A cross-sectional ecological study of spatial scale and geographic inequality in access to drinking-water and sanitation

This pilot cross-sectional study was conducted to assess water and sanitation hygiene-related knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) among rural school students in Chennai, South India in September 2013. A convenient sample of 80 participants (70 children and 10 staff members) was enrolled in the study. The inclusion criteria included participants residing in rural areas and studying in a government school. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess sociodemographic and school characteristics and water and sanitation hygiene (WASH)-related KAP. The mean age of the students was 14 years (SD = 2) and half of them were females. The school had a government drinking water supply and did not use any water treatment/purification method. The majority of the participants had correct WASH-related knowledge. However, one-third of the students reported diarrheal episodes in the school due to unsafe drinking water. There was disparity in the response of the students compared to the staff about toilet facilities in the school. This study concluded that there is a need for multifaceted intervention that will facilitate adequate water and sanitation hygiene practices among school children through the availability of proper sanitation infrastructure and family-centered education.

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Water and sanitation hygiene practices among household members living in urban slum in Gwalior city: a cross sectional study

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20211372 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 1180

Author(s):

Swati Sarswat ◽

Satender Saraswat

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Urban Slum ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Madhya Pradesh ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

Attitudes And Practices ◽

Validated Questionnaire

Background: Population inhabit in urban slum of developing countries face sanitation, water supply and cleanliness related issues. We contemplated knowledge, attitudes and practices identified with drinking water and sanitation offices among urban slum populace of Gwalior city, Madhya Pradesh, India.Methods: It was a cross-sectional study comprising of individuals over 18 years of age residing at Muriya Pahar and Awadpura, Urban Slum, Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh) from September 2019 to December 2019. Total 120 individuals were interviewed using simple random sampling technique. Basic information about socio-demographic profile and existing drinking water and sanitation related knowledge, attitude, and practices was collected using a modified version of previously validated questionnaire and analysed.Results: Thirty five percent (35%) of the participants were following bleach/chlorine methods of water treatment while twenty five percent (25%) of the participants felt that water available to them was clean and did not require any additional treatment. Forty percent (40%) of the participants surveyed, did not have access to toilets inside their households.Conclusions: There is a requirement for mediation to instruct people about drinking water treatment techniques, sanitation, and hand washing rehearses.

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Level of Knowledge Regarding Water and Sanitation among Women of Biratnagar

Journal of Nobel Medical College ◽

10.3126/jonmc.v7i2.22309 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 58-63

Author(s):

Durga Devi Chaulagain ◽

Kamal Prasad Parajuli

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Safe Drinking Water ◽

Human Beings ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

Safe Water ◽

Adequate Knowledge ◽

Water Borne

Background: Clean and safe water is one of the basic needs of human beings. Inaccessibility to this and poor sanitation leads to various water borne diseases, gastro enteropathy and under nutrition. In Nepal, only 39% of total population have access to improved sanitation and 38.4% of people defecate in open airs. So the objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledgeand practices regarding safe drinking water and sanitation among women. Materials and methods: A descript cross-sectional research design was adopted for the study. A convenient sampling technique was used for sample collection. A self-designed structured questionnaire along with face to face interview was to evaluate the knowledge. Data were analysed by using descriptive as well as inferential statistics to find out association betweenlevels of knowledge of safe drinking water. Result: The findings showed that among 75 participants, 44% had adequate knowledge, 45.3% had moderate knowledge and 10.7% had inadequate knowledge regarding safe water and sanitation. In this study most ofthe respondents,ie 45.3% had moderate knowledge. Conclusion: The research findings concluded that most of the participants had moderate knowledge about safe drinkingwater and sanitation. Thus, the author feels community mass health education is required in this community to prevent water borne diseases.

