scholarly journals In vitro delivery efficiencies of nebulizers for different breathing patterns

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Mok Park ◽  
Kyung Hwa Chang ◽  
Sang-Hyub Moon ◽  
Bong Joo Park ◽  
Sun Kook Yoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Breathing Pattern ◽  
Dose Delivery ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Adult Asthmatic ◽  
Constant Output ◽  
Delivery Efficiency

Abstract Background Nebulizers are medical devices that deliver aerosolized medication directly to lungs to treat a variety of respiratory diseases. However, breathing patterns, respiration rates, airway diameters, and amounts of drugs delivered by nebulizers may be respiratory disease dependent. Method In this study, we developed a respiratory simulator consisting of an airway model, an artificial lung, a flow sensor, and an aerosol collecting filter. Various breathing patterns were generated using a linear actuator and an air cylinder. We tested six home nebulizers (jet (2), static (2), and vibrating mesh nebulizers (2)). Nebulizers were evaluated under two conditions, that is, for the duration of nebulization and at a constant output 1.3 mL using four breathing patterns, namely, the breathing pattern specified in ISO 27427:2013, normal adult, asthmatic, and COPD. Results One of the vibrating mesh nebulizers had the highest dose delivery efficiency. The drug delivery efficiencies of nebulizers were found to depend on breathing patterns. Conclusion We suggest a quantitative drug delivery efficiency evaluation method and calculation parameters that include considerations of constant outputs and residual volumes. The study shows output rates and breathing patterns should be considered when the drug delivery efficiencies of nebulizers are evaluated.

scholarly journals Valved holding chamber drug delivery is dependent on breathing pattern and device design

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 00158-2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Csonka ◽  
Lauri Lehtimäki
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Airway Obstruction ◽  
Breathing Pattern ◽  
Device Design ◽  
Small Children ◽  
Paediatric Practice ◽  
Delivered Dose

Small children with airway obstruction breathe with very low tidal volumes (VT) and high respiratory rates (RRs). These extreme respiratory patterns affect drug delivery unpredictably through valved holding chambers (VHCs).We compared in anin vitrostudy the effectiveness of two VHCs, one small (140 mL, Optichamber Diamond) and one large (350 mL, Babyhaler) without facemasks, to deliver salbutamol to filters positioned between the VHC mouthpieces and a breathing simulator. Different tidal volumes (from 30 mL to 200 mL) and RRs (25·min-1and 50·min-1) were applied through a breathing simulator.The amount of salbutamol delivered increased with increasingVTin both VHCs for both RRs (ρ>0.87 and p<0.001 for both devices at both rates). The effect of RR was not as evident, but drug delivery tended to be higher at the higher rate. Drug delivery was significantly higher through the Optichamber Diamond as compared with the Babyhaler at every combination of RR andVTup to a 12-fold difference.We found marked differences in salbutamol delivery between the Babyhaler and Optichamber Diamond VHCs. The delivered dose of salbutamol increased with increasingVTand RR with both VHCs but with differences related to valve dead spaces. Instead of considering all VHCs equal in clinical paediatric practice, each device should be testedin vitrowith respiratory patterns relevant to small children with respiratory difficulties.

A Resveratrol-Loaded Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-Chitosan Based Nanotherapeutic: Characterization and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Against Prostate Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 2090-2098
Author(s):  
Erdal Eroglu
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Human Prostate ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate ◽  
Human Prostate Cancer ◽  
Prostate Cancer Cells ◽  
Delivery Efficiency

The delivery of therapeutic molecules such as drugs, nucleic acids, or other active molecules into the target tissue and cells is limited because of biological and cellular barriers. Recently, many efforts are being made to bypass these barriers using nanosized drug delivery vehicles. For the targeted transfer of anticancer agents into the cancer tissue with higher efficiency and lower cellular toxicity, synthesis of nano-scale smart materials hold great promise due to the enhanced permeability and retention capability. Encapsulation of natural anticancer compounds such as resveratrol displaying low water-solubility and poor chemical stability into nanomaterials are intensely being studied to achieve the enhanced anticancer activity. The aim of this study is to investigate the drug delivery efficiency of the poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA)-chitosan nanoparticles (PCNPs) against PC-3 human prostate cancer cells In Vitro. To achieve this aim, resveratrol (RES), one of the widely known natural anticancer agent, is encapsulated into pHEMA core and pHEMARES nanospheres were coated with a cationic polymer, chitosan. Then, developed PCNPs-RES complexes were characterized using fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV) visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses. The characterization studies revealed the synthesis of PCNPs nanoparticles and the entrapment of RES into PCNPs. Also, the cytotoxicity and drug delivery efficiency of PCNPs-RES complexes were tested in human prostate cancer cells, PC-3, In Vitro. As a consequence, PCNPs was shown to be a promising candidate as a new generation nanotherapeutic against prostate cancer In Vitro.

