Nonlinear nonconservative behavior and modeling of piezoelectric energy harvesters including proof mass effects

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel C Stanton ◽  
Alper Erturk ◽  
Brian P Mann ◽  
Earl H Dowell ◽  
Daniel J Inman
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Electromechanical Coupling ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Constitutive Relations ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Nonlinear Damping ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Energy Harvesters ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Piezoelectric Effects

Nonlinear piezoelectric effects in flexural energy harvesters have recently been demonstrated for drive amplitudes well within the scope of anticipated vibration environments for power generation. In addition to strong softening effects, steady-state oscillations are highly damped as well. Nonlinear fluid damping was previously employed to successfully model drive dependent decreases in frequency response due to the high-velocity oscillations, but this article instead harmonizes with a body of literature concerning weakly excited piezoelectric actuators by modeling nonlinear damping with nonconservative piezoelectric constitutive relations. Thus, material damping is presumed dominant over losses due to fluid-structure interactions. Cantilevers consisted of lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-5A and PZT-5H are studied, and the addition of successively larger proof masses is shown to precipitate nonlinear resonances at much lower base excitation thresholds while increasing the influence of higher-order nonlinearities. Parameter identification results using a multiple scales perturbation solution suggest that empirical trends are primarily due to higher-order elastic and dissipation nonlinearities and that modeling linear electromechanical coupling is sufficient. This article concludes with the guidelines for which utilization of a nonlinear model is preferred.

PZT Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Enhancement Using Slotted Aluminium Beam

2014 ◽  
Vol 1051 ◽  
pp. 932-936
Author(s):  
Mun Heng Lam ◽  
Hanim Salleh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Renewable Energy Source ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Output Voltage ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
External Beam ◽  
Energy Harvesters ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Wide Range

This paper presents work on improving piezoelectric energy harvesters. Harvesting energy from vibrations has received massive attention due to it being a renewable energy source that has a wide range of applications. Over the years of development, there is always research to further improve and optimise piezoelectric energy harvesters. For this paper, the piezoelectric specimen is made of PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate), brass reinforced and has 31.8mm length, 12.7mm width and 0.511mm thick. An external beam is implemented to provide deflection amplification which in turn increases the output of the energy harvester. Depending on the configuration of the external beam, it can amplify output voltage from 100% to 300%.

A human heartbeat frequencies based 2-DOF piezoelectric energy harvester for pacemaker application

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hygin Davidson Mayekol Mayck ◽  
Ahmed Mohamed Rashad Fath El-Bab ◽  
Evan Murimi ◽  
Pierre Moukala Mpele
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Secondary Beam ◽  
Average Output ◽  
Energy Harvesters ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Self Powered

Abstract In the last decade, piezoelectric energy harvesters have received a significant attention from the scientific community. This comes along with the need of developing self-powered devices such as medical implant to reduce the cost and risk of surgery. This paper investigates a two degree of freedom (2-DOF) piezoelectric energy harvester device to be integrated into a pacemaker. The 2-DOF is designed as a cut-out beam with a secondary beam cut into a primary one. The system is developed to operate in the frequency range of 0–2 Hz, with an acceleration of 1 g (9.8 m/s2) to match the heartbeat frequencies (1–1.67 Hz). The system uses a Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) and a Poly Methyl Methacrylate (PMMA) as lead beam to compensate the brittleness of PZT. COMSOL Multiphysics software is used to model and analyze the resonant frequencies of the system, and the stress in the piezoelectric beam. The proposed device has a compact volume of 26 × 11.58 × 0.41 mm, which can fit perfectly in a pacemaker whose battery volume has been reduced by 50%. The output voltage and power are determined through analytical calculus using Matlab. Typical pacemakers require 1 μW to operate. Thus, with a peak power of 30.97 μW at 1.5 Hz and an average output power of 11.05 μW observed from 0.9 to 1.7 Hz, the harvester can power a pacemaker. It is assumed that the energy harvester could extend its life time for 5–10 more years. Furthermore, the harvester operates at extremely low frequency and produces reasonable power, making it suitable for biomedical devices.

