socioeconomic disparities in care. Design: Retrospective review and outcomes analysis (n = 739). Setting: Academic tertiary care center. Patients: All patients presenting with cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P) born between May 2009 and November 2019 with exclusions for atypical clefts, submucous cleft palates, international adoption, and very late presentation (after 250 days of life). Interventions: Multidisciplinary care coordination program facilitated by the CNN. Main Outcome Measures: Patient age at first outpatient appointment and age at surgery, reported feeding issues, weight gain, and patient-cleft team communications. Results: After CNN implementation, median age at outpatient appointment decreased from 20 to 16 days ( P = .021), volume of patient-cleft team communications increased from 1.5 to 2.8 ( P < .001), and frequency of reported feeding concerns decreased (50% to 35%; P < .001). In the pre-CNN cohort, nonwhite and publicly insured patients experienced delays in first outpatient appointment ( P < .001), cleft lip repair ( P < .011), and cleft palate repair ( P < .019) compared to white and privately insured patients, respectively. In the post-CNN cohort, there were no significant differences in first appointment timing by race nor surgical timing on the basis of racial identity nor insurance type. Conclusions: A variety of factors lead to delays in cleft care for marginalized patient populations. These findings suggest that a CNN can reduce disparities of access and communication and improve early feeding in at-risk cohorts.

Nitrification preservation in activated sludge during curative bulking chlorination

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Cotteux ◽  
P. Duchene
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Oxygen Uptake Rate ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Biological Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Method Of Measurement ◽  
The Impact

The bulking that occurs in biological wastewater treatment plants using activated sludge is very often controlled by the injection of sodium hypochlorite into the return activated sludge (RAS) stream. In the present study undertaken at two pilot plants fed with synthetic wastewater, the impact of the pass frequency of the sludge at the chlorine dosing point on the nitrifying flora is analysed. The pass frequency is one for the pilot plant 1 and two for the pilot plant 2. A dose of chlorine of 4.85 ± 0.05 g/kg/MLVSS per day was applied at both pilots. The preservative effect on nitrifying activity of the lowest concentration of chlorine at the dosing point and therefore of the highest pass frequency was evidenced. Among other tools, a simple method of measurement of the oxygen uptake rate enabled us to monitor the effect of chlorination on nitrification before recording an increase in the ammonia concentration in the bulking.

scholarly journals The impact of participation in genetic research for families with cleft lip with and without cleft palate: a qualitative study

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynley J. Donoghue ◽  
Margaret A. Sahhar ◽  
Ravi Savarirayan ◽  
Supriya Raj ◽  
Nicky M. Kilpatrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Paraben Compounds—Part I: An Overview of Their Characteristics, Detection, and Impacts

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2307
Author(s):  
João Lincho ◽  
Rui C. Martins ◽  
João Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Antimicrobial Compounds ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Different Water Sources

Parabens are widely used in different industries as preservatives and antimicrobial compounds. The evolution of analytical techniques allowed the detection of these compounds in different sources at µg/L and ng/L. Until today, parabens were already found in water sources, air, soil and even in human tissues. The impact of parabens in humans, animals and in ecosystems are a matter of discussion within the scientific community, but it is proven that parabens can act as endocrine disruptors, and some reports suggest that they are carcinogenic compounds. The presence of parabens in ecosystems is mainly related to wastewater discharges. This work gives an overview about the paraben problem, starting with their characteristics and applications. Moreover, the dangers related to their usage were addressed through the evaluation of toxicological studies over different species as well as of humans. Considering this, paraben detection in different water sources, wastewater treatment plants, humans and animals was analyzed based on literature results. A review of European legislation regarding parabens was also performed, presenting some considerations for the use of parabens.

INBORN ERROR OF HISTIDINE METABOLISM

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 714-728
Author(s):  
H. Ghadimi ◽  
M. W. Partington ◽  
A. Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Urocanic Acid ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Total Lack ◽  
Normal Urine ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Blue Eyes ◽  
Derivatives Of

A 3-year-old girl with fair hair and blue eyes came under observation because of speech retardation. The patient was given a phenylalanine-free diet, since persistently positive urine tests with ferric chloride and reagent strips (Phenistix) were strongly suggestive of phenylketonuria. On further investigation she was found to be suffering from a totally different and not heretofore recognized condition, the salient features of which were an abnormally high concentration of histidine in the blood and an excessive output of histidine in the urine. The child's sister, one year older, presented the same metabolic anomaly. In each case both the concentration of histidine in plasma and the daily output were directly related to the amount of protein in the diet; but even at their lowest levels they greatly exceeded those of normal children of the same age. An oral load of histidine was followed by an increase of histidine in plasma much higher and more prolonged than that observed in controls, and by the excretion of a much larger fraction of the ingested dose. The urine of each sister contained not only excessive amounts of histidine but also notable quantities of imidazole-pyruvic, imidazole-acetic, and imidazole-lactic acid, histidine derivatives of which normal urine contains only traces. It is concluded that in the two sisters the normally predominant pathway of histidine catabolism, which leads through urocanic acid to glutamic acid, was partially or completely blocked. Since, even after histidine loading, the urines never contained detectable amounts of urocanic acid, the block must precede the formation of that substance. The condition presented is therefore due primarily to a deficiency or total lack of histidine-alpha-deaminase; the enzyme which converts histidine to urocanic acid. As a result of this defect histidine is forced to take the alternative but less efficient pathway which begins with its transamination to imidazole-pyruvic acid. This substance is the one responsible for positive reactions in the ferric chloride and Phenistix tests. All urine specimens examined, whether from the patient or from normal controls, contained considerable quantities of an unidentifiable imidazole compound ("X"), which does not appear to have been previously reported. The existence of this substance may call for some modification of current concepts of histidine metabolism in man.

