Reduction of a two‐gravimeter base network by linear regression

Geophysics ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 867-869
Author(s):  
C. Patrick Ervin
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Base Station ◽  
The Other ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Simultaneous Operation ◽  
Station Network ◽  
Exploration Environment ◽  
Base Network

In the exploration environment, a primary application of gravity surveying is regional reconnaissance. The first step in such a survey is to establish a base‐station network. Since an error in the network will propagate to many stations in the subsequent survey, careful field work and accurate reduction of these data are particularly critical. Optimally, successive base stations are tied by minimum‐time loops using at least two meters read simultaneously. Using two meters has the obvious advantage of doubling the number of ties with minimal increase in time and cost. Erroneous readings are also much easier to detect and correct with two meters. Furthermore, the simultaneous operation of the meters allows calibrations of the two to be compared by computing a linear regression of the readings of one meter against the corresponding readings of the other. If the meter calibrations are identical, the regression line should have a slope of 1. A significant deviation from 1 indicates a systematic variation in calibration.

Proper determination of the δ18O–δD relationship for ice and water by least-squares cubic regression

1993 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Burn ◽  
M. G. Maxwell
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Experimental Error ◽  
Regression Line ◽  
The Other ◽  
Analytical Error ◽  
Isotope Concentration

The δ18O–δD relationship for ice and water is frequently summarized with a line fitted by least-squares linear regression. This technique assumes that one variable is known exactly and all error can be ascribed to the other. Unfortunately, determinations by mass spectrometry of both δ18O and δD are subject to experimental error. Often a blanket laboratory precision is provided for δ18O and δD, in which case functional analysis, accounting for the relative error in the variables, is appropriate. Properly, however, each sample has an individual analytical error in both variables, defined by the variance in estimates of isotope concentration provided by the mass spectrometer. Where individual errors are known, the least-squares cubic method, which assigns a weight to each sample and generates the summary line by an iterative method, may be used. An algorithm sufficient to determine both the functional fit and the least-squares cubic regression line is presented. Illustrations are provided, one of which demonstrates that if the plot of δ18O versus δD is scattered (r2 < 0.9), both the functional fit and the least-squares cubic regression line may be significantly different from the least-squares linear regression lines.

scholarly journals Design of equi-interference lines in CDMA mobile systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-170
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Lebl ◽  
Dragan Mitić ◽  
Žarko Markov ◽  
Željka Tomić
Keyword(s):  
Base Station ◽  
Mobile Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Mobile Telephony ◽  
Emission Characteristics

Abstract In this paper it is presented the process of designing equi-interference lines in the CDMA mobile telephony systems. It is proved that shape of these lines in one base station cell is determined by emission characteristics of that base station and the base stations, which form the first ring around the considered cell. The influence of base stations from the other rings after the first one is dominantly noticed as the interference increase in each point of equi-interference line. The value of interference increase depends on the value of environmental propagation coefficient. For its small values it is necessary to consider the influence of base stations from more than twenty rings around the analyzed cell, while for great values it is enough to consider only two rings.

scholarly journals Tendencies of development of local geodetic network in Riga city

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 8-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armands Celms ◽  
Velta Parsova ◽  
Ilona Reke ◽  
Janis Akmentins
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Geodetic Network ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Reference Network ◽  
Station Network ◽  
One Year ◽  
The City ◽  
Gnss Observations ◽  
Made In

Local geodetic network is very important in harmonic development of city territory. On the base of the local geodetic network, cadastral and topographic surveying works, engineering geodetic works and executive measurements of newly built buildings and engineering networks are carried out. In the territory of Riga, the local geodetic network was started to create in 1880, and in the course of time, as the city expanded, necessity to have wider reference network emerged. In 2005, in the territory of Latvia, network of continuously working base stations LatPos was launched, which ensured completely new trends in execution of measurements and accuracy reached. One year later, base station network EUPOS-RIGA was launched in the territory of Riga. It can be regarded as consistent part of Riga local geodetic network. The purpose of the research was to state, what are differences between historically used coordinates of points of the local geodetic network, and coordinates that are determined by use of real time corrections of LatPos and EUPOS-RIGA base station network. Measurements were made in the territory of Riga in period from December 2016 until April 2017. In the framework of the research, 61 point of the local geodetic network was inspected and in 38 cases GNSS observations in RTK mode were completed. In the research, catalogues of coordinates of polygonometry points of sixties and eighties were used in order to compare what differences of coordinates existed historically. The main conclusion drawn during the research – historical points of the local geodetic network shall not be used for surveying works of any kind before improvement of them and before they comply with requirements of normative acts.