scholarly journals Power-Generation Optimization Based on Piezoelectric Ceramic Deformation for Energy Harvesting Application with Renewable Energy

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2171
Author(s):  
Hyeonsu Han ◽  
Junghyuk Ko
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Piezoelectric Material ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Piezoelectric Ceramic ◽  
Piezoelectric Element ◽  
Piezoelectric Ceramics ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy

Along with the increase in renewable energy, research on energy harvesting combined with piezoelectric energy is being conducted. However, it is difficult to predict the power generation of combined harvesting because there is no data on the power generation by a single piezoelectric material. Before predicting the corresponding power generation and efficiency, it is necessary to quantify the power generation by a single piezoelectric material alone. In this study, the generated power is measured based on three parameters (size of the piezoelectric ceramic, depth of compression, and speed of compression) that contribute to the deformation of a single PZT (Lead zirconate titanate)-based piezoelectric element. The generated power was analyzed by comparing with the corresponding parameters. The analysis results are as follows: (i) considering the difference between the size of the piezoelectric ceramic and the generated power, 20 mm was the most efficient piezoelectric ceramic size, (ii) considering the case of piezoelectric ceramics sized 14 mm, the generated power continued to increase with the increase in the compression depth of the piezoelectric ceramic, and (iii) For piezoelectric ceramics of all diameters, the longer the depth of deformation, the shorter the frequency, and depending on the depth of deformation, there is a specific frequency at which the charging power is maximum. Based on the findings of this study, PZT-based elements can be applied to cases that receive indirect force, including vibration energy and wave energy. In addition, the power generation of a PZT-based element can be predicted, and efficient conditions can be set for maximum power generation.

Sol-Gel Derived PZT Thick Films with Nano-Sized Microstructure

2002 ◽  
Vol 748 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Zhao ◽  
Z. H. Wang ◽  
W. Zhu ◽  
O. K. Tan ◽  
H. H. Hng
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Electromechanical Coupling ◽  
Thick Films ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Piezoelectric Response ◽  
Coupling Coefficients ◽  
Pzt Films

ABSTRACTLead zirconate titanate (PZT) films are promising for acoustic micro-devices applications because of their extremely high electromechanical coupling coefficients and excellent piezoelectric response. Thicker PZT films are crucial for these acoustic applications. A hybrid sol-gel technology has been developed as a new approach to realize simple and cost-effective fabrication of high quality PZT thick films. In this paper, PZT53/47 thick films with a thickness of 5–50 μm are successfully deposited on Pt-coated silicon wafer by using the hybrid sol-gel technology. The obtained PZT thick films are dense, crack-free, and have a nano-sized microstructure. The processing parameters of this technology have been evaluated. The microstructure of the film has been observed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy and the crystallization process has been monitored by the X-ray diffraction. The thick films thus made are good candidates for fabrication of piezoelectric diaphragm which will be an essential element of microspeaker and microphone arrays.

An experimental study on piezoelectric energy harvesting from wind and ambient structural vibrations for wireless structural health monitoring

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1010-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveet Kaur ◽  
Dasari Mahesh ◽  
Sreenitya Singamsetty
Keyword(s):  
Structural Health Monitoring ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting ◽  
Structural Vibrations ◽  
Ambient Wind ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
Zirconate Titanate

