Education, household income, and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older Japanese adults

Abstract Background Income inequality has dramatically increased worldwide, and there is a need to re-evaluate the association between socio-economic status (SES) and depression. Relative contributions of household income and education to depression, as well as their interactions, have not been fully evaluated. This study aimed to examine the association between SES and depressive symptoms in Japanese adults, focusing on interactions between education and household income levels. Methods This cross-sectional study used data from baseline surveys of two cohort studies. Participants were 38,499 community-dwelling people aged 40–74 years who participated in baseline surveys of the Murakami cohort study (2011–2012) and Uonuma cohort study (2012–2015) conducted in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Information regarding marital status, education level, household income, occupation, activities of daily living (ADL), and history of cancer, myocardial infarction, stroke, and diabetes was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Depressive symptoms were examined using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Logistic regression analysis was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs). Covariates included age, sex, marital status, education, household income, occupation, ADL, and disease history. Results Individuals with higher education levels had lower ORs (adjusted P for trend = 0.0007) for depressive symptoms, independently of household income level. The OR of the university-or-higher group was significantly lower than that of the junior high school group (adjusted OR = 0.79). Individuals with lower household income levels had higher ORs (adjusted P for trend< 0.0001) for depressive symptoms, independently of education level. The type of occupation was not associated with depressive symptoms. In subgroup analyses according to household income level, individuals with higher education levels had significantly lower ORs in the lowest- and lower-income groups (adjusted P for trend = 0.0275 and 0.0123, respectively), but not in higher- and highest-income groups (0.5214 and 0.0915, respectively). Conclusions Both education and household income levels are independently associated with the prevalence of depressive symptoms, with household income levels showing a more robust association with depressive symptoms than education levels. This suggests that a high household income level may offset the risk of depressive symptoms from having a low education level.

Download Full-text

Perbedaan Tingkat Keragaman Pangan Balita dan Tingkat Pendidikan Orang Tua di Rumah Tangga Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari (KRPL) Dan Non KRPL

Amerta Nutrition ◽

10.20473/amnt.v2i4.2018.364-372 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 364

Author(s):

Annisa Fidya Lestari ◽

Ratna Setyaningsih

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Household Income ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Income Level ◽

