scholarly journals Hepatitis D: challenges in the estimation of true prevalence and laboratory diagnosis

Gut Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin-Yuan Chen ◽  
Xiao-Yu Pang ◽  
Hemant Goyal ◽  
Rui-Xia Yang ◽  
Hua-Guo Xu
Keyword(s):  
Rna Virus ◽  
Pegylated Interferon ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Hepatitis D ◽  
High Risk Sexual Behavior ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
True Prevalence

AbstractHepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective single negative chain RNA virus, as its envelope protein synthesis is dependent on hepatitis B virus (HBV). Studies have consistently shown that coinfection of HBV and HDV is the most serious form of viral hepatitis, with accelerated progression to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. About 74 million of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) positive patients worldwide are also co-infected with HDV. Besides, patients with intravenous drug use and high-risk sexual behavior are at higher risk of HDV infection. Therapeutic schedules for HDV are limited, and relapse of HDV has been observed after treatment with pegylated interferon alpha. To reduce the transmission of HDV, all people infected with HBV should be screened for HDV. At present, several serological and molecular detection methods are widely used in the diagnosis of HDV. However, due to the lack of international standards diagnostic results from different laboratories are often not comparable. Therefore, the true prevalence of HDV is still unclear. In this manuscript, we have analyzed various factors influencing the estimation of HDV prevalence. We have also discussed about the advantages and disadvantages of currently available HDV laboratory diagnostic methods, in order to provide some ideas for improving the detection of HDV.

scholarly journals Update on Malaria Diagnostics and Test Utilization

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 2009-2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaine A. Mathison ◽  
Bobbi S. Pritt
Keyword(s):  
Gold Standard ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Rapid Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Antigen Tests ◽  
Malaria Test

ABSTRACT Malaria is a potentially life-threatening disease requiring rapid diagnosis and treatment. Although microscopic examination of thick and thin blood films remains the gold standard for laboratory diagnosis, rapid antigen tests and nucleic acid amplification methods may also play a useful role in detection of acute infection. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the commonly used diagnostic methods and provides important practice points for optimal malaria test utilization.

scholarly journals Laboratory Diagnosis ofChlamydia PneumoniaeInfections

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 198-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosanna W Peeling
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Pneumoniae ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Direct Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Rapid Laboratory

Chlamydia pneumoniaeis an important cause of respiratory illness. There is a need for accurate and rapid laboratory diagnostic methods that will lead to improved patient care, appropriate use of antimicrobial therapy and a better understanding of the epidemiology of this emerging pathogen. Culture is highly specific but is technically demanding, expensive, has a long turnaround time and its sensitivity is highly dependent on transport conditions. Antigen detection tests such as enzyme immunoassay and direct fluorescent antibody assay, and molecular detection methods such as the polymerase chain reaction assay, may provide a rapid diagnosis without the requirement for stringent transport conditions. The results of these tests should be interpreted with caution until more thorough evaluation is available. Serology remains the method of choice. The limitations of different serological methods for the laboratory diagnosis ofC pneumoniaeare discussed.

scholarly journals Review on the laboratory diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Jin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infection

AbstractMycoplasma pneumoniae(MP) is an important pathogen of community-acquired pneumonia in children. As a type of self-limited disease, most MP infections cause mild clinical symptoms, but they can also lead to severe pneumonia or extrapulmonary complications. The resistance rate of MP has increased in recent years. Early and rapid diagnosis of MP infection is important for the treatment and prognosis of the disease. Current methods for diagnosing MP infection include isolation culture, serological diagnosis, and molecular biological diagnosis. This review summarizes the recent research progress in the internal and external laboratory diagnoses of MP infection both at home and abroad and the advantages and disadvantages of various diagnostic methods.

