Teaching Athletic Skills to Students Who are Mentally Retarded

1983 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Cuvo ◽  
Patrick J. Ellis ◽  
Ira E. Wisotzek ◽  
Paula J. Davis ◽  
Don Schilling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Extracurricular Activities ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Athletic Activity ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Behavioral Techniques ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
The Right

P.L. 94–142 provides the right to physical education for handicapped pupils including nonacademic and extracurricular activities such as athletics. Despite the legislative mandate for physical education and the value of athletic activity, few validated programs have been published to teach complex gross motor skills, such as sports, to mentally retarded students. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to evaluate procedures to teach athletic skills to moderately and severely mentally retarded students. Participants were taught the standing long jump (Experiment 1) and the 50-yard dash (Experiment 2), using task analysis and a training package of prompts and response consequences. Experimental control was evaluated by the multiple baseline across subjects design. Results showed acquisition and maintenance of the two athletic skills. The efficacy of behavioral techniques for teaching athletic skills to moderately and severely retarded persons is also discussed.

scholarly journals Srovnání výkonnosti studentek studijních oborů Tělesná výchova a sport a Fyzioterapie v motorických testech

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Zdeněk Havel ◽  
Kateřina Vaníková
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
General Population ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Health Studies ◽  
The Difference

The aim of this study is to contribute expansion of knowledge about the level of the performance and health oriented fitness at represented students of Physiotherapy on Faculty of Health Studies Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem. We compare resulting values with the values that were obtained by general population and students of Physical education and sports. Students participated these tests: progressive run for 20 meters, 2 kg heavy ball throw with both hands, standing long jump with both legs together, flexed – arm hang forward grip for woman, sit-up test 1 minute, deep bend in sitting position, Iowa Brace and calculated Body mass index (BMI). We asked two questions for our study. First, what is the level of motor skills students of Physiotherapy so academic students, what is the difference of level of motor skills between students of Physiotherapy compared with general population and second, what is the difference of the level of motor skills between students of Physiotherapy and students of Physical education and sports. Results showed that students of Physiotherapy had the same level of motor skills such as general population. Students of Physiotherapy had the same level in only two tests – deep bend in sitting position – flexibility and flexed-arm hang forward grip for woman with students of Physical education and sports.

Comparison of Task Variation and Constant Task Methods for Severely Disabled in Physical Education

1989 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 338-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Weber ◽  
JoAnne Thorpe
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Basic Skills ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Task Condition ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Task Variation

The purpose of the study was to determine whether the technique of task variation with maintenance tasks interspersed is more effective than a constant task condition in a physical education setting in learning gross motor skills for severely disabled individuals. The subjects for the study included 28 males, 12 autistic and 16 severely mentally retarded students, ages 10 to 14 years. The design for this study was a pretest-posttest configuration with the I Can Assessment of Gross Motor Skills utilized to assess the basic skills of overhand throw, kick, vertical jump, slide, continuous bounce, and underhand roll. Results indicated that following a 6-week treatment period the task variation with maintenance tasks interspersed condition was significantly more effective at the .01 level in learning gross motor skills than a constant task condition. However, when autistic and severely mentally retarded individuals were compared, there were no significant differences.

scholarly journals Reference Values for Fitness Level and Gross Motor Skills of 4–6-Year-Old Chilean Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 797
Author(s):  
Andrés Godoy-Cumillaf ◽  
José Bruneau-Chávez ◽  
Paola Fuentes-Merino ◽  
Jaime Vásquez-Gómez ◽  
Mairena Sánchez-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Gross Motor Skills ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Shuttle Run

In childhood, fitness level is considered an important indicator of health, while gross motor skills are the basis of future motor competence. So far, no reference values have been found for the Chilean population. Therefore, this study aims to provide fitness level and gross motor skill reference values by gender and age of Chilean children aged 4–6 years. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted that included 728 children between 4 and 6 years old from the La Araucanía region of Chile. To assess the fitness level, the 20-m shuttle run test, standing long jump, handgrip dynamometry, 4x10m shuttle run, and Sit and Reach tests were used. Gross motor skills were assessed by five tests including aiming and catching and balance motor tasks. For fitness level, boys have better values in the long jump and dynamometry test, while girls have better values in flexibility. For estimated maximum volume of oxygen, at 5 years old there are significant differences in favour of boys, while at 6 years old in favour of girls. No statistically significant differences in speed/agility by gender were found. For gross motor skills, boys obtain higher values for catching and aiming tests, and girls for balance. The reference values for fitness level and gross motor skills shown in this study could aid physical education and health professionals in identifying children with low reference values, as well as in establishing objectives that will help to improve their health.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF THE ARTHISTIC GYMNASTICS PROGRAM ON PHYSICAL FITNESS OF ADOLESCENTS

2019 ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Marija Miletić ◽  
Hadži Saša Ilić ◽  
Miljan Jeremić ◽  
Milutin Parlić ◽  
Igor Ilić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Main Phase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Discriminatory Analysis