Education Level ◽

Dietary Diversity Score ◽

Reserve Food ◽

Parents Education

Background: Sustainable Reserve Food Garden Area (KRPL) is program that to increase family dietary diversity, such as children. Children’s dietary diversity can affect to nutritional adequacy and can impact to growth process. The factor that can affect successful of KRPL program is parents’ education level.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the difference between children’s dietary diversity level, household income level, and parents’ education level in sustainable reserve food garden area (KRPL) and non KRPL household in Kamal sub-district, Bangkalan district, Madura. Method: This was an observational study with case control comparative study design was conducted among 25 children in KRPL area and 25 children in non KRPL area with mother or other family member as respondents. Simple random sampling method was used to select the samples. Children and parents’ characteristic were asked to answer structured questionnaire. Children dietary diversity level was asked by Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) instrument. The data was analyzed with Mann Whitney statistic test. Result: Children that involved in this study, either in KRPL or non KRPL area, was less than the same 35 months old (52%). Children from KRPL area was mostly girls (64%), while children from non KPRL area was mostly boys (56%). Children dietary diversity condition in KRPL area was low (52%), while children dietary diversity level in non KRPL area was sufficient (64%). Children who lived in KRPL area not always have diverse intake. The result showed that there was no difference between children dietary diversity level in KRPL and non KRPL area (p=0.259). Household income level on KRPL area was higher (68%) if compared to household on non KRPL area (44%). Parents’ education level in KRPL area was classified high (father=88%, mother=88%), while that parents’ education level in non KRPL area classified low (father=88%, mother=100%) (p=0.000). Parents in KRPL area have higher education level compare to parents in non KPRL area. Conclusion: Children dietary diversity in KRPL area are not different with non KRPL area. Children who lived in KRPL area not always have diverse intake. There is difference between household’s income level and parents’ education level. Household in KRPL area have higher income and parents in KRPL area have higher education level compare to households and parents in non KPRL area. ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari (KRPL) merupakan program yang bertujuan untuk memperbaiki dan meningkatkan keragaman pangan keluarga, salah satunya balita. Keragaman pangan pada balita dapat berpengaruh pada kecukupan kebutuhan gizi dan berdampak pada proses pertumbuhannya. Salah satu faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi keberhasilan program KPRL adalah tingkat pendidikan orang tua.Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi perbedaan tingkat keragaman pangan balita dan tingkat pendapatan keluarga, dan tingkat pendidikan orang tua di rumah tangga Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari (KRPL) dan non KRPL Kecamatan Kamal, Kabupaten Bangkalan, Madura.Metode: Penelitian observasional dengan rancang bangun penelitian potong lintang komparatif dilakukan pada subjek penelitian yang terdiri dari 25 balita di wilayah KRPL dan 25 balita di wilayah non KRPL dengan ibu atau anggota keluarga lainnya sebagai responden. Metode simple random sampling digunakan untuk memilih sampel. Karakteristik balita dan orang tua ditanyakan melalui kuesioner. Tingkat keragaman pangan balita ditanyakan melalui instrumen Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) Data dianalisis menggunakan uji statistik Mann Whitney.Hasil: Balita yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini, baik di area KPRL maupun non KPRL, sebagian besar berusia kurang dari sama dengan 35 bulan (52%). Balita yang berasal dari wilayah KRPL sebagian besar perempuan (64%), sedangkan dari wilayah non KPRL sebagian besar laki-laki (56%). Kondisi tingkat keragaman pangan balita di wilayah KRPL tergolong rendah (52%), sedangkan tingkat keragaman pangan balita di wilayah non KRPL tergolong cukup (64%). Balita yang tinggal di rumah tangga KRPL tidak selalu mengonsumsi makanan yang beragam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan tingkat keragaman pangan balita di wilayah KRPL dan non KPRL (p=0,259). Tingkat pendapatan keluarga balita di wilayah KRPL lebih tinggi (68%) apabila dibandingkan dengan wilayah non KPRL (44%). Tingkat pendidikan orang tua di wilayah KRPL tergolong tinggi (ayah=88%, ibu=88%), sedangkan tingkat pendidikan orang tua di wilayah non KRPL tergolong rendah (ayah=88%, ibu=100%) (p=0,000).Kesimpulan: Tingkat keragaman pangan balita di area KRPL tidak berbeda dengan balita di area non KPRL. Terdapat perbedaan tingkat pendapatan keluarga dan tingkat pendidikan orang tua balita. Keluarga di wilayah KRPL memiliki tingkat pendapatan yang lebih tinggi dan orang tua di area KRPL memiliki tingkat pendidikan lebih tinggi apabila dibandingkan dengan rumah tangga dan orang tua di wilayah non KPRL.

Download Full-text

Association between parental socioeconomic status and offspring overweight/obesity from the China Family Panel Studies: a longitudinal survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045433 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. e045433

Author(s):

Suqin Ding ◽

Jingqi Chen ◽

Bin Dong ◽

Jie Hu

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Regression Model ◽

Household Income ◽

Parental Education ◽

Education Level ◽

Longitudinal Survey ◽

Average Household Income ◽

Education Levels ◽

Parental Socioeconomic Status

ObjectiveTo examine the association between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and the risk of offspring overweight/obesity and the changes of the association that occur as children grow older.DesignWe used data from the nationally representative longitudinal survey of the China Family Panel Studies of 2010 and its three follow-up waves in 2012, 2014 and 2016.ParticipantsA total of 6724 children aged 0–15 years old were included.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAverage household income and paternal and maternal education levels were used as SES indicators. Logistic regression model for panel data was used to examine the associations between SES indicators and child overweight/obesity. A restricted cubic spline linear regression model was used to estimate body mass index (BMI) trajectories with child growth across parental SES levels.ResultsCompared with the lowest education level (primary school or less), the ORs for fathers who had completed junior high school, senior high school and junior college or higher were 0.85 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.97), 0.77 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.92) and 0.72 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.93), respectively. The corresponding ORs for mothers were 0.76 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.86), 0.59 (95% CI 0.47 to 0.72) and 0.45 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.60), respectively. A negative association between parental education and offspring overweight/obesity was observed in the first 10 years but not in children 11–15 years old. BMI differences across parental education levels emerged from birth and widened before 6–7 years old, but decreased before adolescence. High average household income was related to a low risk of offspring overweight/obesity but not when parental education level was adjusted for.ConclusionHigh parental education levels were associated with a low risk of offspring overweight/obesity, especially before adolescence. Effective approaches need to be adopted in early childhood to reduce socioeconomic differences in overweight/obesity.

