scholarly journals Is expected substance type associated with timing of drug checking service utilization?: A cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Beaulieu ◽  
Evan Wood ◽  
Samuel Tobias ◽  
Mark Lysyshyn ◽  
Priya Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Service Utilization ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Harm Reduction Intervention ◽  
Drug Checking ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
User Knowledge

Abstract Background Drug checking is a harm reduction intervention aiming to reduce substance use-related risks by improving drug user knowledge of the composition of unregulated drugs. With increasing fears of fentanyl adulteration in unregulated drugs, this study sought to examine whether the expected type of drug checked (stimulant vs. opioid) was associated with timing of drug checking service utilization (pre-consumption vs. post-consumption). Methods Data were derived from drug checking sites in British Columbia between October 31, 2017 and December 31, 2019. Pearson’s Chi-square test was used to examine the relationship between expected sample type (stimulant vs. opioid) and timing of service utilization. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated to assess the strength of this relationship. The Mantel–Haenszel (MH) test was used to adjust for service location. Results A total of 3561 unique stimulant and opioid samples were eligible for inclusion, including 691 (19.40%) stimulant samples; and 2222 (62.40%) samples that were tested pre-consumption. Results indicated a positive association between testing stimulant samples and testing pre-consumption (OR = 1.45; 95% CI 1.21–1.73). Regions outside of the epicenter of the province’s drug scene showed a stronger association with testing pre-consumption (ORMH = 2.33; 95% CI 1.51–3.56) than inside the epicenter (ORMH = 1.33; 95% CI 1.09–1.63). Conclusion Stimulant samples were more likely to be checked pre-consumption as compared with opioid samples, and stimulant samples were more likely to be tested pre-consumption in regions outside the epicenter of the province’s drug scene. This pattern may reflect a concern for fentanyl-adulterated stimulant drugs.

scholarly journals Is Expected Substance Type Associated With Timing of Drug Checking Service Utilization?: a Cross-sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara Beaulieu ◽  
Evan Wood ◽  
Samuel Tobias ◽  
Mark Lysyshyn ◽  
Priya Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Service Utilization ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Harm Reduction Intervention ◽  
Drug Checking ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
User Knowledge

Abstract Background: Drug checking is a harm reduction intervention aiming to reduce substance use-related risks by improving drug user knowledge of the composition of unregulated drugs. With increasing fears of fentanyl adulteration in unregulated drugs, this study sought to examine whether the expected type of drug checked (stimulant vs. opioid) was associated with timing of drug checking service utilization (pre-consumption vs. post-consumption).Methods: Data were derived from drug checking sites in British Columbia between October 31, 2017 and December 31, 2019. Pearson’s Chi-square test was used to examine the relationship between expected sample type (stimulant vs. opioid) and timing of service utilization. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated to assess the strength of this relationship. The Mantel-Haenszel (MH) test was used to adjust for service location. Results: 3,561 unique stimulant and opioid samples were eligible for inclusion, including 691 (19.40%) stimulant samples; and 2,222 (62.40%) samples that were tested pre-consumption. Results indicated a positive association between testing stimulant samples and testing pre-consumption (OR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.21 – 1.73). Regions outside of the epicenter of the province’s drug scene showed a stronger association with testing pre-consumption (ORMH = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.51 - 3.56) than inside the epicenter (ORMH = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.09 - 1.63).Conclusion: Stimulant samples were more likely to be checked pre-consumption as compared with opioid samples, and stimulant samples were more likely to be tested pre-consumption in regions outside the epicenter of the province’s drug scene. This pattern may reflect a concern for fentanyl-adulterated stimulant drugs.

scholarly journals Study on prevalence of hypertension in gazetted officers

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 314
Author(s):  
Prakash Dudhani ◽  
Sanjay Khandekar
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
One Year ◽  
Mercury Sphygmomanometer