The aim of the research is to determine the effects of the arthistic gymnastics program on the Physical fitness of adolescents. The sample of participants consisted of 28 participants, males, aged 14 years ± 6 months, seventh grade of "Bubanjski Heroji" elementary school in Niš. The sample was divided into two subgroups. The experimental group (EG) consisted of 14 participants who, during the experimental period, realized the program of artistic gymnastics during the main phase of a physical education class, ten weeks in two classes of 45 minutes. The control group (CG) consisted of 14 participants who during the experimental period realized the program contents of regular physical education in the main phase of physical education. The sample of motorized measuring instruments consisted of three variables of explosive power (standing long jump, triple jump off the site and vertical jump) and three variants of sprint run (20m flat out with a flying start flat out with a flying start, 30m flat out with a flying start flat out with a flying start and 50m flat out with a flying start flat out with a flying start). The program "Statistica" 8.0 for Windows was used, for calculation of basic statistics, canonical discriminatory analysis and multivariate analysis of covariates. The results of the study showed that there are statistically significant effects of the use of the artistic gymnastics exercises in the main part of the physical education course on the Physical fitness of the adolescent of the EG at the end of the experimental period.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Using Active Games for Strength Development in 10-Year-Old Boys at the Initial Training Stage in Kyokushin Karate

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Svitlana Marchenko ◽  
Bahtiiar Satdyiev
Keyword(s):  
Strength Development ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Hand Grip ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Training Stage ◽  
Fitness Indicators ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
The Right ◽  
Grip Test ◽  
The Impact

The objective of the study was to examine the level of strength fitness indicators of 10-year-old boys who do Kyokushin Karate, and experimentally test the effectiveness of the impact of play techniques on the dynamics of strength development. Materials and methods. The study involved 40 10-year-old boys. The children and their parents were informed about all the features of the study and gave their consent to participate in the experiment. To achieve the objective set, the following research methods were used: analysis of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical testing, and methods of mathematical statistics for processing research results. Results. There were the biggest changes in the results of the tests “Standing long jump” by 15.9% (р < 0.001), “Sit-ups in 30 s” by 16.0% (р < 0.001), “Pull-ups” by 18.3% (р < 0.001), and “Bent arm hang” by 15.6% (р < 0.001). The experimental group boys’ result of the “Standing long jump” changed from low to above average. The lowest increase in results was observed in the “Right hand grip test” by 7.2% (р < 0.001), “Left hand grip test” by 6.9% (р < 0.001), and“Push-ups” by 11.8% (р < 0.001). Conclusions. The initial level of the boys’ strength fitness is sufficient and conforms to age norms. Most of them had an average – 30.36%, an above average – 19.64%, and a high – 23.21% level of strength abilities development. The data obtained give reason to recommend that teachers and coaches use active games aimed at developing strength. As a result of using play load (5 games, 3 repetitions with rest intervals of 40 s), there was a statistically significant increase in strength indicators (р < 0.001).

scholarly journals The effectiveness of physical education of the military academy cadets during a 4-year study

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lela Maric ◽  
Branko Krsmanovic ◽  
Tatjana Mraovic ◽  
Aleksandra Gogic ◽  
Jelena Sente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Military Academy ◽  
Dispersion Parameters ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
The Military

Background/Aim. The main role of physical education is health and educational practices of cadets and all-round personality development. Instruction executing is successful only when the set requirements are realized. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of physical education in order to rise physical capabilities of the Military Academy cadets during a 4-year education. Methods. The study was conducted in the Military Academy, Belgrade. A total of 120 cadets who at the beginning of the study were 19 years ? 6 months and at the end 23 years ? 6 months were included in this study. The study used the following tests for verification and assessment of physical fitness: pull-ups, lifting the trunk from the ground, standing long jump seats, running at 1,600 m and overcoming the infantry obstacles. The data were analyzed using statistical programs to calculate the central and dispersion parameters. The difference in the achieved results in the individual variables were evaluated by the univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), while the differences in the system variables by region were identified by the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and discriminant analysis. The group membership was determined using profile analysis. Results. There were statistically significant differences in all the tests to evaluate the effectiveness of physical education during a 4-year study, except in the standing long jump test. The best average results in motor capabilities tests, were achieved after two years of study, while in the endurance tests showed the best results achieved at the end of a 4-years studying. Conclusion. The results of overcoming specific tests for the physical abilities of the Military Academy cadets show that the physical education curriculum only slightly improves the development of physical skills of cadets during a 4-year study. The existing program shows the best results in the pull-ups test of the ground troops, and the worst in the multiple motor control tests (endurance, strength and speed).