Download Full-text

Implications of parental lifestyle changes and education level on adolescent offspring weight: a population based cohort study - The HUNT Study, Norway

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023406 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. e023406 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Marit Naess ◽

Erik R Sund ◽

Turid Lingaas Holmen ◽

Kirsti Kvaløy

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Parental Education ◽

Population Based ◽

Education Level ◽

Lifestyle Changes ◽

Education Levels ◽

Reduced Physical Activity ◽

Z Scores ◽

Over Time

ObjectiveObesity tends to cluster in families reflecting both common genetics and shared lifestyle patterns within the family environment. The aim of this study was to examine whether parental lifestyle changes over time, exemplified by changes in weight and physical activity, could affect offspring weight in adolescents and if parental education level influenced the relationship.Design, setting and participantsThe population-based cohort study included 4424 parent-offspring participants from the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, Norway. Exposition was parental change in weight and physical activity over 11 years, and outcome was offspring weight measured in z-scores of body mass index (BMI) in mixed linear models.ResultsMaternal weight reduction by 2–6 kg was significantly associated with lower offspring BMI z-scores: −0.132 (95% CI −0.259 to −0.004) in the model adjusted for education. Parental weight change displayed similar effect patterns on offspring weight regardless of parents’ education level. Further, BMI was consistently lower in families of high education compared with low education in the fully adjusted models. In mothers, reduced physical activity level over time was associated with higher BMI z-scores in offspring: 0.159 (95% CI 0.030 to 0.288). Associations between physical activity change and adolescent BMI was not moderated by parental education levels.ConclusionLifestyle changes in mothers were associated with offspring BMI; reduced weight with lower—and reduced physical activity with higher BMI. Father’s lifestyle changes, however, did not significantly affect adolescent offspring’s weight. Overall, patterns of association between parental changes and offspring’s BMI were independent of parental education levels, though adolescents with parents with high education had lower weight in general.

Download Full-text

Comparison of Gardening Activities and Purchases of Homeowners and Renters

Journal of Environmental Horticulture ◽

10.24266/0738-2898-24.4.217 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 217-220

Author(s):

Bridget K. Behe

Keyword(s):

Household Income ◽

Income Group ◽

Income Level ◽

Internet Survey ◽

Target Market ◽

Income Category ◽

Income Groups

Abstract In September 2004, an Internet survey was conducted among 1507 American homeowners and renters to compare their gardening participation and purchases. Because income level and homeownership were related, the sample was stratified to create four groups using the respondent's 2003 household income: (a) < $25,000, (b) $25,000 to $49,999, (c) $50,000 to $74,999, and (d) ≥ $75,000. Within each income group, the percentages of respondents who participated in 14 gardening-related activities and made 12 gardening-related purchases were compared. Across all income groups, a higher percentage of homeowners than renters participated in gardening-related activities and made gardening-related purchases, however as income level rose the number of differences between homeowners and renters generally declined. At the income category $25,000 to $49,999, there were 20 of 26 possible differences between homeowners and renters. At the highest income category (≥ $75,000), homeowners and renters differed in only 5 of 14 gardening-related activities and none of 12 gardening-related purchases. Given the moderate extent to which they already participate and make gardening-related purchases, greater effort should be made to increase participation and purchases among this underserved target market.

Download Full-text

Abstract 193: Supplement Usage and the Relationship Between Education and Socioeconomic Status: Is Counseling Intervention Needed?

Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes ◽

10.1161/circoutcomes.11.suppl_1.193 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Ramita Gowda ◽

