Childhood adversity subtypes and violence victimization and perpetration among early adolescents in Shanghai, China

Abstract Background This cross-sectional study aimed to identify adverse childhood experience (ACE) subtypes using variable- and person-centered approaches and examine the possible sex-differentiated associations with violence involvement as victim, perpetrator, and victim-perpetrator. Methods Adolescents aged 10–14 years in three junior high schools in Shanghai, China, were selected using a cluster sampling method in November and December 2017. Participants were surveyed anonymously using a computer-assisted self-interview approach via tablets. Thirteen items modified from the CDC-Kaiser ACE study were used to measure the ACEs. Results show subtypes as neglect, abuse, and household dysfunction by developing cumulative index score from the variable perspective and subgroups identified through the latent class analysis (LCA) from the person perspective. Logistic regression analyses were used to test the association between each ACE subtype and violence victimization and perpetration after adjusting for some demographic characteristics. Results A total of 1,700 participants were included in the final analysis. Approximately 1,322 (77.76 %) participants reported experiencing at least one ACE. The prevalence of neglect, abuse, and household dysfunction was 64.12 % (n = 1090), 61.29 % (n = 1042), and 18.24 % (n = 310), respectively. Three classes were identified through the LCA: low exposure to all ACEs (n = 854, 50.23 %), high exposure to emotional and physical abuse and neglect (n = 715, 42.06 %), and high exposure to all ACEs (n = 131,7.71 %). After controlling the covariates, experiencing abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction was significantly related to violence victimization (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.19, 3.29, 2.37, P < 0.001) and victim-perpetrator (aOR = 3.48, 4.41, 5.16, P < 0.001). Adolescent violence perpetration was only found to be associated with being neglected (aOR = 2.37, P = 0.003) and suffering household dysfunction (aOR = 3.25, P < 0.001). LCA revealed the cumulative effects of ACEs on adolescent violence victimization and perpetration. Sex-stratified analysis indicate that girls were more vulnerable to the negative effects of ACEs, with a higher risk of perpetration among girls exposed to distinctive subtypes or multiple ACEs. Conclusions ACEs were ubiquitous and significantly associated with an elevated risk of violence victimization and perpetration during early adolescence. Future research should examine whether these associations persist over time and the intermediating mechanism from the perspectives of individual neurodevelopment, cognition and resilience ability, and social support.

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Multimorbidity patterns in old adults and their associated multi-layered factors: a cross-sectional study

BMC Geriatrics ◽

10.1186/s12877-021-02292-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jiao Lu ◽

Yuan Wang ◽

Lihong Hou ◽

Zhenxing Zuo ◽

Na Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latent Class ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Ecological Model ◽

Explanatory Power ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Shanxi Province ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Old Patients ◽

Old Adults

Abstract Background Influenced by various factors such as socio-demographic characteristics, behavioral lifestyles and socio-cultural environment, the multimorbidity patterns in old adults remain complex. This study aims to identify their characteristics and associated multi-layered factors based on health ecological model. Methods In 2019, we surveyed a total of 7480 participants aged 60+ by using a multi-stage random cluster sampling method in Shanxi province, China. Latent class analysis was used to discriminate the multimorbidity patterns in old adults, and hierarchical regression was performed to determine the multi-layered factors associated with their various multimorbidity patterns. Results The prevalence of multimorbidity was 34.70% among the old patients with chronic disease. Over half (60.59%) of the patients with multimorbidity had two co-existing chronic diseases. “Degenerative/digestive diseases”, “metabolic diseases” and “cardiovascular diseases” were three specific multimorbidity patterns. Behavioral lifestyles-layered factors had the most explanatory power for the three patterns, whose proportions of explanatory power were 54.00, 43.90 and 48.15% individually. But the contributions of other multi-layered factors were different in different patterns; balanced diet, medication adherence, the size of family and friendship network, and different types of basic medical insurance might have the opposite effect on the three multimorbidity patterns (p < 0.05). Conclusions In management of old patients with multimorbidity, we should prioritize both the “lifestyle change”-centered systematic management strategy and group-customized intervention programs.