Preparing Severely and Profoundly Mentally Retarded Adults for Tests of Motor Fitness

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip D. Tomporowski ◽  
Norman R. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Fitness Testing ◽  
Baseline Phase ◽  
Modeling Instruction ◽  
Motor Fitness ◽  
Graduated Guidance ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Minimal Improvement ◽  
Long Jump

The effectiveness of using behavior shaping techniques to prepare nine institutionalized severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults for tests of motor fitness was assessed. Three severely mentally retarded subjects served as the executive subjects in a yoked-control study. Each executive subject was paired randomly with two profoundly mentally retarded subjects. A three-phase multiple baseline experiment was then conducted with executive subjects; yoked subjects received the same intervention as their executive partner. The training program consisted of a verbal instruction baseline phase, a modeling phase, and a graduated guidance phase. Tasks used for training were the shuttle run and standing long jump. Modeling instruction produced minimal improvement in subject performance; however, graduated guidance instruction produced marked, immediate improvement in the performance of six of nine subjects on both tasks. These results suggest that physical prompting techniques will prepare some, but not all, severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults for motor fitness testing.

scholarly journals Specific training for improving the skill and speed in junior football players

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Monea ◽  
Rodica Prodan ◽  
Vlad Teodor Grosu
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Training Stage ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
Tactical Training ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One ◽  
Development Methods

Abstract Background. The purpose of the study was to realize the priorities in physical, technical and tactical training for junior football players. Moreover, preparing of the content was intended to optimize the use the most efficient methods and means for increasing the efficiency of speed and skill during the training and games. Objectives. Data were collected from 18 junior football players, with ages ranging from 14-15 years, members of the ACS Unirea (C) Tritenii de Jos team. The subjects were tested three times during the whole training stage, pre, middle and post-training examinations being performed. The three examinations consisted of 5 tests each: 50-meter sprint, standing long jump, 2000 meter running, maintaining the ball in the air and leading the ball through markers. Methods. Specific methods for developing the speed used in the study are based on repetitions (specific efforts at maximum or submaximal speed, under usual, relieved, severe conditions), on various efforts and intervals. Skill development methods took into account the complexity of coordinating action movements and the spatial, temporal, and motion force precision. For developing motor skills, the authors used the interval and circuit training. Results. All the participants attained higher levels of performance, both at the second and third examination, on each of the 5 tests. Data collected were analyzed using the One –Way ANOVA statistical procedure, which compares the results obtained by one single group of subjects. This procedure revealed, at a significant level of confidence, that the mean of the performance enhancement reached 50 percents along the one-year training stage. Conclusions. The research has shown that, by giving a more significant share of the best methods and means for developing the speed and skill in the physical training of junior footballers, the increase in the performance of these motor skills is significant.

scholarly journals The Effect of Eight-Weeks Coordinatıon Training on Tennis and Motor Skills Performance on 8-10 Years Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1578-1582
Author(s):  
Mine Gül ◽  
Doğukan Çelik
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Coordination Training ◽  
Long Jump ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

Aim: To examine the effects of coordination applied to 8-10 years old female athletes on tennis and some motor skills. Metodology: The athletes were randomly divided into experiment and control groups by applying Dewitt-Dugan tennis test, standing long jump, vertical jump, 20m speed, T test and square test. In the study, while the control group only participated in club training for 8 weeks, 5 days a week and 60 min.and the experimental group added coordination training education. Data was collected and entered in SPSS 22.0. Results: There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the parameters of all measurements of the experimental group in the standing long jump, vertical jump, 20m speed, t test and Dewitt-Dugan parameters and no significant change in the square test results (p>0.05). Among the final measurement values of the experimental and control groups, significant differences were found in favor of the experimental group in the values of standing long jump, vertical jump, 20m speed and Dewitt-Dugan parameters, except for the T test and the square test (p<0.05). Conclusion: It can be said that the 8-week coordination training applied to the experimental group has a positive effect on the motor characteristics and tennis skill, and specific coordination movements added to each unit training can be beneficial for the athletes. Keywords:Racket Sports, coordination, skill development, training, drills.

Can Children with Mild Mental Retardation Perceive Affordances for Action?

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Block
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Cognitive Disabilities ◽  
Ecological Perspective ◽  
Perceptual Judgment ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Mild Mental Retardation ◽  
Standing Long Jump ◽  
Long Jump

Recent evidence utilizing an ecological approach to perception (Gibson, 1979; Warren, 1984) suggests that children acquire the ability to distinguish what movement an environment “affords” soon after they acquire motor skills (e.g., Gibson et al., 1987; Palmer, 1989; Ulrich, Thelen, & Niles, 1991). However, it is still unclear whether or not children with cognitive disabilities can accurately perceive affordances (see Burton, 1987, 1990). The purpose of this study was to determine if boys with mild mental retardation could perceive affordances for the skill of jumping distances (standing long jump). Boys with mild mental retardation were asked to judge whether or not various distances could be jumped across by use of a two-footed takeoff and landing. Perceptual judgment was then compared to actual maximum jumping distance. Results indicate that boys with mental retardation were able to accurately perceive the affordance for jumping distance. Results were explained via an ecological perspective.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document