Rupa L Iyengar ◽

Cynara Maceda ◽

Mary Ann McLaughlin

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Education Level ◽

The Other ◽

Counseling Intervention ◽

Supplement Use ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The World ◽

Education Levels ◽

Chi Square Analysis

Introduction: Multivitamin (MVI) intake is seen in more than one third of American population. Each form of MVI differs in content and quantity of nutrients. Approximately 1 billion people around the world suffer from the deficiency of Vitamin D (Vit-D). Vit-D is necessary for a range of important cellular functions including the maintenance of calcium metabolism and normal muscle function. Current American College of Physician guidelines suggest a daily intake of 1,500 to 2,000 IU/day for adults for Vit-D less than 30ng/ml. There are no current guidelines for MVI usage. The aim of this study to understand the differences in supplement use among varying education levels. Methods: We evaluated 1,013 participants in the World Trade Center-CHEST Program from January 2011 to June 2014. Education level and supplement use for both MVI and Vit-D were self-reported in the questionnaire. Education levels were separated into 4 categories in regard to higher education: (1) None=Less than 12 years/High School/GED, (2) Some=Some college, no degree/associates degree, (3) College =Bachelor’s degree, (4) Graduate=Advanced degree (Masters’ and/or Doctorate Degrees) Chi-square analysis, independent t-test, and ANOVA analyses were performed in SAS 9.4. Results: MVI usage was lowest among those with the lowest education (None group) at 7.97%. compared to the other education levels: 44.93% (Some group), 31.64% (College group) and 15.46% (Graduate group). There was significant relationship in terms of MVI usage between the lowest education level (None group) and the other education levels ( p =0.0214). Among those taking Vit-D, the lowest usage was also seen in the lowest education level, at 9.65%, compared to ‘Some’ at 41.67%, ‘College’ at 31.14% and ‘Graduate’ at 17.54%. There was a trend towards significance in Vit-D usage among those with the lowest education levels (None) compared with the other education groups ( p =0.0773). Conclusion: There is no established data to suggest multivitamin use is directly associated with chronic illnesses such as increased cardiovascular risks, cancer and pulmonary disease. It has been established that hypovitaminosis D is associated with increased risk for hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Vitamin D supplementation is recommended to mitigate these risks. Those with higher education levels are more likely to take supplements possibly because of their increased health literacy. Patients with lower education levels may benefit from counseling of vitamin supplementation usage, MVI and especially in Vit-D as it has shown to have health benefits.

Download Full-text

FAKTOR RISIKO KEGEMUKAN PADA WANITA DEWASA INDONESIA

Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan ◽

10.25182/jgp.2013.8.1.1-8 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rian Diana ◽

Indah Yuliana ◽

Ghaida Yasmin ◽

Hardinsyah Hardinsyah

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Higher Education ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Household Income ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Education Level ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Overweight Women

This study was aimed to analyze risk factors of overweight women aged 19—55 years in Indonesia. This study used electronic files data of the National Basic Health Research 2010 from Ministry of Health, which was designed as a cross sectional survey. A total of 57,167 women aged 19—55 years were selected for the analysis. A logistic regression was applied to analyze risk factors of overweight. The result showed that 29.4% of subjects were overweight (including obese). The significant risk factors (p<0.05) of overweight among subjects were marital status (OR for married=2.712; 95%CI:2.559—2.875), household income (OR for high income=1.566; 95%CI:1.504—1.631), living settlement (OR for urban=1.358; 95%CI:1.304—1.413), physical activity (OR for sedentary=1.213; 95%CI:1.153—1.275), energy from carbohydrate (EAC) (OR for EAC≥55%=1.119; 95%CI:1.067—1.173), and energy from sugary sweetened foods (ESF) (OR for ESF≥10%=1.100; 95%CI:1.037—1.166). Education level (OR for higher education=0.817; 95%CI:0.782—0.853) was a protective factors for overweight. This implies the importance of promoting physical activity and healthy diet, especially with sugary sweetened foods and adequate energy from carbohydrate, for preventing and controlling overweight among Indonesian adults especially women.

Download Full-text

A Study on EFL Teaching Affecting Chinese Cultural Tourism

Theory and Practice in Language Studies ◽

10.17507/tpls.0808.17 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (8) ◽

pp. 1035 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Onsiri Wimontham

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Teaching And Learning ◽

Swot Analysis ◽

Education Level ◽

People’S Republic Of China ◽

Curriculum Management ◽

People's Republic Of China ◽

Republic Of China ◽

Analysis Technique ◽

Education Levels

This research article is focused on presenting research studies related to English teaching as a foreign language in educational institutes; secondary and higher education levels in China so as to acquire whether there is weakness and strength or not. This research is conducted in Thailand and Beijing municipality, People’s Republic of China. The duration of research is 90 days; 80 days in Thailand and 10 days in People’s Republic of China. The sample size of 30 persons is chosen with the purposive sampling method. The research instruments consist of questionnaire, focus group interview and evaluating form from participatory. The researcher conducts analysis for both qualitative and quantitative data with a SWOT analysis technique; strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The research was found that the summary of opinion of youths who live in Beijing towards the importance of using English to elevate and develop cultural and wisdom tourism, The summary of Chinese youths’ opinion towards the teaching and learning curriculum management of English for communication in Beijing municipality, secondary education level, The summary of level of Chinese youths opinion towards the teaching and learning curriculum management of English for communication in Beijing municipality, in a higher education level.