scholarly journals Folate Receptor-Targeted Albumin Nanoparticles Based on Microfluidic Technology to Deliver Cabazitaxel

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanchao Meng ◽  
Yating Sun ◽  
Robert J. Lee ◽  
Guiyuan Wang ◽  
Xiaolong Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Mixing Efficiency ◽  
Microfluidic Technology ◽  
Delivery Efficiency

Microfluidic technology (MF) has improved the formulation of nanoparticles (NPs) by achieving uniform particle size distribution, controllable particle size, and consistency. Moreover, because liquid mixing can be precisely controlled in the pores of the microfluidic chip, maintaining high mixing efficiency, MF exerts higher of NP encapsulation efficiency (EE) than conventional methods. MF-NPs-cabazitaxel (CTX) particles (MF-NPs-CTX) were first prepared by encapsulating CTX according to MF. Folate (FA)- Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-NPs-CTX particles (FA-PEG-NPs-CTX) were formulated by connecting FA to MF-NPs-CTX to endow NPs with targeted delivery capability. Accordingly, the mean particle size of FA-PEG-NPs-CTX increased by approximately 25 nm, as compared with MF-NPs-CTX. Upon morphological observation of FA-PEG-NPs-CTX and MF-NPs-CTX by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), all NPs were spherical and particle size distribution was uniform. Moreover, the increased delivery efficiency of CTX in vitro and its strong tumor inhibition in vivo indicated that FA-PEG-NPs-CTX had a powerful tumor-suppressive effect both in vitro and in vivo. In vivo imaging and pharmacokinetic data confirmed that FA-PEG-NPs-CTX had good drug delivery efficiency. Taken together, FA-PEG-NPs-CTX particles prepared using MF showed high efficient and targeted drug delivery and may have a considerable driving effect on the clinical application of targeting albumin NPs.

scholarly journals Variations of flow in human airways as a consequence of lung diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 02055
Author(s):  
Frantisek Lizal ◽  
David Stejskal ◽  
Miloslav Belka ◽  
Jan Jedelsky ◽  
Miroslav Jicha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Experimental Verification ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Breathing Pattern ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Human Airways ◽  
Distribution Of Flow ◽  
Lung Lobes

The efficiency of drug delivery administered by inhalation depends, among other factors, such as size and shape of aerosol particles, significantly also on the flow in the airways. As many lung diseases change both the breathing pattern and the shape of airways, we focus in this study on the influence of several selected diseases on the distribution of flow between the lung lobes and on changes the diseases induce on the course of flowrate. First, we present results of a literature survey focused on the published records of pathological breathing patterns. In the second part, we describe the newly designed breathing simulator and the implementation of the patterns into it. The last part is focused on the experimental verification of fidelity of the simulated breathing patterns.

scholarly journals A few attempts to increase the amount of a drug coated onto the microneedles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Liang ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Gui Yao Ren ◽  
Jun You Li ◽  
Xin Dong Guo
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Drug Dosage ◽  
Loading Capacity ◽  
Compaction Process ◽  
Dosage Requirement ◽  
Hot Compaction ◽  
Delivery Efficiency ◽  
Coated Microneedles

Abstract As an approach of painless administration, coated microneedles (MNs) have an increasing attention on the drug loading capacity to meet higher drug dosage requirement. In this work, the solid and coated MNs were successfully fabricated using hot-compaction process and dipping with a dam board reservoir. The maximum drug loading of different height, arrays and coating solutions reached 118 μg, which was hundreds of times the unmodified coated MNs. The in vitro drug delivery was also evaluated and the result revealed that the coated MNs fabricated could achieve about 90% drug delivery efficiency. The insulin-coaded MNs holding 0.5 IU of insulin were fabricated with dipping method, which had the same therapeutic effect on diabetic mice compared with the injection of the same dose. All the results demonstrated that coated MNs could meet the dosage needs of diseases by improving the height, arrays and coating solutions.