scholarly journals Optimal Base Station Network Based on Topological Data Analysis

2022 ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Minhao Lyu
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Topological Data Analysis ◽  
Original Network ◽  
Station Network ◽  
Analysis Methods ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Data Analysis Methods ◽  
Topological Data

The decision of which base stations need to be removed due to the cost is always a difficult problem, because the influence on the cover rate of the network caused by the removal should be kept to a minimum. However, the common methods to solve this problem such as K-means Clustering show a low accuracy. Barcode, which belongs to TDA, has the possibility to show the result by identifying the Persistent Homology of base station network. This essay mainly illustrates the specific problem of optimal base station network, which applies the TDA(Topological Data Analysis) methods to find which base stations need removing due to the cost K-means Clustering and Topological Data Analysis methods were mainly used. With the simulated distribution of telecommunication users, K-means Clustering algorithm was used to locate 30 best base stations. By comparing the minimum distance between the results (K=25 and K=30), K-means Clustering was used again to decide base station points to be removed. Then TDA was used to select which 5 base stations should be removed through observing barcode. By repeating above steps five times, Finally the average and variance of cover area in original network, K-means Clustering and TDA were compared. The experiment showed that the average cover rate of original network was 81.20% while the result of TDA and K-means Clustering were 92.13% and 89.87%. It was proved by simulation that it is more efficient to use TDA methods to construct the optimal base station network.

scholarly journals Investigating the Performance of Point to Multipoint Microwave Connectivity across Undulating Landscape during Rainfall

2019 ◽  
pp. 103-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kingsley Ukhurebor ◽  
Wilson Nwankwo
Keyword(s):  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Base Station ◽  
The Other ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Packet Losses ◽  
Climatic Scenarios ◽  
Alternative Research ◽  
Physical Elements ◽  
Wireless Connectivity

One of the most debated issues surrounding wireless connectivity is performance especially under different topographic and climatic scenarios. Performance has a direct relationship with throughput measured in terms of how well a given wireless connectivity provides consistent services over a given period compared to the wired alternative. Research has shown that wireless connectivity is constrained by significant physical components such as topography, weather conditions, propagation frequency, and distance. It is commonplace to see notable vendors of wireless network products make claims as to how their technologies are designed to remedy any signal degradation that may arise from the aforementioned physical elements. This paper is aimed at evaluating the performance of a point to multipoint connectivity using Ubiquiti’s 5.8 GHz Point to Multipoint Base Stations deployed within a landscape marked by series of undulating highlands and lowlands. In this experiment, a base station node is established with connectivity to two other nodes of same specifications with one node as the destination radio whereas the other acts as the control which is located on a table land. The nodes were separated by triangular distances of 3 km and network connectivity was maintained over thirty days during periods of rainfall. Packets sent and received across each node was carefully recorded. The results from the analysis showed that packet losses to and from the control node was significantly lower than that of the other node under same weather conditions.

A LEAST SQUARE METHOD FOR GRAVITY METER BASE STATIONS

Geophysics ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 394-400
Author(s):  
H. H. Pentz
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Least Square Method ◽  
Degree Of Approximation ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Method Of Least Squares ◽  
Station Network

Two applications of the Method of Least Squares in determining the most probable values from gravity meter base station applications are considered. One is an approximation, the degree of approximation depending on the number of base stations. The second is a rigorous application of the Method of Least Squares in obtaining the most probable values for an expanding base station network.

DEVELOPMENT OF VALUATION METHOD OF THE STATUS OF BASE STATIONS FOR DETERMINING THE NEED OF THEIR UPGRADING

2017 ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Natalya Ivanovna Shaposhnikova ◽  
Alexander Aleksandrovich Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Cellular Network ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
The Status ◽  
Telecommunications Services ◽  
Theory Of Fuzzy Sets

The article consideres the problems of determining the need to modernize the base stations of the cellular network based on the mathematical apparatus of the theory of fuzzy sets. To improve the quality of telecommunications services the operators should send significant funding for upgrading the equipment of base stations. Modernization can improve and extend the functions of base stations to provide cellular communication, increase the reliability of the base station in operation and the functionality of its individual elements, and reduce the cost of maintenance and repair when working on a cellular network. The complexity in collecting information about the equipment condition is determined by a large number of factors that affect its operation, as well as the imperfection of obtaining and processing the information received. For a comprehensive assessment of the need for modernization, it is necessary to take into account a number of indicators. In the structure of indicators of the need for modernization, there were introduced the parameters reflecting both the degree of aging and obsolescence(the technical gap and the backlog in connection with the emergence of new technologies and standards). In the process of a problem solving, the basic stages of decision-making on modernization have been allocated. Decision-making on the need for modernization is based not only on measuring information that takes into account the decision-makers, but also on linguistic and verbal information. Therefore, to determine the need for upgrading the base stations, the theory of fuzzy sets is used, with the help of which experts can be attracted to this issue. They will be able to formulate additional fuzzy judgments that help to take into account not only measuring characteristics, but also poorly formalized fuzzy information. To do this, the main indicators of the modernization need have been defined, and fuzzy estimates of the need for modernization for all indicators and a set of indicators reflecting the need for upgrading the base stations have been formulated.