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Association of bullying behaviour with smoking, alcohol use and drug use among school students in Erbil City, Iraq

Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal ◽

10.26719/2021.27.5.483 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 483-490

Author(s):

Beena Shawki ◽

Tariq Al-Hadithi ◽

Nazar Shabila

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Public Schools ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Future Research ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

School Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Effective School ◽

Wide Range

Background: Substance use and bullying are prevalent among adolescents and have a wide range of adverse outcomes. The association of bullying with substance use has not been examined in Kurdistan and Iraq, which have suffered from the effects of long-term conflict and economic hardship. Aims: To examine the association between each form of bullying among adolescents and substance use. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of public schools in Erbil City, Iraq in 2017. The study involved 1070 adolescents selected from 35 schools using a multistage cluster sampling method. A self-reported close-ended questionnaire was used for data collection. Male and female students attending grades 7–12 and aged 13–18 years were included. Results: The overall prevalence of bullying behaviour was 60.0%; 30.8% were victims, 26.2% were bully-victims, and 3.0% were bullies. There was a significant association between different forms and categories of bullying and substance use. The strongest association was with the students involved in sexual bullying, followed by racial and cyber bullying. The strongest association between bullying and substance use was found in the bully-victim category, followed by victims and bullies. Conclusions: Substance use and bullying behaviour seem to be widespread problems among adolescents in Erbil schools. Substance use is significantly associated with different categories of bullying behaviour. There is a need for effective school-based preventive interventions to tackle these problems. Future research needs to examine the likely direction of the association between bullying and substance use.

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Patterns of Violence Victimization and Perpetration Among Adolescents Using Latent Class Analysis

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260519862272 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 088626051986227 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Stephanie N. Sessarego ◽

Laura Siller ◽

Katie M. Edwards

Keyword(s):

Sexual Assault ◽

New England ◽

Latent Class Analysis ◽

Dating Violence ◽

Interpersonal Violence ◽

Latent Class ◽

Future Research ◽

Class Analysis ◽

Violence Victimization ◽

Broad Term

Research has identified interpersonal violence (a broad term that includes stalking, harassment, sexual assault, and physical dating violence) as a major problem among adolescents. Research suggests that there are different patterns, or classes, of interpersonal violence victimization and perpetration, but little of this work has focused on adolescents. In the current study, we conducted latent class analysis using a sample of 2,921 adolescent girls and boys in high school from northern New England to assess varying patterns of interpersonal violence victimization and perpetration over the past 2 months, specifically stalking, harassment, sexual assault, and dating violence. Four classes of violence victimization and perpetration were identified: (a) No Victimization or Perpetration class ( n = 1,898, 65.0%), (b) Low Victimization and Perpetration class ( n = 343, 11.7%), (c) Harassment Victimization Only class ( n = 560, 19.2%), and (d) High Victimization and Low Perpetration class ( n = 120, 4.1%). Several differences in classes emerged as a function of demographic and behavioral health variables. For example, the High Victimization and Low Perpetration class had the highest proportion of girls and youth with sexual minority status. Furthermore, youth in the High Victimization and Low Perpetration class also had a significantly higher proportion of class members endorsing depressed mood and engagement in binge drinking than the youth in other classes. These findings demonstrate the heterogeneity in patterns of interpersonal violence, which future research should seek to better understand in terms of etiology, outcomes, and best practices for prevention and intervention.

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Factors associated with declining to report the number of sexual partners using computer-assisted self-interviewing: a cross-sectional study among individuals attending a sexual health centre in Melbourne, Australia

Sexual Health ◽

10.1071/sh18024 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 350 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Eric P. F. Chow ◽

John B. Carlin ◽

Tim R. H. Read ◽

Marcus Y. Chen ◽

Catriona S. Bradshaw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Health ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Health Centre ◽

Final Analysis ◽

Sexual Partners ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sexually Transmissible Infections ◽

Number Of Sexual Partners

Background The number of sexual partners is one of the most important risk factors for sexually transmissible infections (STIs), including HIV. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between declining to report the number of partners using computer-assisted self-interviewing (CASI) and HIV or STI positivity at a public sexual health centre in Melbourne, Australia, in 2016. Methods: Individuals were categorised into three risk populations: women, men who have sex with women only (MSW) and men who have sex with men (MSM). Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between declining to report the number of sexual partners in the past 12 months and HIV or STI positivity for women and MSW, with generalised estimating equations (GEE) used for estimation in MSM to address repeated-measures within individuals. Results: In all, 18085 individuals (5579 women, 6013 MSW, 6493 MSM) were included in the final analysis. There was no association between chlamydia positivity and declining to respond among women and MSW. MSM who declined to respond were more likely to be chlamydia positive (adjusted odds ratio1.21; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.43). Known HIV-positive MSM and MSM newly diagnosed with HIV had 3.31-fold (95% CI 2.48–4.42) and 2.82-fold (95% CI 1.84–4.32) greater odds respectively of declining to respond compared with HIV-negative MSM. Gonorrhoea and syphilis positivity in MSM were not associated with declining to respond. Conclusions: There was no association between declining to report the number of partners and chlamydia positivity among women and MSW. However, MSM who declined to report the number of partners were slightly more likely to have chlamydia and substantially more likely to be HIV positive.