scholarly journals COVID-19: molecular and serological detection methods

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed E. Dhamad ◽  
Muna A. Abdal Rhida
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
World Health ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Since COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared as a pandemic disease by the World Health Organization in early 2020, many countries, organizations and companies have tried to find the best way to diagnose the virus and contain its spreading. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single RNA (+ssRNA) coronavirus and mainly spreads through droplets, respiratory secretions, and direct contact. The early detection of the virus plays a central role in lowering COVID19 incidents and mortality rates. Thus, finding a simple, accurate, cheap and quick detection approach for SARS-CoV-2 at early stage of the viral infection is urgent and at high demand all around the world. The Food and Drug Administration and other health agencies have declared Emergency Use Authorization to develop diagnostic methods for COVID-19 and fulfill the demand. However, not all developed methods are appropriate and selecting a suitable method is challenging. Among all detection methods, rRT-PCR is the gold standard method. Unlike molecular methods, serological methods lack the ability of early detection with low accuracy. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about COVID-19 detection methods aiming to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of molecular and serological methods.

scholarly journals Utility of Available Methods for Diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 in Clinical Samples

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Shirvani ◽  
Leila Azimi ◽  
Roxana Mansour Ghanaie ◽  
Masoud Alebouyeh ◽  
Fatemeh Fallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serological Tests

: The laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 should be done to confirm coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in suspected patients. Although several diagnostic methods have been developed in this regard, their accuracy for clinical application is not very clear yet. To compare the diagnostic value of laboratory tests for the detection of COVID-19 infection, this study provides an upcoming review of the newly developed detection methods. Sensitivity, specificity, detection limit, and turn-around-time of these methods are compared and challenges for their application in clinical settings are reviewed. PubMed and Google Scholar web sites were used for the systematic search until April 9, 2020 to identify the published studies based on the following keywords: “Detection”, “Coronavirus 2019”, “SARS-CoV-2”, and “Sensitivity”. Out of 526 results, a total of 54 articles, including 46 studies on detection methods, were considered eligible for the review. The results showed that most of the proposed tests focused on molecular methods, while immunological and point-of-care tests were investigated in 13 studies. There were also a few commercial automated methods for the qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples, most of which are not examined in the current review, as no data about their sensitivity and specificity were presented. Although the assessment of publication biases showed that 64% sensitivity and nearly 100% specificity for RT-PCR are close to reality, most of the related reports for serological methods are not valid and further studies are needed to confirm their utility in clinical settings. Moreover, the RT-PCR test alone cannot act as a gold standard because of bias in measurements. Therefore, antibody tests and other proposed methods could be used as supplementary diagnostic tests to improve RT-PCR accuracy. Although clinical findings are invaluable, in many cases, they can provide more valuable supportive data than serological tests.

scholarly journals Predictors and diagnosis of cardiac autonomic nervous dysfunction in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

10.14341/8156 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirill A. Popov ◽  
Alla Y. Tokmakova ◽  
Irina Z. Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Diagnostic Algorithm ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Diabetic Complication ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Early Implementation

Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (DCAN) is a diabetic complication characterised by early dissemination of sympathetic and parasympathetic, small-fibre neuronal degeneration. DCAN is the most dangerous and insidious complication that influences the clinical course and mortality rate of diabetes; however, it is often underestimated and not recognised by practitioners. Medical history and a physical examination are not sufficient for diagnosing DCAN. Laboratory diagnosis and the instrumental methods used to evaluate DCAN are time-consuming and not always available. Early detection of DCAN in diabetic patients is important for the early implementation of therapy. Today, there is no uniform diagnostic algorithm for DCAN in patients with various disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. This is due to the insufficient number of clinical trials and limitations of current protocols. This review presents an overview of the clinical and experimental studies of DCAN. The epidemiology, clinical manifestations, risk factors and underlying pathogenesis of DCAN are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of conventional and new diagnostic methods are discussed.

