scholarly journals Protective Effect of Insulin against Hypoglycemia-Associated Counterregulatory Failure

1999 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 1551-1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Fruehwald-Schultes ◽  
Werner Kern ◽  
Eva Deininger ◽  
Peter Wellhoener ◽  
Wolfgang Kerner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Insulin Infusion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Single Episode ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Neuroendocrine Response ◽  
Insulin Infusion Rate ◽  
High Insulin

Antecedent hypoglycemic episodes reduce the counterregulatory neuroendocrine response to hypoglycemia. The role of insulin in the mechanism responsible for the antecedent hypoglycemia causing subsequent counterregulatory failure has not been elucidated. We performed antecedent hypoglycemic clamps (56 mg/dL) lasting 2 h with differing degrees of hyperinsulinemia, which were followed by 6-h stepwise hypoglycemic clamps (76–66–56–46 mg/dL) on the next day. Experiments were carried out in 30 young, healthy men. Fifteen of these subjects were tested on 2 occasions. On 1 occasion the antecedent hypoglycemia was induced by insulin infusion at a rate of 1.5 mU/min·kg (low insulin-ante-hypo); on the other occasion the insulin infusion rate was 15.0 mU/min·kg (high insulin-ante-hypo). Both sessions were separated by at least 4 weeks, and their order was balanced across subjects. The remaining 15 subjects (control group) received the same stepwise hypoglycemic clamp as the other subjects, but without antecedent hypoglycemia. During the stepwise hypoglycemic clamp, the counterregulatory increases in ACTH, cortisol, and norepinephrine were significantly blunted after the low insulin-ante-hypo (P < 0.01, P< 0.05, and P < 0.05, respectively) but not after the high insulin-ante-hypo (P = 0.12, P = 0.92, and P = 0.19, respectively) compared to that in the control group. The cortisol, norepinephrine, and glucagon responses were greater after the high than after the low insulin-ante-hypo (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present study clearly demonstrates that even a single episode of mild hypoglycemia reduces neuroendocrine counterregulation 18–24 h later. Insulin has a moderate protective effect on subsequent counterregulation.

scholarly journals INSIGHTS INTO THE ROLE OF MORUS ALBA IN REVERSING OBESITY-ASSOCIATED HEPATIC STEATOSIS AND RELATED METABOLIC DISORDER IN RATS

2016 ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Hanaa H. Ahmed ◽  
Fatehya M Metwally ◽  
Hend Rashad ◽  
Asmaa M Zaazaa
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Metabolic Disorder ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Morus Alba ◽  
The Other ◽  
Obese Group ◽  
Control Group

<p>ABSTRACT<br />Objective: The goal of the present study was to examine the viability of Morus alba (M. alba) ethanolic extract in repression of obesity-associated<br />hepatic steatosis and related metabolic disorder; dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and glycemic status.<br />Methods: Adult female albino rats were randomly assigned into four groups, eight rats each as follows: Group (1) control group received standard<br />rodent diet for 24 weeks. The other three groups administered high cholesterol diet for 12 weeks and served as obese group, M. alba-treated group,<br />and simvastatin-treated group.<br />Results: The current results showed an increment in thoracic circumference (TCX) and abdominal circumferences (AC) as well as body mass index<br />(BMI) in obese group. In addition, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance have been elucidated in obese group.<br />Moreover, hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and bilirubin<br />values were significantly increased in obese groups versus control group. On the other hand, administration of ethanolic extract of Morus alba or<br />simvastatin could significantly lessen BMI and in addition to improve dyslipidemia in obese group. Glucose, insulin levels, and insulin resistance value<br />in serum samples demonstrated a significant reduction in obese group upon treatment with M. alba ethanolic extract or simvastatin. Furthermore,<br />noticeable depletion in hepatic MDA, NO contents, serum ALT, AST activities, and serum bilirubin level was recorded as a result of treatment with<br />either ethanolic extract of M. alba or simvastatin. Histopathological examination of liver tissue showed ballooning degeneration in the hepatocytes<br />(hepatic steatosis) associated with inflammatory cells penetration in portal zone in obese group. Meanwhile, the treatment of obese groups with<br />ethanolic extract of M. alba or simvastatin was found to restore the structural organization of the liver.<br />Conclusion: The present findings provide a novel aspect for understanding of the role of M. alba against obesity-associated liver diseases and related<br />metabolic disorder. The mechanisms underlying these effects seem to depend on the hypolipidemic potential, anti-inflammatory property, and<br />antioxidant activity of its phytochemicals.<br />Keywords: Obesity, Morus alba, Dyslipidemia, Hyperinsulinemia, Hyperglycemia, Hepatic steatosis.</p>

