scholarly journals The Economics of Fair Trade

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raluca Dragusanu ◽  
Daniele Giovannucci ◽  
Nathan Nunn
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Fair Trade ◽  
Single Product ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Critical Overview ◽  
Trade Market

Fair Trade is a labeling initiative aimed at improving the lives of the poor in developing countries by offering better terms to producers and helping them to organize. Although Fair Trade–certified products still comprise a small share of the market—for example, Fair Trade–certified coffee exports were 1.8 percent of global coffee exports in 2009— growth has been very rapid over the past decade. Whether Fair Trade can achieve its intended goals has been hotly debated in academic and policy circles. In particular, debates have been waged about whether Fair Trade makes “economic sense” and is sustainable in the long run. The aim of this article is to provide a critical overview of the economic theory behind Fair Trade, describing the potential benefits and potential pitfalls. We also provide an assessment of the empirical evidence of the impacts of Fair Trade to date. Because coffee is the largest single product in the Fair Trade market, our discussion here focuses on the specifics of this industry, although we will also point out some important differences with other commodities as they arise.

scholarly journals Branding in the Online Space: The Emerging Frontier of New-Age Marketing

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Deepti Sinha ◽  
Sachin Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Brand Experience ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Modern Methods ◽  
Getting Lost

Technology is proving to be both an enabler and a disabler as far as meaningful and effective brand experience is concerned. As humankind continues to march towards an elusive and illusive utopia of technological advancement, the personal touch of the brand experience is fast becoming a thing of the past. While it cannot be denied that the modern methods of marketing are leaving no stone unturned in ‘connecting’ with the customer, but, ironically enough, it is the ‘customer connect’ itself, which is getting lost in the process. Modern marketing, in general, and its digital avatar, in particular, are creating what can be called an ‘imaginary intimacy’ with the customer. The poor Alice-like customer is being led into a Wonderland of false promises. The clueless customer is being hoodwinked into believing that the gadget on his palm or his lap or his desk is the repository of remedies for all maladies. The biggest demerit of the digital revolution in marketing is that it has reduced consumer behaviour to a set of split-second reflex actions. The ‘thinking consumer’ is an endangered species now. This is a casualty of phenomenal proportions, which the marketer will realize to his detriment in the long run.

scholarly journals A Proposed Sketch of a Distance Education Model for the Enrichment of Adult Literacy in Pakistan

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Khalid Saleem ◽  
Mumtaz Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Distance Education ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Adult Literacy ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Broadcast Media ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
Education Model

Various efforts have been made to overcome the problem of illiteracy throughout the world, particularly in the developing countries. But, none of these had valuable results. Therefore, in most of the developing countries like Pakistan, governments are concerned about handling the literacy problem effectively. The present paper was conducted in view of the poor literacy condition in Pakistan.it focused upon the analysis of existing literacy situation in Pakistan as well as finding out workable suggestions for overcoming the literacy problem. The study revealed that there was no use of broadcast media or the motivational techniques to attract the illiterate people to the literacy centers. Above all there was no consistency in the literacy programmes due to political factors. The main objectives of the study included to analyze the past literacy programmes in Pakistan and to create a distance education literacy model for Pakistan. The modern way for imparting literacy should be used rather than following the conventional methods. For this purpose a distance education model for enhancing literacy is proposed to be used in Pakistan. This is a theoretical model workable in the low literacy areas with suitable physical provisions.

scholarly journals Microfinance: A Powerful Tool for Social Transformation, Its Challenges, and Principles

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74
Author(s):  
Puspa Raj Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Domestic Saving ◽  
Business Studies ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Long Run

This paper attempts to explore the role and importance of microfinance in reducing poverty by generating the income of the poor. Microfinance has been emphasized for poverty reduction in developing countries through executing dual activities such as collection of domestic saving and investment of small loan. In this connection, this paper suggests microfinance practitioners and MFI to follow certain principles for making the microfinance services more sustainable in the long run and sheds light on the problems and challenges of microfinance. Journal of Nepalese Business Studies Vol.1(1) 2004 pp.69-74

Energy Access: Illusion or Reality for the Poor?

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 743-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Latsoucabe Fall
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Access Rate ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Electricity Access

Electricity access is vital for alleviating poverty, and reversing the past and current negative economic and social trends in developing countries. However, despite efforts undertaken so far, the technological accomplishments and so-called breakthroughs, as well as global wealth, the population without electricity access in developing countries is still tremendous. In Sub-Saharan Africa, at least three-quarters of the population currently have no access to electricity; and over the past three decades, the number of people without access to electricity in this region has doubled. Moreover, if we applied the electricity connection rates of the past decade, one must wait until at least the end of this century, before achieving the electricity access objective set for the region. Some experts contend that electricity reform options experienced in Africa have not yet reached the expected beneficial effects, in terms of improvement of the electricity access rate for the poor, and that they were not designed to address the energy problems of the poor, but were explicitly aimed at achieving other objectives. It is thus well founded to raise the following questions: Is the WSSD objective of energy access realistic or utopian, particularly for Africa? Is the UN Millennium Development Goal of halving the number of African poor by 2015 a ‘white vow’? How can we reverse the past and current negative trends and move towards the achievement of ambitious yet realistic objectives of widespread energy access?