Trends in Diagnosis for Active Tuberculosis Using Nanomaterials

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1946-1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Minh Tu Phan ◽  
Lemma Teshome Tufa ◽  
Hwa-Jung Kim ◽  
Jaebeom Lee ◽  
Tae Jung Park
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Clinical Tools ◽  
Diagnostic Applications

Background:Tuberculosis (TB), one of the leading causes of death worldwide, is difficult to diagnose based only on signs and symptoms. Methods for TB detection are continuously being researched to design novel effective clinical tools for the diagnosis of TB.Objective:This article reviews the methods to diagnose TB at the latent and active stages and to recognize prospective TB diagnostic methods based on nanomaterials.Methods:The current methods for TB diagnosis were reviewed by evaluating their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the trends in TB detection using nanomaterials were discussed regarding their performance capacity for clinical diagnostic applications.Results:Current methods such as microscopy, culture, and tuberculin skin test are still being employed to diagnose TB, however, a highly sensitive point of care tool without false results is still needed. The utilization of nanomaterials to detect the specific TB biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity can provide a possible strategy to rapidly diagnose TB. Although it is challenging for nanodiagnostic platforms to be assessed in clinical trials, active TB diagnosis using nanomaterials is highly expected to achieve clinical significance for regular application. In addition, aspects and future directions in developing the high-efficiency tools to diagnose active TB using advanced nanomaterials are expounded.Conclusion:This review suggests that nanomaterials have high potential as rapid, costeffective tools to enhance the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for the accurate diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of TB. Hence, portable nanobiosensors can be alternative effective tests to be exploited globally after clinical trial execution.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 vaccines strategies: a comprehensive review of phase 3 candidates

npj Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos C. Kyriakidis ◽  
Andrés López-Cortés ◽  
Eduardo Vásconez González ◽  
Alejandra Barreto Grimaldos ◽  
Esteban Ortiz Prado
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The World

AbstractThe new SARS-CoV-2 virus is an RNA virus that belongs to the Coronaviridae family and causes COVID-19 disease. The newly sequenced virus appears to originate in China and rapidly spread throughout the world, becoming a pandemic that, until January 5th, 2021, has caused more than 1,866,000 deaths. Hence, laboratories worldwide are developing an effective vaccine against this disease, which will be essential to reduce morbidity and mortality. Currently, there more than 64 vaccine candidates, most of them aiming to induce neutralizing antibodies against the spike protein (S). These antibodies will prevent uptake through the human ACE-2 receptor, thereby limiting viral entrance. Different vaccine platforms are being used for vaccine development, each one presenting several advantages and disadvantages. Thus far, thirteen vaccine candidates are being tested in Phase 3 clinical trials; therefore, it is closer to receiving approval or authorization for large-scale immunizations.

Possibilities of cytological diagnostics in gynecology. Human papillomavirus as an interdisciplinary problem

2022 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Oksana Anatolievna Gizinger ◽  
◽  
Irina Yurievna Lepina ◽  
Marina Nikolaevna Bagdasaryan ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Cytological Examination ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Current Stage ◽  
Cytological Diagnostics

The article presents an analysis of current information on the etiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis of human papillomavirus. It is shown that at the current stage of development of laboratory diagnostics there is a reliable screening test — cytological examination of smears taken from the ecto- and endocervix. To diagnose HPV, a combination of microscopic (cytological studies) and molecular genetic (PCR) diagnostic methods is used.

Partial Discharge Detection Using Acoustic and Optical Methods in High Voltage Power Equipments: A Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 845 ◽  
pp. 283-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malik Abdul Razzaq Al Saedi ◽  
Mohd Muhridza Yaacob
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Emission ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Power Transformer ◽  
Partial Discharge ◽  
Optical Detection ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

There is a high risk of insulation system dielectric instability when partial discharge (PD) occurs. Therefore, measurement and monitoring of PD is an important preventive tool to safeguard high-voltage equipment from wanton damage. PD can be detected using optical method to increase the detection threshold and to improve the performance of on-line measurement of PD in noise environment. The PD emitted energy as acoustic emission. We can use this emitted energy to detect PD signal. The best method to detect PD in power transformer is by using acoustic emission. Optical sensor has some advantages such as; high sensitivity, more accuracy small size. Furthermore, in on-site measurements and laboratory experiments, it isoptical methodthat gives very moderate signal attenuations. This paper reviews the available PD detection methods (involving high voltage equipment) such as; acoustic detection and optical detection. The advantages and disadvantages of each method have been explored and compared. The review suggests that optical detection techniques provide many advantages from the consideration of accuracy and suitability for the applications when compared to other techniques.

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