Hardness, friction and wear characteristics of 3D-printed PLA polymer

The mechanical and tribological behaviors of the parts manufactured with 3D printing methods differ with variations in the manufacturing parameters. This paper aims to investigate the effect of the layer thickness and layer orientation parameters on the hardness, friction coefficient and wear properties of PLA samples printed by Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) method. Samples were printed with three different layer thicknesses in two different build orientations. The hardness of the samples was tested by D-type shore hardness durometer and a pin-on-disc setup was used to measure the friction coefficient and wear rate of the samples. The analysis of the experimental results showed the distinctive effect of the layer orientation and layer thickness which further discussed in the paper.

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Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of CuSn10 Bronze Parts: Production and Characterization

Metals ◽

10.3390/met11111774 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1774

Author(s):

Ahmet Çağrı Kılınç ◽

Ali Aydın Goktasş ◽

Özgür Yasin Keskin ◽

Serhan Köktaş

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Sintering Temperature ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

3D Printed ◽

Part Density ◽

Printing Speed

The interest in producing cost-effective 3D printed metallic materials is increasing day by day. One of these methods, which has gained much attention recently, is the fused deposition modelling (FDM) method. The parameters used in the FDM method have significant effects on the printed part properties. In this study, CuSn10 bronze alloy was successfully produced. The printing speed and layer thickness were investigated as the printing process parameters, and their effect on morphological properties was characterized by using SEM. As a result, it was observed that the formation of printing-induced voids was prevented by applying a layer thickness of 0.2 mm. Additionally, by increasing printing speed, a slight decrease in product density was observed. Following determination of 3D printing parameters which give the highest printed part density, the parts were debound in hexane solution via solvent debinding. Finally, the parts were sintered at 850, 875 and 900 °C for 5 h to examine effect of sintering temperature on density, porosity, shape deformation and mechanical properties. Although partial slumping started to form over 875 °C, the highest density (94.19% of theoretical density) and strength (212 ± 17.72 MPa) were obtained by using 900 °C as the sintering temperature.

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Effect of fused deposition modelling process parameters on mechanical properties of 3D printed parts

World Journal of Engineering ◽

10.1108/wje-09-2018-0329 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 550-559 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Abhinav Chadha ◽

Mir Irfan Ul Haq ◽

Ankush Raina ◽

Rana Ratna Singh ◽

Narendra Babu Penumarti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Flexural Strength ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Content Type ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Primary Layer ◽

Bed Temperature ◽

3D Printed

Purpose This paper aims to explore the effect of bed temperature, primary layer thickness and infill pattern (rectilinear, honeycomb, triangular) on the mechanical properties of tensile strength and bending strength of 3D printed parts. Design/methodology/approach Samples in accordance to various ASTM standards were printed by fused deposition modelling (FDM) method by varying the various input paramaters such as bed temperature, primary layer thickness and infill pattern (rectilinear, honeycomb, triangular). Tensile and bending testing was carried out on the printed parts, and post to the testing, fractography has been carried out using scanning electron microscope. Findings With increase in bed temperature tensile strength and flexural strength first increases then decreases. With the increase in primary layer thickness, tensile strength and flexural strength increase. With regard to infill patterns, triangular and honeycomb exhibit better tensile strength and better flexural strength. Practical implications The 3D printing is increasingly becoming important for manufacturing of engineering parts, determining the process parameters which could result in better mechanical and physical properties shall certainly help designers and manufacturers globally. Originality/value This work elucidates the effect of various process parameters of FDM on tensile and flexural properties of the samples.

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Multiple variable effects in the customisation of fused deposition modelling 3D-printed medicines: A design of experiments (DoE) approach

International Journal of Pharmaceutics ◽

10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120331 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 597 ◽

pp. 120331

Author(s):

Juliana dos Santos ◽

Monique Deon ◽

Guilherme Silveira da Silva ◽

Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Keyword(s):

Design Of Experiments ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Multiple Variable ◽

3D Printed

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Influence of the Infill Geometry of 3D-Printed Tablets on Drug Dissolution

Medical Sciences Forum ◽

10.3390/msf2021005015 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 15

Author(s):

Nuno Venâncio ◽

Gabriela G. Pereira ◽

João F. Pinto ◽

Ana I. Fernandes

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Drug Dissolution ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Three Dimensional Printing ◽

Preliminary Results ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

3D Printed ◽

Dimensional Printing ◽

Hot Melt ◽

Patient Centric

Patient-centric therapy is especially important in pediatrics and may be attained by three-dimensional printing. Filaments containing 30% w/w of theophylline were produced by hot-melt extrusion and printed using fused deposition modelling to produce tablets. Here, preliminary results evaluating the effect of infill geometry (cross, star, grid) on drug content and release are reported.

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Investigations of process parameters during dissolution studies of drug loaded 3D printed tablets

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part H Journal of Engineering in Medicine ◽

10.1177/0954411921993582 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095441192199358

Author(s):

Varun Sharma ◽

Khaja Moinuddin Shaik ◽

Archita Choudhury ◽

Pramod Kumar ◽

Prateek Kala ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dissolution Rate ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Empirical Relation ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Critical Parameters ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Rate Of Dissolution ◽

3D Printed ◽

Percentage Release

The present research paper attempts to study the effect of different process parameters on the dissolution rate during 3D printed tablets. Three-dimensional printing has the potential of serving tailored made tablets to cater personalized drug delivery systems. Fluorescein loaded PVA filaments through impregnation route was used to fabricate tablets based on Taguchi based design of experimentation using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). The effect of print speed, infill percentage and layer thickness were analyzed to study the effect on rate of dissolution. Infill percentage followed by print speed were found to be critical parameters affecting dissolution rate. The data analysis provided an insight into the study of interaction among different 3D printing parameters to develop an empirical relation for percentage release of the drug in human body.