Study of Entrepreneurialship in Developing Countries: The Development of One Chinese Concern in Indonesia

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Panglaykim ◽  
I. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Past ◽  
Physical Resources ◽  
Privately Owned ◽  
Developmental Analysis ◽  
Technical Coefficients

In the past many of us have been accustomed to visualizing developmental analysis as taking an inventory of physical resources, distributing them (or merely imagining them) in different fields of production, and then, according to preconceived ideas of technical coefficients, calculating future output. This might be termed the “skeleton” of economic theory. But the real meat of development lies in the efficiency of implementation of decisions, whether planned or laissez-faire. The efficiency of implementation depends on the quality of entrepreneurship; again, whether in publicly or privately owned establishments. This quality of entrepreneurship is determined by the attitude of management and labour leaders to supervision, morale and workers, breakdowns in machinery, commercial risks, and all uncertainties which cannot be effectively programmed. We believe it is taking an inadequate and misleading view of economic development to regard technical coefficients as reliable indicators of the fruitfulness of investments. For instance, a $10 million investment in steel in China might have quite a different impact on a range of economic indicators than the same investment in India.

scholarly journals Consumption and Employment Effects of Income Redistribution in Pakistan

1984 ◽  
Vol 23 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 347-363
Author(s):  
Aftab Ahmad Cheema ◽  
Muhammad Hussain Malik
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Income Redistribution ◽  
Policy Objective ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Important Policy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Direct Attack ◽  
Trickle Down

The argument that growth and equality are two opposite objectives and the conviction that if the former is preferred in the short run, the latter will automatically follow in the long run, though very popular in the past, have become somewhat controversial in recent years. Available evidence from the developing countries does not seem to support the 'trickle down' theory. It is being increasingly felt that the solution to the problem of poverty does not lie in mere maximization of the GNP. Economists have now started stressing the need for 'direct attack on poverty' (6, pp.42- 44] and for specific policies with growth implications for different groups in the Society (2, p. xiii] . Redistribution of income among different groups is therefore emerging as an important policy objective in many developing countries, including Pakistan.

High-Resolution, Low-Voltage SEM of Cell Wall Regeneration of Yeast Shizosaccharomyces Pombe Protoplasts

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 208-211
Author(s):  
M. Osumi ◽  
N. Yamada ◽  
T. Nagatani
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Cell Wall Regeneration ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Probe Size ◽  
Beam Damage ◽  
Biological Field ◽  
Scanning Electron

Even though many early workers had suggested the use of lower voltages to increase topographic contrast and to reduce specimen charging and beam damage, we did not usually operate in the conventional scanning electron microscope at low voltage because of the poor resolution, especially of bioligical specimens. However, the development of the “in-lens” field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) has led to marked inprovement in resolution, especially in the range of 1-5 kV, within the past year. The probe size has been cumulated to be 0.7nm in diameter at 30kV and about 3nm at 1kV. We have been trying to develop techniques to use this in-lens FESEM at low voltage (LVSEM) for direct observation of totally uncoated biological specimens and have developed the LVSEM method for the biological field.

E-Projects Challenges in India – Role of Human Resource Management and Technology

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
Ramnik Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Government Services ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Government ◽  
Traditional Approaches

E-governance is a paradigm shift over the traditional approaches in Public Administration which means rendering of government services and information to the public by using electronic means. In the past decades, service quality and responsiveness of the government towards the citizens were least important but with the approach of E-Government the government activities are now well dealt. This paper withdraws experiences from various studies from different countries and projects facing similar challenges which need to be consigned for the successful implementation of e-governance projects. Developing countries like India face poverty and illiteracy as a major obstacle in any form of development which makes it difficult for its government to provide e-services to its people conveniently and fast. It also suggests few suggestions to cope up with the challenges faced while implementing e-projects in India.

Overseas Development Administration. A Guide to Social Analysis for Projects in Developing Countries. London: HMSO. 1995. viii+248 pages. Hardbound. £18.95.

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-190
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Social Analysis ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Overseas Development

This book, hereinafter referred to as the Guide, has been developed for those social analysts (e.g., anthropologists, sociologists, and human geographers) who have had little or no practical experience in applying their knowledge as development practitioners. In the past, development projects would be analysed from a narrow financial and economic perspective. But with the evolution of thinking on development, this narrow financial and economic aspect has now been broadened to include the impact on society as the very meaning of development has now come to symbolise social change. Thus, development is not restricted only to plans and figures; the human environment in its entirety is now considered for analysis while designing and implementing development projects.

Wilfred Ethier. Modern International Economics. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. 1983. xviii + 588 pp.

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-83
Author(s):  
Nadeem A. Burney
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
New York ◽  
Economic Theory ◽  
International Economics ◽  
International Monetary System ◽  
International Markets ◽  
The Past ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
Recent Developments

Its been long recognized that various economies of the world are interlinked through international trade. The experience of the past several years, however, has demonstrated that this economic interdependence is far greater than was previously realized. In this context, the importance of international economic theory as an area distinct from general economics hardly needs any mentioning. What gives international economic theory this distinction is international markets for some goods and effects of national sovereignty on the character of economic activity. Wilfred Ethier's book, which incorporates recent developments in the field, is an excellent addition to textbooks on international economics for one- or twosemester undergraduate courses. The book mostly covers standard topics. A distinguishing feature of this book is its detailed analysis of the flexible exchange rates and a discussion of the various approaches used for their determination. Within each chapter, the author has extensively used facts, figures and major events to clarify the concepts in the light of the theoretical framework. The book also discusses, in a fair amount of detail, the existing international monetary system and the role of various international organizations.

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