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Sources of academic stress among Iranian adolescents: a multilevel study from Qazvin City, Iran

Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette ◽

10.1186/s43054-021-00054-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Z. Hosseinkhani ◽

H. R. Hassanabadi ◽

M. Parsaeian ◽

M. Osooli ◽

S. Assari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Academic Stress ◽

School Level ◽

Future Research ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

School Type ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Multilevel Study ◽

The Individual ◽

The City

Abstract Background Academic stress can cause mental and physical problems and affect adolescents’ healthy development. This study aimed to estimate academic stress and explore its sources at the individual- and school levels among school-going adolescents in the city of Qazvin, Iran. Results This cross-sectional study used a stratified cluster sampling to recruit 1724 students aged 12–19 years from 53 schools in Qazvin City. Data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire. The mean academic stress score was 45.7 (95% CI 45.2, 46.3). The stress level was statistically higher among older 47.5 (95% CI 46.7, 48.3) than younger 44.1 (95% CI 43.4, 44.9) adolescents. The main academic stressors included: future uncertainty 69.7 (95% CI 68.8, 70.7), academic competition 58.5 (95% CI 57.3, 59.6), and interaction with teachers 56.1 (95% CI 55.3, 56.9). Gender, educational period, school type, family socioeconomic status, and father’s education were associated with academic stress. Conclusions We conducted a multilevel study using a random sample of male and female students in the city of Qazvin, Iran. Results indicated moderate levels of stress among Iranian adolescents. The academic stress was associated with several individual and school-level variables. Students and their families and teachers need education on stress prevention methods and coping mechanisms. Future research should focus on developing and testing multilevel policies and interventions to improve students’ mental health and academic performance.

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Investigating foods and beverages sold and advertised in deprived urban neighbourhoods in Ghana and Kenya: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035680 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. e035680 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mark Alan Green ◽

Rebecca Pradeilles ◽

Amos Laar ◽

Hibbah Osei-Kwasi ◽

Nicolas Bricas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latent Class ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Food Type ◽

Sugar Sweetened Beverages ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High Exposure ◽

Sweetened Beverages ◽

Deprived Neighbourhoods ◽

Urban Neighbourhoods ◽

Food Advertisements

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to characterise the local foods and beverages sold and advertised in three deprived urban African neighbourhoods.DesignCross-sectional observational study. We undertook an audit of all food outlets (outlet type and food sold) and food advertisements. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise exposures. Latent class analysis was used to explore the interactions between food advertisements, food outlet types and food type availability.SettingThree deprived neighbourhoods in African cities: Jamestown in Accra, Ho Dome in Ho (both Ghana) and Makadara in Nairobi (Kenya).Main outcome measureTypes of foods and beverages sold and/or advertised.ResultsJamestown (80.5%) and Makadara (70.9%) were dominated by informal vendors. There was a wide diversity of foods, with high availability of healthy (eg, staples, vegetables) and unhealthy foods (eg, processed/fried foods, sugar-sweetened beverages). Almost half of all advertisements were for sugar-sweetened beverages (48.3%), with higher exposure to alcohol adverts compared with other items as well (28.5%). We identified five latent classes which demonstrated the clustering of healthier foods in informal outlets, and unhealthy foods in formal outlets.ConclusionOur study presents one of the most detailed geospatial exploration of the urban food environment in Africa. The high exposure of sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol both available and advertised represent changing urban food environments. The concentration of unhealthy foods and beverages in formal outlets and advertisements of unhealthy products may offer important policy opportunities for regulation and action.

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Comprehensive exposure assessments from the viewpoint of health in a unique high natural background radiation area, Mamuju, Indonesia

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-93983-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Eka Djatnika Nugraha ◽

Masahiro Hosoda ◽

Kusdiana ◽

Untara ◽

June Mellawati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Background Radiation ◽

Scientific Data ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Average Dose ◽

Natural Background ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High Exposure ◽

Natural Background Radiation ◽

Study Results ◽

Radiation Area

AbstractMamuju is one of the regions in Indonesia which retains natural conditions but has relatively high exposure to natural radiation. The goals of the present study were to characterize exposure of the entire Mamuju region as a high natural background radiation area (HNBRA) and to assess the existing exposure as a means for radiation protection of the public and the environment. A cross-sectional study method was used with cluster sampling areas by measuring all parameters that contribute to external and internal radiation exposures. It was determined that Mamuju was a unique HNBRA with the annual effective dose between 17 and 115 mSv, with an average of 32 mSv. The lifetime cumulative dose calculation suggested that Mamuju residents could receive as much as 2.2 Sv on average which is much higher than the average dose of atomic bomb survivors for which risks of cancer and non-cancer diseases are demonstrated. The study results are new scientific data allowing better understanding of health effects related to chronic low-dose-rate radiation exposure and they can be used as the main input in a future epidemiology study.