scholarly journals Occurrence of urogenital mycoplasmas in men with the common genitourinary diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika Smolec ◽  
Alicja Ekiel ◽  
Piotr Kłuciński ◽  
Jan Kawecki
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Prostatic Hyperplasia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
The Common ◽  
Estimate Prevalence ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract Many serious and fatal infections with urogenital mycoplasmas in immunocompromised patients have been reported. M. genitalium is recognized as a cause of male urethritis and other common genitourinary diseases. The aim of the study was to estimate prevalence of urogenital mycoplasmas which can cause complications in men with common genitourinary diseases. Study included 85 men with genitourinary tract carcinoma (n = 35), urolithiasis (n = 36), and BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) (n = 14). The control group consisted of 50 healthy men. FVU (first void urine) samples were examined by PCR for the presence of urogenital mycoplasmas DNA. Occurrence of urogenital mycoplasmas was significantly more common in study group compared with control 24/85 (28.2%) and 7/50 (14%), respectively (p = 0.05). In men with urolithiasis, positive results for mycoplasmas DNA were significantly more frequent than in control: 33.3% vs. 14% (p < 0.05). In patients with urolithiasis DNA of U. urealyticum was most often found, while in the genitourinary carcinoma and BPH groups, U. parvum was more frequent. Incidence of M. fermentans was also significantly higher in the urolithiasis group vs. control (p = 0.03). A higher percentage of positive results for urogenital mycoplasma DNA in study group has been found. Further studies are required to confirm the role of urogenital mycoplasmas in the development of infectious complications among patients with urolithiasis, genitourinary carcinoma, and BPH.

scholarly journals The Possible Role of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 on Locomotor Activity and Oxidative Stress in a Rotenone-Induced Zebrafish Model of Parkinson’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ovidiu-Dumitru Ilie ◽  
Emanuela Paduraru ◽  
Madalina-Andreea Robea ◽  
Ioana-Miruna Balmus ◽  
Roxana Jijie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group

Background. As every organ within the body, the brain is also extremely susceptible to a plethora of noxious agents that change its chemistry. One component frequently found in current products against harmful species to crops is rotenone whose effect under prolonged exposure has been demonstrated to cause neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. The latest reports have indeed revealed that rotenone promotes Parkinson’s in humans, but studies aiming to show congruent effects in zebrafish (Danio rerio) are lacking. Material and Methods. In this context, the aim of the present study was to demonstrate how chronic administration of rotenone for 3 weeks impairs the locomotor activity and sociability and induces oxidative stress in zebrafish. Results. There were no statistically significant differences following the analysis of their social interaction and locomotor tests ( p > 0.05 ). However, several exceptions have been noted in the control, rotenone, and probiotics groups when we compared their locomotor activity during the pretreatment and treatment interval ( p < 0.05 ). We further assessed the role of rotenone in disturbing the detoxifying system as represented by three enzymes known as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Despite the fact that there were no statistically significant changes within SOD and GPx levels between the control group and rotenone, probiotics, and rotenone + probiotics ( p > 0.05 ), relevant changes have been observed between the analyzed groups ( p < 0.05 and p < 0.005 , respectively). On the other hand, significant differences ( p < 0.05 ) have been observed for MDA when we analyzed the data between the control group and the other three groups. Conclusions. Our results suggest that rotenone can be successfully used to trigger Parkinson’s disease-related symptomatology in zebrafish.

Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Lung and Liver Protective Activity of Galaxaura oblongata as Antagonistic Efficacy against LPS using Hematological Parameters and Immunohistochemistry as Biomarkers

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmaa Nabil-Adam ◽  
Mohamed A. Shreadah
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
In Vivo Assays ◽  
Induction Group ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
In Vitro Effects

Background: This study aimed to investigate the potential bioactivity and the ameliorative role of Galaxaura oblongata (G. oblongata) against LPS-induced toxicity by using hematological parameters. Objective: It is aimed also to examine its protective effect using the immunohistochemistry of liver and lungs as biomarkers in male BALB/C albino mice. Materials and Methods: the current study carried out using different in-vitro and in-vivo assays such as phytochemical, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory for in-vitro where the hematological and immunohistochemistry for lung and liver were investigated in vivo. Results: There are no previous studies were performed to investigate the in vivo and in vitro effects of the G. oblongata extracts as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory due to their rareness compared to other red algae. LPS treated mice revealed a significant decrease in total number of WBCs, RBCs, platelets, and HGB%, MPV, MCV and MCHC compared to the control group. On contrast, the HCT and MCHC were increased in the induction group which was treated with LPS compared to the control group. Furthermore, the immunohistochemistry results of the present study revealed the protective effect of G. oblongata compared to the induction group. G. oblongata can be used as protective marine natural products against the toxicity induced by LPS. Conclusion: It exhibited a significant ameliorative role against the alterations in the hematological parameters and immunohistochemistry of liver and lungs, and helps to reduce as well as coordinate the acute inflammations caused by TNF.