Download Full-text

Differences in Self-Rated Health and Physical Activity due to Education Level among Koreans: Understanding Implications of Physical Education

Iranian Journal of Public Health ◽

10.18502/ijph.v50i10.7498 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Byung-Kweon

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Higher Education ◽

Middle School ◽

Physical Education ◽

Education Level ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Self Rated Health ◽

Education Levels

Background: We aimed to explore the effect of education levels on self-rated health and physical activity (PA) and to provide basic data for developing interventions based on physical education to improve the quality of life among Koreans. Methods: The 2019 Community Health Survey data were selected through primary and secondary phylogenetic extraction. The survey was conducted among Korean adults aged ≥19 years (n=229,099), in 2019, using an electronic questionnaire. The education levels were classified into eight groups: uneducated, Seodang/Hanhak (traditional Korean school), elementary school, middle school, high school, college (2 or 3 years), university (4 years), and post-graduate or higher. In this study, the effect of participants’ education levels on self-rated health levels and PA was investigated (the PA subdimensions were: the number of days of vigorous PA, moderate-intensity PA, walking, and flexibility exercises). Results: 1) Regarding self-rated health, significant differences according to education level were recorded (P<0.001), with higher education levels leading to higher averages. 2) Regarding PA, significant differences according to education level were revealed, and the number of days of vigorous PA, walking, and flexibility exercise (P<0.001) increased with higher education levels. Moreover, the university (4 years) group reported the highest average. However, the middle school group reported the highest average for the number of days of moderate-intensity PA (P<0.001), and the average number of days decreased as the education level increased after middle school. Conclusion: Education plays an important role in maintaining health, and practicing appropriate PA contributes to one’s quality of life.

Download Full-text

HUBUNGAN USIA, TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN, DAN TINGKAT PENDAPATAN DENGAN KEPUASAN HIDUP PADA TP-PKK KALIGUNG BANYUWANGI

Journal of Community Mental Health and Public Policy ◽

10.51602/cmhp.v2i2.37 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Erlin Qur'atul Aini

Keyword(s):

Life Satisfaction ◽

Elementary School ◽

Income Level ◽

Education Level ◽

Observational Research ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Education Levels ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

Very High

Every individual has a standard of life satisfaction. The life satisfaction is also experienced by mothers who work and have income. Factors that affect life satisfaction are age, education, and income. This study aims to analyze the correlation of age, education level, and income level with the satisfaction of life at member of TP-PKK Kaligung Village, Blimbingsari District, Banyuwangi. This research was an analytical observational research with cross sectional design conducted on May 2019 in Kaligung Village, Blimbingsari District, Banyuwangi. Total samples of this study are 35 people from population of TP-PKK Kaligung Village, Blimbingsari District, Banyuwangi. Data were analyzed by Somer’s D Test. The result was satisfaction of life on members of TP-PKK Kaligung Village, Blimbingsari District, Banyuwangi on category very satisfied was 14%, satisfied was 54% and not satisfied was 2%. The majority of the age of respondents on late adult was 54%, education level respondents most elementary school was 37%, respondents have no income was 57%. The age variable (CI=95%; P = 0.45; r =-0.119) has no correlation with life satisfaction. The education level (CI=95%; P = 0.001; r = 0.365) and the income level (P = 0.036; r =-0.671) has significant correlation with life satisfaction. There was no correlation beetwen age and life satisfaction Then, if education levels was getting higher, life satisfaction would increased. Instead, if the income level was getting higher, the life satisfaction would decreased. Recommendation of this study, that each individual must view their life positively, be able to think rationally and objectively and be able to control theirself to stable in maintaining lifestyle when the level of education is not very high, and the level of income is getting higher so their life satisfaction does not decline.

Download Full-text