Background: There was a strong correlation between increase in hypertension and changing lifestyle factors. The problem which lies with the hypertension is that it cannot be cured completely. And its management requires lifelong medication with some life-style modifications. Decreased physical activities coupled with increased mental tension are important contributors of hypertension. They are usually seen amongst employees of the profession where working is typically sedentary.  The main objectives were to study on prevalence of hypertension and risk factors among Government Gazetted officers of Maharashtra, India.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried among gazetted officers working in various departments of state Government for a period of one year in Solapur district. 355 Gazetted Government officers of class I & class II cadre were studied. Blood pressure was measured with a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. Chi-square test was applied to assess risk factors.Results: In present study, the prevalence of hypertension among Gazetted officers was observed 20.28%. There was significant positive association was found between age and prevalence of hypertension. And also it was found significantly higher in men than women. The association between education and hypertension found to be statistically significant (P<0.001), while there was no association between socioeconomic status and hypertension was found (P=0.33). Prevalence of hypertension was noted higher at every level of BMI. Prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher in smokers, alcoholic and had significant association (P<0.05).Conclusions: We conclude that, because of high prevalence of hypertension in Gazetted officers, periodically they should be screened for the same.

scholarly journals Assessment and association of various factors affecting pulmonary function of workers of a factory

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1954
Author(s):  
Shreyans D. Singhvi ◽  
Preksha T. Singh ◽  
Rafe M. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Chi Square Test

Background: Occupational health diseases are becoming vividly active in the present scenario of the generation. Because of the active industrialization of the world, in the last century various industries are growing each and every day in various fields in multiple countries. Textile industries alone are one of the most common industry and a source of occupation for more than 20 million workers in India itself. Therefore, it is very important to ensure proper preventive and medical strategies for the industrial workers.Methods: A cross sectional study of 240 workers in a textile industry, was performed. For the study, a well structural questionnaire and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) examination was used. Several factors were considered for the abnormality of the PEFR and considerable associations were questioned. The statistical analysis is made by chi-square test and p-values.Results: There are positive association found with abnormal PEFR found and multiple factors including age of the workers, duration of exposure and type of exposure.Conclusions: The industrial workers are very prone to develop pulmonary occupational diseases; therefore, it is very important to make preventive measures for its associative factors causing it.

scholarly journals Cancer treatment with hormone therapy and its relationship with xerostomia and hyposalivation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glaucia de Medeiros ◽  
Jheiniffer Fernandes ◽  
Daniela Pompeo ◽  
Jefferson Ricardo Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Breast And Prostate Cancer ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract Background: The appearance of new drugs for cancer treatment has increased patient survival but it has also brought adverse effects, such as the sensation of dry mouth and hyposalivation. Objective: To assess the relationship of using hormone therapy in breast and prostate cancer patients and the occurrence of xerostomia and hyposalivation. Method: Cross-sectional study with 114 patients diagnosed with cancer and treated with hormone therapy (anastrozole or bicalutamide). Age, type of neoplasia, sex, presence of xerostomia (yes or no), and type of medication were obtained with a questionnaire. The researcher collected resting and stimulated salivary flows in the morning. The descriptive statistic analysis, chi-square test (p<0.005), and t-test (<0.005) were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science™ (SSPS), version 21, for different variables of hyposalivation and hormone therapy. Results: The results showed that 67 (55.8%) patients using hormone therapy drugs presented hyposalivation and 73 (64%) patients presented xerostomia. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, there is a positive association between stimulated hyposalivation and the use of hormone therapy drugs (p = 0.015). There was also a positive association between hyposalivation and xerostomia and the use of hormone therapy drugs (p = 0.049 and p = 0.001).

scholarly journals Postabortion Contraception Acceptance and Associated Factors in Dessie Health Center and Marie Stopes International Clinics, South Wollo Northeast, Amhara Region, 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ayele Mamo Abebe ◽  
Mesfin Wudu Kassaw ◽  
Nathan Estifanos Shewangashaw
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Unintended Pregnancies ◽  
Chi Square Test