Energy harvesting is an emerging technology holding promise of sustainability amid the alarming rate at which the human community is depleting the natural resources to cater its needs. There are several ways of harvesting energy in a renewable fashion such as through solar, wind, hydro-electric, geothermal, and artificial photosynthesis. This study focuses on energy harvesting from wind vibrations and ambient structural vibrations (such as from rail and road bridges) through piezo transducers using the direct piezoelectric effect. First, the potential of the piezoelectric energy harvesting from ambient wind vibrations has been investigated and presented here. Lead zirconate titanate patches have been attached at the fixed end of aluminum rectangular and trapezoidal cantilevers, which have been exposed to varying wind velocity in a lab-size wind tunnel. The effect of perforations and twisting (distortion) on the power generated by the patches under varying wind velocity has also been studied. It has been observed that the power is comparatively higher in rectangular-shaped cantilever than the trapezoidal one. Perforations and shape distortion showed promising result in terms of higher yield. The laboratory experiments have also been extended to the real-life field condition to measure the actual power generated by the lead zirconate titanate patches under the ambient wind vibrations. Next, energy harvesting from the ambient structural vibrations has been done both experimentally and numerically. Four different prototypes have been considered. The power has been measured across the lead zirconate titanate patches individually and in parallel combination. A maximum power output for Prototype 1 to Prototype 4 has been found to be 4.3428, 11.844, 25.97, and 43.12 µW, respectively. Numerical study has also been carried out in ANSYS 14.5 to perform the parametric study to examine the effect of addition of mass at the free end of cantilever. In a nutshell, this article provides a comprehensive study on the effect of various factors on the amount of energy generated by piezoelectric patches under wind and structural vibrations. The energy generated is sufficient for driving low-power-consuming electronics that can further be used for other applications like wireless structural health monitoring, and so on.

Piezoelectric nanoindentation

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 552-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Rar ◽  
G.M. Pharr ◽  
W.C. Oliver ◽  
E. Karapetian ◽  
Sergei V. Kalinin
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Electromechanical Coupling ◽  
Piezoelectric Materials ◽  
Surface Displacement ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Ferroelectric Materials ◽  
Back Side ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Load Dependence ◽  
Continuous Stiffness Measurement

Piezoelectric nanoindentation (PNI) has been developed to quantitatively address electromechanical coupling and pressure-induced dynamic phenomena in ferroelectric materials on the nanoscale. In PNI, an oscillating voltage is applied between the back side of the sample and the indenter tip, and the first harmonic of bias-induced surface displacement at the area of indenter contact is detected. PNI is implemented using a standard nanoindentation system equipped with a continuous stiffness measurement system. The piezoresponse of polycrystalline lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and BaTiO3 piezoceramics was studied during a standard nanoindentation experiment. For PZT, the response was found to be load independent, in agreement with theoretical predictions. In polycrystalline barium titanate, a load dependence of the piezoresponse was observed. The potential of piezoelectric nanoindentation for studies of phase transitions and local structure-property relations in piezoelectric materials is discussed.

Influence of aspect ratio on effective electromechanical coupling of nanocomposites with lead zirconate titanate nanowire inclusion

2011 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 1879-1886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clark Andrews ◽  
Yirong Lin ◽  
Haixiong Tang ◽  
Henry A. Sodano
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Mechanical Loading ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Coupling Coefficient ◽  
High Aspect Ratio ◽  
Electromechanical Coupling ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient ◽  
Curved Surfaces

Piezoelectric ceramics offer exceptional sensing and actuation properties, however, they are prone to breakage and are difficult to apply to curved surfaces in their monolithic form. One method to alleviate these issues is through the use of 0–3 active composites, which are formed by embedding piezoelectric particles into a polymer matrix that protects the ceramic from breaking under mechanical loading. This class of material offers certain advantages over monolithic materials; however, they have seen little use due to the low electromechanical coupling offered by these materials. Here, we demonstrate that by controlling the aspect ratio of the filler, the electromechanical coupling coefficient can be significantly improved. For all volume fractions tested, nanocomposites with high aspect ratio lead nanowires filler had higher coupling with increases as large as 2.3 times. Furthermore, the nanocomposite’s coupling was more than 50% of the piezoceramic fillers’ when nanowires were used.

Highly Integrated PiezoMEMS Enabled Millimeter-Scale Robotics

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Pulskamp ◽  
Ronald G. Polcawich ◽  
Kenn Oldham
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting ◽  
Mems Devices ◽  
Research Topics ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Army Research Laboratory ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Piezoelectric Energy ◽  
The U.S

This report provides an overview of ongoing research at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory regarding the development of piezoelectric MEMS-enabled millimeter-scale robotics. Research topics include the development of enabling technologies for terrestrial locomotion, insect-inspired micro-flight, gecko-inspired reversible adhesives, and piezoelectric energy harvesting. The development of complementary lead zirconate titanate thin film MEMS devices, applicable to highly integrated millimeter-scale robotics, is also reviewed.

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