scholarly journals Career Concerns and the Nature of Skills

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Cisternas
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Identification Problem ◽  
Career Concerns ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Skill Accumulation ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Past Effort ◽  
In The Beginning

I examine how career concerns are shaped by the nature of productive actions taken by workers. A worker’s skills follow a Gaussian process with an endogenous component reflecting human-capital accumulation. Effort and skills are substitutes both in the output process (as in Holmström 1999) and in the skills technology. The focus is on deterministic equilibria by virtue of Gaussian learning. When effort and skills are direct inputs to production and skills are exogenous, effort can be inefficiently high in the beginning of a career. In contrast, when skills are the only input to production but accumulate through past effort choices, the worker always underinvests in skill acquisition. At the center of the discrepancy are two types of ex post errors that arise at interpreting output due to an identification problem faced by the market. Finally, the robustness of the underinvestment result is explored via variations in the skill-accumulation technology and in the information structure, and policy implications are discussed. (JEL D83, I26, J24, J31)

scholarly journals A Drop in the Ocean: Patchy Evidence on the Societal Benefits of Marine Litter Reduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Stoever ◽  
Katrin Rehdanz ◽  
Ikechukwu Charles Okoli
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Marine Strategy Framework Directive ◽  
Marine Litter ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Post Evaluation ◽  
Societal Benefits ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
The Eu

The benefits of marine litter reduction to society, which are mostly non-market ones, need to be valued and quantified in monetary terms to be included in cost benefit analyses required by the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive. This article investigates the extent to which these benefits can be derived from existing studies. We review the available empirical evidence and analyze its key characteristics based on descriptive statistics. Comparing the availability of estimates with the requirements for the EU Member States, we find a striking mismatch between the data available and the information required, which cannot be alleviated by benefit transfer. This finding is valid for both, ex-ante and ex-post, evaluation attempts. We conclude that the evidence available at present is too patchy to derive country-wide policy implications to the extent necessary to comprehensively conduct the evaluations required by the Directive.

scholarly journals Job Security, Labour-Management Relations And Perceived Workers` Productivity In Industrial Organizations: Impact Of Technological Innovation

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayo Idowu Akintayo
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Job Security ◽  
Management Style ◽  
Industrial Organizations ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Implementation Stages ◽  
Labour Management

This study investigated the influence of technological innovation on job security, labour-management relations and perceived workers’ productivity in industrial organizations in Nigeria. The descriptive ex-post-facto research method was adopted for the study. A total of 321 respondents were selected for the purpose of the study using the proportionate stratified sampling technique. Three sets of questionnaires were utilized for data collection. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation and t- test statistics were used to test hypotheses generated for the study at 0.05 alpha levels. Findings revealed that a significant relationship does not exist between technological innovation and workers` job security. The findings further revealed that technological innovation has not significantly influenced harmonious labour-management relations. It was also found that there is no significant relationship between technological innovation and perceived workers` productivity. It is recommended that a participatory management style, which could foster workers` participation at the planning and implementation stages of technological innovation, should be encouraged among the managers in order to foster workers` participation in decision-making and workers` supportiveness towards implementation of technological innovation. Moreover, skill re-engineering programmes should be organized for workers at regular intervals in order to sensitize them and foster skill acquisition and utilization towards improved labour-management relations and increased productivity.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Comprehensive Rural Village Development Program on Rural Sustainability in Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaehee Hwang ◽  
Jonghoon Park ◽  
Seongwoo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Rural Village ◽  
Rural Sustainability ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The Impact

An imperative challenge emerges from the demand to apply the scientific method in the assessment of recent agricultural and rural policies throughout the world. The objective of the present study was to conduct an ex-post quantitative evaluation of the Comprehensive Rural Village Development Program (CRVDP), a representative rural development policy operated by the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, a central government agency in South Korea. The primary purpose of this program is to ensure sustainable rural society. This study found a moderate but significant positive impact of the policy in enhancing the standard of living in rural areas. The present paper concludes with suggesting some policy implications, limitations and future directions of policy evaluation studies.

scholarly journals KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR TINGKAT TINGGI (HOTS) TENTANG LINGKUNGAN BERDASARKAN LATAR BELAKANG AKADEMIK SISWA