Introduction. Abortion is termination of pregnancy before the viability of the pregnancy. It is one of the major causes for maternal mortality in the world and in Ethiopia. Unintended pregnancies which end up in abortion occur due to contraception method nonuse or misuse. To limit unintended pregnancies and avoid repeated abortions promoting immediate postabortion contraception is crucial. Objective. To assess the proportion of postabortion contraception acceptance among women who got abortion care service and factors associated with it in Marie stopes international clinic and Dessie health center, Dessie, North eastern Amhara, 2017. Methods. An institutional based cross-sectional study design was conducted from May 1 to May 30, 2017, at Marie stopes international clinics and Dessie health center. A sample of 125 women were selected by means of systematic sampling techniques and 118 abortion clients were interviewed in Marie stopes international clinic and Dessie on the use/acceptance of postabortion family planning (PAFP). Data were collected through pretested structured questionnaire. Data was cleaned and checked. Chi-square test was done to assess the association between dependent and independent variables. Odds ratio was done to assess the strength of association. Frequency tables, pie chart, and graphs were used to present the finding of the study. Results. From a total of 125 participants recruited, 118 participated in the study while 7 were unwilling to participate in the study, yielding the response rate of 94.4%. Among the 118 study participants, 79 (66.9%) were within the age group 25-34. This study found a strong positive association between Postabortion contraception acceptance and age [P = 0.007 [X2 test= 9.989, COR=2.625)]. Study subjects aged 15–24 years were 3 times more likely to accept postabortion family planning as compared with those aged >35 years. Conclusion and Recommendation. This study revealed that the acceptance of postabortion family planning method was 84%. Age of women, marital status, ever use of history family planning, involvement of others in decision making, and family planning counseling were significantly associated with postabortion family planning acceptance. Therefore it is better to give emphasis on health education about family planning.

IDENTIFIKASI SERTA HUBUNGAN KONSTRUKSI SUMUR GALI TERHADAP KANDUNGAN COLIFORM PADA AIR SUMUR GALI DI DUSUN JIKEN KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Dini Yuliansari
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Variable ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Dug Well ◽  
The Relationship

The well is one of the source water used for bathing, washing, and drinking by the citizens in Jiken Hamlet, Rarang Village, Terara Sub-District. Poor dug well construction conditions can affect the amount of coliform bacteria contained in the dug well water. The purpose of this study is to identify the construction of dug wells and the content of coliform bacteria in dug well water and determine the relationship between dug well construction and the content of coliform bacteria. This research is analytic with a cross sectional study design. The results were obtained from 11 samples of dug wells which were observed in construction and the coliform content was known that all samples did not requirements as good dug well construction. Coliform content test results showed that as many as 5 dug well water samples did not pass the clean water quality standards. The results of data analysis with the chi-square test variable construction of dug wells with coliform content variable  showed 0,172 > 0,05, then the concluded is the dug well not suitable to use by people in that area as a source of water for daily needs.

Socio-Demographic Factors and Health-Related Behaviors Associated with Gerontology

GIS Business ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 359-370
Author(s):  
Dr. Ravi S. Dalawai
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Work Culture ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
Insight Into

Indian population is in growing trend from 942.2 million in 1994 to 1.36 billion in 2019.Among this six per cent of India's population was of the age 65 and above (UNFPA, 2019). Today the work culture is totally changed. Both husband and wife are forced to work in the current scenario and unable to take care of their parents. The changing structure created increased problems for old age people leads to loneliness, psychological, physical health and financial insecurity. The study paper provides insight into the social and demographic factor and health related sickness of the oldest people. This research explained the cross-sectional study included a representative sample (n=116) of adults aged ≥60 years. The sample was chosen using a four-stage stratified random-cluster survey sampling method .The Chi Square test and ANOVA test was analyzed using SPSS20.