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Prevalence and Factors Associated With Burnout of Frontline Healthcare Workers in Fighting Against the COVID-19 Pandemic: Evidence From China

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.680614 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Xin Zhang ◽

Jiahui Wang ◽

Yanhua Hao ◽

Ke Wu ◽

Mingli Jiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infection Control ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Final Analysis ◽

Maslach Burnout Inventory ◽

Control Measures ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Infection Control Measures

ObjectivesThe sudden outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) plunged healthcare workers (HCWs) into warfare. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of burnout and the factors associated with it among frontline HCWs fighting COVID-19.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among frontline HCWs fighting against the COVID-19 in Wuhan, Harbin, and Shenzhen during the period from February 18 to March 4. Finally, HCWs were recruited using cluster sampling, 1,163 HCWs were included in the final analysis. Burnout was measured using a 22-item Maslach Burnout Inventory scale (MBI scale).ResultsOf the participants, 48.6% suffered from burnout, and 21.8% showed a high degree of burnout. Doctors (b = 3.954, P = 0.011) and nurses (b = 3.067, P = 0.042) showed higher emotional exhaustion (EE) than administrators. Participants who worked continuously for more than 8 h a day (b = 3.392, P = 0.000), those who were unable to eat three regular daily meals (b = 2.225, P = 0.008), whose daily water intake was no more than 800 ml (b = 3.007, P = 0.000), who slept for no more than 6 h (b = 1.609, P = 0.036), and who were infected or had colleagues who were infected with COVID-19 (b = 4.182, P = 0.000) experienced much higher levels of EE, while those who could adhere to infection control procedures (b = −5.992, P = 0.000), who were satisfied with their hospital’s infection control measures(b = −3.709, P = 0.001), and who could receive sufficient psychological crisis intervention (b = −1.588, P = 0.039) reported lower levels of EE.ConclusionThe study reveals that burnout is prevalent among frontline HCWs and that the known factors associated with burnout, such as workload, and the factors directly associated with COVID-19, such as having insufficient protection, can affect burnout symptoms in frontline HCWs. Synergized and comprehensive interventions should be targeted at reducing its occurrence among frontline HCWs fighting COVID-19.

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The associations of physical activity and the risk of CVD among Chinese population: a cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-100857/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chong Chen ◽

Shurong Lu ◽

Ganling Ding ◽

Jiaqi Wang ◽

Yu Qin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Leisure Time ◽

Latent Class ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Latent Classes ◽

Chinese Adults ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Framingham Risk ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background: Previous studies in Western suggest the association between physical activity (PA) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, limited evidence is available among Chinese adults. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between PA and the risk of CVD among Chinese adults.Methods: A total of 3568 adults were recruited from seven counties and districts in Jiangsu Province of China using a stratified multistage cluster sampling method. Information of PA, anthropometric measurements and laboratory indices were collected according to standard protocols. Three latent classes of PA were identified using the latent class analysis (LCA) method, and the risk of CVD in the next 10-year was calculated by the Framingham risk score (FRS).Results: Three latent classes of PA were identified: CLASS1 represented participants with high occupational and low sedentary PA (32.1% of male, 26.5% of female), ClASS2 consistently engaged in low occupational and high leisure-time PA (27.0% of male, 14.2% of female). CLASS3 had low leisure-time and high sedentary PA (40.9% of male, 59.3% of female). The FRS in male were higher than that in female across three Latent Classes. CLASS1 (OR=0.694, 95%CI: 0.553-0.869) and CLASS2 (OR=0.748, 95%CI: 0.573 -0.976) were both the protective factors for CVD in males, however, such association was not observed among females.Conclusion: Higher occupational or leisure-time PA were associated with decreased risk of CVD, whilst more sedentary behaviour may increase the risk of CVD among Chinese adults.

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Linking Islamic Work Ethic to Computer Use Ethics, Job Satisfaction and Organisational Commitment in Malaysia

Journal of Business Systems Governance & Ethics ◽

10.15209/jbsge.v5i1.175 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Norshidah Mohamed ◽

Nor Shahriza Abdul Karim ◽

Ramlah Hussein

Keyword(s):

Job Satisfaction ◽

Computer Use ◽

Work Ethic ◽

Academic Staff ◽

Survey Method ◽

Future Research ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Organisational Commitment ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Islamic Work Ethic

This research seeks to investigate whether Islamic work ethic is linked to individuals’ attitudes towards computer use ethics, job satisfaction and organisational commitment. The research used a cross-sectional self-administered survey method in the International Islamic University Malaysia. A total of 310 survey questionnaires were distributed to academic staff in four faculties i.e. Engineering, Information and Communication Technology, Human Science and Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Economics and Management Sciences faculties. Cluster sampling was used in the selection of academic staff from several randomly chosen class schedules. The study found that Islamic work ethic within a university environment is linked to individuals’ attitudes towards computer use ethics, job satisfaction and organisational commitment. Implications and areas for future research are also discussed.

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