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A community based cross sectional study to assess the drinking water handling and management practices, sanitary practices at the household level in Sullia taluk, Karnataka

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20171783 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 1678

Author(s):

Sharanya Kaniambady ◽

Dinesh Peraje Vasu ◽

Sandhya G ◽

Annarao Gunderao Kulkarni

Keyword(s):

Water Management ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Free Chlorine ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

Household Level ◽

Water Handling ◽

Handling Practices

Background: The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) - 7 aimed to reduce by half the proportion of population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. Without access to clean water and basic toilets, and without good hygiene practices, a child’s survival, growth and development are at risk. This study was conducted to assess the drinking water management and handling practices at household level of Sullia Taluk of Karnataka which would give an insight into drinking water management and handling practices in this area. Also the present study is planned to determine the sanitary practices in the households of Sullia Taluk. Methods: 260 houses were sampled using a probability proportionate to sampling size . A cross sectional study was done using a semistructured questionnaire to assess water handling, water management and sanitary practices. Free chlorine in the water was assessed by O- Toluidine. Results: Main source of drinking water was protected dug well in 31.5% and 75.3% did not have any alternate source of drinking water. 92% of those who stored water in overhead tanks and sumps did not clean them within seven days. 14% of the households did not use any of the water treatment methods before drinking. There was no free chlorine in the water of any of the households . 4% did not wash their hands with soap post-defecation. 28% of the households threw their waste indiscriminately around their house. 92% had cattle in close proximity to their house. None of the households practiced open field defecation. Conclusions: Health education is very important to prevent the incidences of water and sanitation related diseases. Emphasis needs to be given to behavioural change communication to create awareness among the households regarding the importance of water and sanitation practices.

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Assessment of water and sanitation facilities of Raipur, Hingna in the district of Nagpur: a cross-sectional study

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20201446 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 1410

Author(s):

Anchlesh V. Tekam ◽

Sushama S. Thakre ◽

Subhash Thakre ◽

Roshan U. Raut

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Monitoring Program ◽

Water Source ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Drinking Water Source ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

Piped Water ◽

Joint Monitoring ◽

Core Questions

Background: Drinking water supply and sanitation in India continue to be inadequate, despite longstanding attempts by the different levels of government and communities at improving coverage. The study was conducted to assess the water and sanitation facilities of Raipur, Hingna in the district of Nagpur.Methods: A community‑based, cross‑sectional research was conducted among 521 households in Raipur (Hingna) from June to August 2018 by interviewing one member from each household using a predesigned and pretested questionnaire based on the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program Core questions on drinking water and sanitation for household surveys.Results: A majority 284 (54.5%) of slum households have piped water into dwelling, 157 (30.1%) used public tap and 460 (88.3%) household used flush or flush pour latrine. Open field defaecation was not reported in this study.Conclusions: The utilization of improved drinking water source was high. And piped water connection and improved sanitary toilet used was also high. The results coincide with the national and state figures.

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A Study of Risk Factors related to Water and Sanitation in Pune, west India

Journal of Community Health Research ◽

10.18502/jchr.v8i2.1181 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Sayani Dutta ◽

Erach Bharucha

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Distribution System ◽

Water System ◽

Holistic Approach ◽

Western India ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Water And Sanitation ◽

The City

Background: Piped water systems are considered to be the gold standard for drinking water according to the Joint Water Monitoring Study. However, poor maintenance of distribution pipes, intermittency of water supply, and sewage water intrusion have contributed to a number of water-borne disease episodes in developed and developing countries. Methods: This study investigated the risk burden related to drinking water and sanitation in population clusters of Pune, western India that are being served by a piped distribution system through a cross-sectional survey. Two-stage stratified convenience sampling was carried out. The city was divided into administrative wards of which the city center, the neo-urban and the peri-urban settlement were selected. In the second step a higher (HSG) and a lower socioeconomic group (LSG) were selected from each of the three studied wards. A questionnaire including close-ended items was used to conduct the survey. Results: In 2711 individuals studied, risk burden related to drinking water and sanitation was found to be higher in the LSG; 60% (677 of 1121), 70% (1029 of 1473) , 74% (1325 of 1791) from the LSGs did not have a private water tap and continuous water supply, and did not treat the water at the household level, respectively. 98% (1403 of 1426) had neither a private water tap nor a private sanitary facility. The socioeconomic difference was significant (p<0.0001). 51 (3.5%) individuals from the LSGs and 42 (3.49%) ones from HSGs reported having suffered from severe diarrhea in the recall period of 2 years. Although the number of disease cases was lower than the overall risk burden, the potential of the latter to cause a disease outbreak cannot be eliminated. Conclusion: The study highlights that piped drinking water system which is considered as a safe source can become a source of pathogenic microorganisms if not properly maintained. A holistic approach to risk assessment, i.e., from the catchment and its source water to the consumer, is required.

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