scholarly journals MOLECULAR GENETIC STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF SNP C677T OF THE GENE MTHFR IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONGENITAL ISOLATED CLEFT LIP AND PALATE

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 104-110
Author(s):  
V. S. Uchaeva ◽  
Yu. A. Vasiliev ◽  
A. S. Gracheva ◽  
O. V. Gulenko ◽  
I. G. Udina
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Study ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Population Genetic Study ◽  
Molecular Genetic Study ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Congenital Cleft ◽  
The Impact

Aim. This research was designed to conduct an associative population genetic study for the consideration of the impact of SNP C677T of the gene MTHFR in the congenital maxillofacial developmental anomalies (CMDA): congenital cleft lip (CCL), congenital cleft palate (CCP), congenital cleft lip and palate (CCLP) in the Krasnodar territory. The aim of the study is to establish the associations between SNP C677T of the gene MTHFR and the development of congenital cleft lip and/ or palate.Materials and methods. In this research, the peculiarities of distribution of SNP C667T of the gene MTHFR in children with congenital cleft lip and/or palate (n=223) and their mothers (n=78) in comparison with the control group (n=124) were studied in the Krasnodar territory. The genetic demographic questionnaires were gathered for children with CMDA, the information about diagnosis was obtained from the medical records. The biological samples, including blood or scrapings of oral mucosa, were collected from children with the pathology and their mothers. The DNA was extracted from the samples by the standard method. The study of the peculiarities of distribution of alleles of SNP C677T of the gene MTHFR was performed by PCR-PFLP with endonuclease Hinf I or by tetra-primer ARMS-PCR method in children with CCL, CCP, CCLP, their mothers and the control group. Statistical processing of the obtained data was performed by the algorithms of the “Statistica” program.Results. While comparing the profiles of frequencies of SNP C677T in children with CCL, CCP and CCLP with the control group, there were identified no significant differences in the frequency of this SNP and no peculiarities of genotypes distribution. There was identified a significant difference in the peculiarities of genotypes distribution with the control group (G=19,5232, d.f.=1, p<0,001) as well as united genotypes (С/C и С/T) in accordance to T/T (G=10,4657, d.f.=1; p<0,001) and united genotypes (C/T и T/T) in accordance to C/C (G=15,1896, d.f.=1, p<0,001) for the mothers of children with CCL, CCP and CCLP.Conclusion. As a result of the study, we established the association of SNP C677T of the MTHFR gene with the development of congenital cleft lip and/or palate: mothers’ T/T genotype is associated with the increased risk of giving birth to a child with CCL, CCP and CCLP (in comparison with mothers with C/C+C/T genotype): odds ratio [OR]=16,63, 95% CI: 3,86-71,71; p=0,0003 and also for mothers with genotypes (C/T+T/T) in comparison with mothers with genotypes C/C: OR=3,22, CI:1,71-6,08; p=0,0002. The amount of risk is not significant in children with CMDA for T/T genotype. So it is possible to make a conclusion about the impact of C677T of the gene MTHFR in the development of CCL, CCP and CCLP only in mother’s genotype. 

scholarly journals Impact of Cleft lip and Palate on Mother-to-Infant Bonding: a Cross-Sectional Study in the Japan Environment and Children's Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinobu Tsuchiya ◽  
Masahiro Tsuchiya ◽  
Haruki Momma ◽  
Takeyoshi Koseki ◽  
Kaoru Igarashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
Psychological Status ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) is among the most prevalent congenital birth defects. They negatively affect maternal psychological status and may consequently result in higher prevalence of child maltreatment. However, the association of CL/P births with bonding disorders still remains unclear. To address this question, we examined the impact of CL/P birth on mother-to-infant bonding, using the nationwide birth cohort study, Japan Environment and Children's Study. Methods This study was conducted as a nationwide birth cohort study of the Japan environment and children’s study (JECS), an ongoing nationwide birth cohort study in Japan. 104,065 of foetuses in fifteen regional centres in JECS were enrolled. Finally, the participants consisted of 79,140 mother-infant pairs, of which 211 mothers with CL/P infants were included in our analyses. Results First, no increased risk of bonding disorders was observed among all the mothers with CL/P births (odds ratio [95% CI]; 0.97 [0.63-1.48], p = 0.880), and advanced maternal age or multiple parity would adversely affect the associations between bonding disorders and CL/P births, respectively. Thus, after stratification with a combination of maternal age and parity, a significant association of CL/P birth with bonding disorders was found only among advanced-age multiparae (OR [95% CI] = 2.51 [1.17-5.37], p = 0.018), but it was weakened after additional adjustment for maternal depression. Conclusion CL/P birth may increase the risk of bonding disorders among advanced-age multiparae possibly through maternal depression. This finding provides valuable information for the provision of multidisciplinary cleft care.

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