scholarly journals Microsatellite Instability and MMR Genes Abnormalities in Canine Mammary Gland Tumors

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faiz Muhammad Khand ◽  
Da-Wei Yao ◽  
Pan Hao ◽  
Xin-Qi Wu ◽  
Asghar Ali Kamboh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Microsatellite Instability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Mmr Genes ◽  
Mammary Gland Tumors ◽  
Canine Mammary Gland

Early diagnosis of mammary gland tumors is a challenging task in animals, especially in unspayed dogs. Hence, this study investigated the role of microsatellite instability (MSI), MMR gene mRNA transcript levels and SNPs of MMR genes in canine mammary gland tumors (CMT). A total of 77 microsatellite (MS) markers in 23 primary CMT were selected from four breeds of dogs. The results revealed that 11 out of 77 MS markers were unstable and showed MSI in all the tumors (at least at one locus), while the other markers were stable. Compared to the other markers, the ABC9TETRA, MEPIA, 9A5, SCNA11 and FJL25 markers showed higher frequencies of instability. All CMT demonstrated MSI, with eight tumors presenting MSI-H. The RT-qPCR results revealed significant upregulation of the mRNA levels of cMSH3, cMLH1, and cPMSI, but downregulation of cMSH2 compared to the levels in the control group. Moreover, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were observed in the cMSH2 gene in four exons, i.e., 2, 6, 15, and 16. In conclusion, MSI, overexpression of MMR genes and SNPs in the MMR gene are associated with CMT and could be served as diagnostic biomarkers for CMT in the future.

scholarly journals The bar-properties, in particular glucosylation of deoxy-ribonucleic acid, in crosses of bacteriophages T2 and T4

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. de Groot
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Bacteriophage T4 ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Host ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Marker Rescue ◽  
Single Burst

Analysis of the inheritance of the three bar-properties of bacteriophage T4: exclusion of T2 from the progeny of crosses, glucosylation of the hydroxymethylcytosine (HMC)moiety of the DNA according to T4, and plating with large plaques on E. coli K strains, was carried out by means of marker rescue from T4 by T2 on E. coli K (λh) as a selective indicator. Five of the strains isolated plated with large plaques on K (λh), but did not exclude T2 and showed T2 glucosylation; plating on E. coli K (λh) was found to segregate from the other two bar-properties. The sixth isolate showed, in addition to plating with large plaques on K, partial non-excludability by the parental T4 and T4 glucosylation of HMC. If partial non-excludability is the result of T4 glucosylation, the role of the additional glucose substitutions might be a protective effect on the DNA against the exclusion factor of T4. This proposal is supported by the analysis of the progeny from a single burst from a cross of T4 and T2. The following T2 genes were partially excluded: host-range, no exclusion of parental T2, sensitivity to ultraviolet, and limited plating efficiency on E. coli K (λh). The exclusion factor of T4 is not transmitted to all progeny and does not behave like a bar-property. Only resistance to exclusion and T4 glucosylation were transmitted to all twenty-seven progeny of the single burst. The elimination of sensitivity to exclusion and T2 glucosylation is explained by assuming that the recombinant class with the exclusion factor of T4 and T2 α-glucosylation will exclude itself and be suicidal upon infection of a new host. Exclusion and differential glucosylation are discussed with regard to restriction and modification, respectively.

A Discrimination Based on Punishment

1952 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Dinsmoor
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
White Rats ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Avoidance Reactions ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Rate Of Response

Twelve white rats learned to press a bar or lever when this act was intermittently followed by pellets of food. Once a stable rate of pressing had been established, the animals were subjected to electric shock as a punishment for each response during alternate five minute periods within the experimental session. A difference in rates during the safe and punished phases was manifested both by the experimental group (8 rats), who were provided with a light as a signal when it was safe to respond, and also, contrary to expectation, by the control group (4 rats), who continued in darkness throughout the session. The differential responding by the control group was greatly reduced, however, when the duration of each phase was reduced from five minutes to one. The investigation was then continued to determine the role of some of the other factors in the situation. Increasing the severity of the shock increased the difference between the light and the dark rates. Withholding the pellets of food reduced the overall rates but did not affect the light-dark discrimination. Withholding the shock, on the other hand, permitted an increase in rate and caused the animals to lose their discrimination; when food had previously been withheld, however, so that the rate of response was relatively low, this deterioration in the discrimination was not as rapid as before. Restoration of the discrimination training under a lower hunger drive confirmed the finding that the formation of the discrimination was quite rapid and showed that the level of drive did not affect the proportionality between the rates in the light and in the darkness. These findings were interpreted by comparing the current procedure with those previously used in studies of avoidance reactions and conflict.