Development of an In-vitro Drug Delivery Efficiency Test for a Pulmonary Toxicokinetic Pig Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1167-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadine Schaefer ◽  
Ann K. Kroll ◽  
Matthias W. Laschke ◽  
Michael D. Menger ◽  
Hans H. Maurer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Efficiency Test ◽  
Delivery Efficiency

scholarly journals Effects of distancing and pattern of breathing on the filtering capability of commercial and custom-made facial masks: An in-vitro study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250432
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Ball ◽  
Stefano Alberti ◽  
Claudio Belfortini ◽  
Chiara Almondo ◽  
Chiara Robba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Primary Endpoint ◽  
Breathing Pattern ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Jet Nebulizer

Background Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemics, masking policies have been advocated. While masks are known to prevent transmission towards other individuals, it is unclear if different types of facial masks can protect the user from inhalation. The present study compares in-vitro different commercial and custom-made facial masks at different distances and breathing patterns. Methods Masks were placed on a head mannequin connected to a lung simulator, using a collecting filter placed after the mannequin airway. Certified, commercial and custom-made masks were tested at three different distances between the emitter and the mannequin: 40 cm, 80 cm and 120 cm. Two patterns of breathing were used, simulating normal and polypneic respiration. A solution of methylene blue was nebulized with a jet nebulizer and different mask-distance-breathing pattern combinations were tested. The primary endpoint was the inhaled fraction, defined as the amount of methylene blue detected with spectrophotometry expressed as percent of the amount detected in a reference condition of zero distance and no mask. Findings We observed a significant effect of distance (p < 0.001), pattern of breathing (p = 0.040) and type of mask (p < 0.001) on inhaled fraction. All masks resulted in lower inhaled fraction compared to breathing without mask (p < 0.001 in all comparisons), ranging from 41.1% ± 0.3% obtained with a cotton mask at 40 cm distance with polypneic pattern to <1% for certified FFP3 and the combination of FFP2 + surgical mask at all distances and both breathing pattern conditions. Discussion Distance, type of device and breathing pattern resulted in highly variable inhaled fraction. While the use of all types of masks resulted relevantly less inhalation compared to distancing alone, only high-grade certified devices (FFP3 and the combination of FFP2 + surgical mask) ensured negligible inhaled fraction in all conditions.

Development of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Lamivudine for Brain Targeting

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pravin Patil ◽  
Anil Sharma ◽  
Subhash Dadarwal ◽  
Vijay Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Rotation Speed ◽  
Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Brain Targeting ◽  
Brain Penetration ◽  
Solid Lipid ◽  
Diffusion Technique

The objective of present investigation was to enhance brain penetration of Lamivudine, one of the most widely used drugs for the treatment of AIDS. This was achieved through incorporating the drug into solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) prepared by using emulsion solvent diffusion technique. The formulations were characterized for surface morphology, size and size distribution, percent drug entrapment and drug release. The optimum rotation speed, resulting into better drug entrapment and percent yield, was in the range of 1000-1250 r/min. In vitro cumulative % drug release from optimized SLN formulation was found 40-50 % in PBS (pH-7.4) and SGF (pH-1.2) respectively for 10 h. After 24 h more than 65 % of the drug was released from all formulations in both mediums meeting the requirement for drug delivery for prolong period of time.

Functionalized Nano-graphene Oxide as Multi-modal Clinic for Effective Drug Delivery

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 3768-3771
Author(s):  
Soumitra Satapathi ◽  
Rutusmita Mishra ◽  
Manisha Chatterjee ◽  
Partha Roy ◽  
Somesh Mohapatra
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Cancer Cell Line ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Graphene Derivatives ◽  
Nano Graphene

Nano-materials based drug delivery modalities to specific organs and tissues has become one of the critical endeavors in pharmaceutical research. Recently, two-dimensional graphene has elicited considerable research interest because of its potential application in drug delivery systems. Here we report, the drug delivery applications of PEGylated nano-graphene oxide (nGO-PEG), complexed with a multiphoton active and anti-cancerous diarylheptanoid drug curcumin. Specifically, graphene-derivatives were used as nanovectors for the delivery of the hydrophobic anticancer drug curcumin due to its high surface area and easy surface functionalization. nGO was synthesized by modified Hummer’s method and confirmed by XRD analysis. The formation of nGO, nGO-PEG and nGO-PEG-Curcumin complex were monitored through UV-vis, IR spectroscopy. MTT assay and AO/EB staining found that nGO-PEG-Curcumin complex afforded highly potent cancer cell killing in vitro with a human breast cancer cell line MCF7.

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