Prevalence of Childhood Obesity In Northeastern Ontario: A Cross-sectional Study

2006 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foyez Haque ◽  
Alberto G. de la Rocha ◽  
Betty Ann Horbul ◽  
Patricia Desroches ◽  
Craig Orrell
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Program Planning ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Chi Square Test

Purpose: In Canada, the incidence of childhood obesity has tripled within the past 20 years. The prevalence of obesity in the Timmins, Ontario, student population was studied to gain knowledge for program planning and resource allocation, and to compare Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria with Cole’s international criteria for childhood obesity. Methods: Anthropometric measurements of 801 students were taken. Students were chosen from randomly selected schools for each grade. Data were analyzed according to age, gender, and ethnicity. Data were also compared with other studies. Intragroup comparisons were performed using hypothesis testing for significance with the z table and chi-square test. Results: Overweight and obesity prevalence was 28% according to CDC criteria. No statistical difference was found between genders or among ethnic groups, or between this study and other Canadian studies. In comparison with the CDC criteria, Cole’s international criteria indicated less obesity and increased overweight prevalence. These differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: The findings suggest that in the northern Ontario community of Timmins, the prevalence of childhood obesity is of epidemic proportions. When the findings are shared with different agencies, this study will help the health unit to take necessary public health measures to curb the epidemic.

Perceptions of Final Year Medical Students about Family Medicine as A Career Choice in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dur-e- Nishat
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Family Medicine ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Chi Square Test

Background: Family medicine is a field in which complete and detailed set of healthcare services are provided to the patients and their families. In developed countries, freshly graduated students choose family medicine as a priority for their career. However, in Pakistan it is not the case. The present study is undertaken to determine the perceptions of final year medical students’ about Family Medicine as a viable career. Methods: A total number of 504 students participated in the study. This was a cross-sectional study. The study participants were in their final year of medical college. Data was collected using a preapproved questionnaire. Data was entered and analyzed via SPSS version 17 and Chi-Square test was used post-stratification. Results: Only 14.3% (n=72) medical students had heard about Family Medicine. Only 18% (n=92) would select family medicine as a profession. The most frequent rationale for choosing the field of Family Medicine was the variety of patients seen in general practice (55.4% n=51). Conclusion: There is a dire need to focus on increasing awareness about the field of family medicine among medical students. The students should be counseled on the advantages along with the disadvantages of choosing this field as a medical profession.

Breastfeeding practices among mothers of infants in Peringara Panchayat in Pathanamthitta District

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aswathy S. ◽  
Lakshmi M. K.
Keyword(s):  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breastfeeding Practices ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Type Of Delivery ◽  
Initiation Of Breastfeeding

The study was aimed to assess the breastfeeding practices among mothers of infants in Peringara Gramapanchayat in Kerala. Study was a community based cross-sectional study among mothers of infants in Peringara gramapanchayat using a pretested questionnaire. 142 breastfeeding mothers of infants in Peringara gramapanchayat were studied and mothers who were not present at home during the study were excluded from the study. Study period consisted of 18 days between December 2015 and January 2016. Study variables includes type of delivery, initiation of breastfeeding, breastfeeding practices and role of ASHAs in promoting good breastfeeding practices. Statistical analysis was done using Pearson’s Chi-square test and T test. The study found that exclusive breastfeeding has been done by 68.3% of mothers. There is no practice of giving pre-lacteal feed, 95.8% of mothers have given colostrum to the new born. Statistically significant association was found between the type of delivery and time of initiation of breastfeeding (p less than 0.05). Time of initiation of breastfeeding was prolonged in case of Caesarean section. 49.3% of mothers have breastfed the baby within one hour. 55.6% of mothers were informed about importance of breastfeeding by ASHAs and only 20.4% of mothers were informed about period of exclusive breastfeeding and period of complimentary feeding by ASHAs.

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