Observations on the role of nutrition in coat shedding in cattle

1958 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. T. M. Yeates
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Normal Colour ◽  
Experimental Group

The coat changes of an experimental group of four undernourished Shorthorn heifers have been compared with those of a control group of four well-fed heifers.Low nutrition impeded seasonal shedding in three of the four experimental animals, and the hair which was retained into the summer months appeared lifeless and bleached. One animal's hair and shedding were normal, despite low nutrition.Two animals of the control group also partially retained their hair in the summer, but it was of normal colour, good lustre, and vital appearance.It is concluded that plane of nutrition influences shedding, though some individuals within a breed are less affected than others. Two distinct varieties of coat retention were observed: one was of nutritional origin, the other inherent. Possible explanations of the differences are suggested.

Long-Term Protective Effect of N-Acetylcysteine against Amikacin-Induced Ototoxicity in End-Stage Renal Disease: A Randomized Trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alperen Vural ◽  
İsmail Koçyiğit ◽  
Furkan Şan ◽  
Eray Eroğlu ◽  
İbrahim Ketenci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Pure Tone Audiometry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hearing Test ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage

Background The aim of the study is to evaluate the long-term protective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an antioxidant agent, against aminoglycoside (AG)-induced ototoxicity. Methods A total of 40 patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and having their first peritonitis attacks and planned to be treated with AGs were enrolled in the study. They were randomized into 2 groups: 1 group received additional NAC and the other did not. All patients underwent hearing tests with pure tone audiometry (PTA) after the diagnosis, at 1 month and 12 months and at the same time the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 levels were measured. Results Patients taking NAC had better hearing test results in both ears at 1 month except 2,000 Hz for the left ear, which wasn't significantly different between the 2 groups. Although patients taking NAC had generally better PTA results at 12 months, differences between the 2 groups were not statistically significant. Baseline IL-6 level was significantly higher in the NAC group than the control group. Both TNF-α and IL-6 levels at 1 month were significantly lower in the NAC group than in the control group. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of TNF-α and IL-6 levels at 12 months. Conclusions The results of the current study showed that NAC, a potent anti-inflamatory drug, may be otoprotective, but that the effect is not long-lasting.

Protective Effect of Pomegranate Peels Extracts Against Stomach Peptic-Ulcer Induced By Brexin In Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed S. Alazzouni ◽  
Mohamed Abdel Daim ◽  
Mohamed S. Gabri ◽  
Aya S. Fathalla ◽  
Ashraf Albrakati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Antiulcer Activity ◽  
Cytokeratin 20 ◽  
Peptic Ulcers

Abstract Background: Pomegranate peel extract (PPE) is known to possess bioactive compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids, considered among the more potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory sources.Aims: This study was designed to evaluate PPE activity's protective effect as a natural therapeutic against peptic ulcers induced by Brexin.Methods: 40 rats were divided into four groups: Control group: ten rats received normal saline treatment; Brexit group: ten rats received a single oral dose of Brexit to induce the stomach ulcer; Antodine group: ten rats received Antodine (50 mg/kg) as a commercial drug for the peptic ulcer treatment once for two weeks following a peptic ulcer; Pomegranate group: ten rats of the group received PPE (43 mg/kg) treatments. Histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical techniques were used to detect histopathological damages in stomach rats in all groups.Results: The histopathological results showed that PPE treatments following Brexin-induced peptic ulcer ameliorated histological degenerative changes in the gastric glandular. Chief and surface mucous cells that are lining gastric mucosa were regained when compared with the other groups. The histochemical results showed that PPE treatment following ulcer provided an improvement in the secretion and distribution of the polysaccharides in the epithelial cells when compared with the other groups. Also, immunohistochemical results indicated a significant decrease in immunoreactivity of cytokeratin-20, cyclooxygenase-2, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in epithelial cells of rats in ulcer-model when compared with the other groups.Conclusion: PPE revealed its antiulcer activity and is recommended as a natural remedy against gastric mucosal injury induced by Brexin.

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