ANALISIS VARIABEL YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP KINERJA PERUSAHAAN DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
SUSENO - SUSENO
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
T Test ◽  
The Other ◽  
Financial Leverage ◽  
F Test ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Influential Variable

ANALISIS VARIABEL YANG BERPENGARUH TERHADAP KINERJA PERUSAHAAN DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIAOleh : Suseno STIE SATRIA Purwokerto ABSTRACT The aims of the research are (1) to analyze influence of age, scale, financial leverage, and profitability to performance of firms at The Indonesian Stock Exchange. (2) to determine the most influential variable on the performance of the firms. Hypotheses proposed in this research were: (1) Age, Scales, Financial Leverage, Profitability influences the performance of firms, (2) Age influences the performance of firms, (3) Scales influences the performance of firms, (4) Financial Leverage influences the performance of firms, (5) Profitability influences the performance of firms. Instrument of analysis employed in the research was multiple linear regression with t test and F test.The results of analyses of t test showed that profitability did not influence the performance of the firms. It was indicated by the value of computed t which was smaller than the value of t table. Meanwhile, the t test of age, scale and financial leverage indicated that the value of computed t &gt; t table. It means that these variables (scale and financial leverage) influenced the performance of the firms. The F test showed that the independent variables of age, scale, financial leverage and profitability as a whole significantly influenced the performance of the firms. It was indicated by the calculated F &gt; the value of F table, the value the age computed t which was smaller than the value of -t table..Based on the research results that age and profitability do not influence the performance of the firms, it is suggested that investors should not pay any attention to those variables. On the other hand, they should pay attention to the variables of scale and financial leverage. It is recommended that for further research should include longer periode of the sample.

Mobile network synthesis strategy

2019 ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
V. Lyandres
Keyword(s):  
Average Distance ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Service Area ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Frequency Assignment ◽  
Network Synthesis ◽  
Universal Method ◽  
Synthesis Strategy ◽  
Adaptive Vector Quantization

Introduction:Effective synthesis of а mobile communication network includes joint optimisation of two processes: placement of base stations and frequency assignment. In real environments, the well-known cellular concept fails due to some reasons, such as not homogeneous traffic and non-isotropic wave propagation in the service area.Purpose:Looking for the universal method of finding a network structure close to the optimal.Results:The proposed approach is based on the idea of adaptive vector quantization of the network service area. As a result, it is reduced to a 2D discrete map split into zones with approximately equal number of service requests. In each zone, the algorithm finds such coordinates of its base station that provide the shortest average distance to all subscribers. This method takes into account the shortage of the a priory information about the current traffic, ensures maximum coverage of the service area, and what is not less important, significantly simplifies the process of frequency assignment.

Contribution a la rationalisation du reseau qualite de l’eau de la Baie James

1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-76
Author(s):  
B. Bobée ◽  
D. Cluis ◽  
A. Tessier
Keyword(s):  
Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
James Bay ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Multivariate Technique ◽  
Qualité De L’Eau ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract A water quality sampling programme for James Bay territory established in a previous study has been carried out for the Department of Natural Resources of the Province of Quebec. The network is composed of 5 base-stations, sampled every fortnight to determine the variability with time of the parameters and 16 satellite-stations, sampled five times yearly with a view to determine the spatial variability. The data (major ions and certain nutrients) gathered during the 1974–1975 field survey are subjected to an analysis by a multivariate technique (correspondence analysis) in addition to certain classical statistical methods. The latter have shown that the mean values obtained at satellite stations were representative of the annual mean. In addition, the results permit the determination for a given parameter, of the relationship between stations and, for a given station, the relationship between parameters. In both cases, the formulation of predictive equations was attempted. An overall evaluation of the data by correspondence analysis has permitted: - a more precise definition of the qualitative behaviour of the different sub-basins of the James Bay territory and characterization of their waters;- a proof of the existence of gradual concentration changes in both East-West and North-South directions. Within the original objectives of the network, the results of the study have led to the following recommendations: - to continue synchronised samplings;- to transform a base station with a low information content into a satellite station;- to create a new base station in the eastern part of the territory.

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