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Effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic acid parts

Materials Testing ◽

10.1515/mt-2020-0010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 73-78

Author(s):

Pulkin Gupta ◽

Sudha Kumari ◽

Abhishek Gupta ◽

Ankit Kumar Sinha ◽

Prashant Jindal

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Heat Treatment ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Recrystallization Temperature ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Dog Bone ◽

Heat Treated ◽

Maximum Decrease ◽

3D Printed

Abstract Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a layer-by-layer manufacturing process type of 3D-printing (3DP). Significant variation in the mechanical properties of 3D printed specimens is observed because of varied process parameters and interfacial bonding between consecutive layers. This study investigates the influence of heat treatment on the mechanical strength of FDM 3D printed Polylactic acid (PLA) parts with constant 3DP parameters and ambient conditions. To meet the objectives, 7 sets, each containing 5 dog-bone shaped samples, were fabricated from commercially available PLA filament. Each set was subjected to heat treatment at a particular temperature for 1 h and cooled in the furnace itself, while one set was left un-treated. The temperature for heat treatment (Th) varied from 30 °C to 130 °C with increments of 10 °C. The heat-treated samples were characterized under tensile loading of 400 N and mechanical properties like Young’s modulus (E), Strain % ( ε ) and Stiffness (k) were evaluated. On comparing the mechanical properties of heat-treated samples to un-treated samples, significant improvements were observed. Heat treatment also altered the geometries of the samples. Mechanical properties improved by 4.88 % to 10.26 % with the maximum being at Th of 110 °C and below recrystallization temperature (Tr) of 65 °C. Deformations also decreased significantly at higher temperatures above 100 °C, by a maximum of 36.06 %. The dimensions of samples showed a maximum decrease of 1.08 % in Tr range and a maximum decrease of 0.31 % in weight at the same temperature. This study aims to benefit the society by establishing suitable Th to recover the lost strength in PLA based FDM 3D printed parts.

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The Influence of Manufacturing Parameters on the Mechanical Behaviour of PLA and ABS Pieces Manufactured by FDM: A Comparative Analysis

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma11081333 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1333 ◽

Cited By ~ 63

Author(s):

Adrián Rodríguez-Panes ◽

Juan Claver ◽

Ana Camacho

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Mechanical Behaviour ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Polymer Materials ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Layer Orientation ◽

Lower Variability

This paper presents a comparative study of the tensile mechanical behaviour of pieces produced using the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) additive manufacturing technique with respect to the two types of thermoplastic material most widely used in this technique: polylactide (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The aim of this study is to compare the effect of layer height, infill density, and layer orientation on the mechanical performance of PLA and ABS test specimens. The variables under study here are tensile yield stress, tensile strength, nominal strain at break, and modulus of elasticity. The results obtained with ABS show a lower variability than those obtained with PLA. In general, the infill percentage is the manufacturing parameter of greatest influence on the results, although the effect is more noticeable in PLA than in ABS. The test specimens manufactured using PLA perform more rigidly and they are found to have greater tensile strength than ABS. The bond between layers in PLA turns out to be extremely strong and is, therefore, highly suitable for use in additive technologies. The methodology proposed is a reference of interest in studies involving the determination of mechanical properties of polymer materials manufactured using these technologies.

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Strength Comparison of FDM 3D Printed PLA Made by Different Manufacturers

TEM Journal ◽

10.18421/tem93-18 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 966-970

Author(s):

Damir Hodžić ◽

Adi Pandžić ◽

Ismar Hajro ◽

Petar Tasić

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Manufacturing Technique ◽

Plastic Materials ◽

Wide Range ◽

3D Printed ◽

The Difference ◽

Printing Parameters

Widely used additive manufacturing technique for plastic materials is Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). The FDM technology has gained interest in industry for a wide range of applications, especially today when large number of different materials on the market are available. There are many different manufacturers for the same FDM material where the difference in price goes up to 50%. This experimental study investigates possible difference in strength of the 3D printed PLA material of five different manufacturers. All specimens are 3D printed on Ultimaker S5 printer with the same printing parameters, and they are all the same colour.

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3D Printing of Thermo-Sensitive Drugs

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13091524 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 1524

Author(s):

Sadikalmahdi Abdella ◽

Souha H. Youssef ◽

Franklin Afinjuomo ◽

Yunmei Song ◽

Paris Fouladian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Future Directions ◽

Digital Light Processing ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Printing Technique ◽

3D Printed ◽

Semi Solid ◽

Selection Of

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is among the rapidly evolving technologies with applications in many sectors. The pharmaceutical industry is no exception, and the approval of the first 3D-printed tablet (Spiratam®) marked a revolution in the field. Several studies reported the fabrication of different dosage forms using a range of 3D printing techniques. Thermosensitive drugs compose a considerable segment of available medications in the market requiring strict temperature control during processing to ensure their efficacy and safety. Heating involved in some of the 3D printing technologies raises concerns regarding the feasibility of the techniques for printing thermolabile drugs. Studies reported that semi-solid extrusion (SSE) is the commonly used printing technique to fabricate thermosensitive drugs. Digital light processing (DLP), binder jetting (BJ), and stereolithography (SLA) can also be used for the fabrication of thermosensitive drugs as they do not involve heating elements. Nonetheless, degradation of some drugs by light source used in the techniques was reported. Interestingly, fused deposition modelling (FDM) coupled with filling techniques offered protection against thermal degradation. Concepts such as selection of low melting point polymers, adjustment of printing parameters, and coupling of more than one printing technique were exploited in printing thermosensitive drugs. This systematic review presents challenges, 3DP procedures, and future directions of 3D printing of thermo-sensitive formulations.

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