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Nur Choerun Nisa ◽  
Nadiroh Nadiroh ◽  
Eko Siswono
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Academic Background ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Earth Environment ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
High Level ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
High Level Thinking

The objectives of this research is try to finding out the information about the effect of academic background of students on the ability of high-level thinking (HOTS) in the  environment. An ex post facto method has been applied by involving n= 120 students at SMA Negeri 21 Jakarta. Data was analyzed by Paired Sample T-tes. The results revealed that there were significant differences of student’s HOTS who come from academic background of MIA (Mathematics of Natural Sciences) and the academic background of IIS (Social Sciences). Therefore, to be considered about academic background factors that can lead students to improve HOTS in the environment. Further research on other variables that can influence HOTS in the environment, the background of respondents not only on the students but can be done to the general public because the environment to be the obligation of all the inhabitants of the earth. Environment has become the dominant issue in the beginning of this century, we need to re-educate our thinking, with further possibility to rekindle our hope of a future with dignity for all.

scholarly journals Interacting Learning Processes during Skill Acquisition: Learning to control with gradually changing system dynamics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Ludolph ◽  
Martin A. Giese ◽  
Winfried Ilg
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Gravity Level ◽  
Gradual Group ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Adaptation Processes ◽  
Specific Learning

ABSTRACTThere is increasing evidence that sensorimotor learning under real-life conditions relies on a composition of several learning processes. Nevertheless, most studies examine learning behaviour in relation to one specific learning mechanism. In this study, we examined the interaction between reward-based skill acquisition and motor adaptation to changes of object dynamics. Thirty healthy subjects, split into two groups, acquired the skill of balancing a pole on a cart in virtual reality. In one group, we gradually increased the gravity, making the task easier in the beginning and more difficult towards the end. In the second group, subjects had to acquire the skill on the maximum, most difficult gravity level. We hypothesized that the gradual increase in gravity during skill acquisition supports learning despite the necessary adjustments to changes in cart-pole dynamics. We found that the gradual group benefits from the slow increment, although overall improvement was interrupted by the changes in gravity and resulting system dynamics, which caused short-term degradations in performance and timing of actions. In conclusion, our results deliver evidence for an interaction of reward-based skill acquisition and motor adaptation processes, which indicates the importance of both processes for the development of optimized skill acquisition schedules.

scholarly journals Confidence and unemployment in the European Union: a lesson from the 2004 enlargement

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
António Caleiro
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Membership Function ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Consumer Confidence ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Lisbon Strategy ◽  
Ex Post

We use data for the monthly unemployment rate and consumer confidence indicator in the European Union to study whether there is a relationship between unemployment and confidence. Our estimation method is based on a fuzzy logic methodology with a Gaussian membership function. We find a stronger relationship between unemployment and confidence than it is apparent. We show in an ex-post prediction study that this relationship did not change, in a significant way, after the 2004 enlargement of the European Union. This fact constitutes a lesson for the post-2007 enlargement period. The link between unemployment and confidence has important policy implications given its relevance, in particular for the (latest call for a new start of the) Lisbon Strategy.

scholarly journals Historical redlining and contemporary racial disparities in neighborhood life expectancy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Graetz ◽  
Michael Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Financial Risk ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Structural Racism ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Political Economies ◽  
Professional Class ◽  
Racialized Violence

While evidence suggests a durable association between redlining and population health, we lack an empirical account of how this historical act of racialized violence produced contemporary inequities. In this paper, we use a mediation framework to evaluate how redlining grades influenced later life expectancy and the degree to which contemporary racialized disparities in life expectancy between Black working-class neighborhoods and white professional-class neighborhoods can be explained by past HOLC mapping. Life expectancy gaps between differently graded tracts are driven by urban renewal, economic isolation, and property valuation that developed within these areas in subsequent decades. Still, only a small fraction of the total disparity between contemporary Black and white neighborhoods is predicted by HOLC grades. We discuss the role of these maps in analyses of structural racism, positioning them as only one feature of the larger public-private project of conflating race with financial risk. Policy implications include targeting resources to formerly redlined neighborhoods, but also dismantling broader racist logics of capital accumulation codified in more abstracted political economies of place.

scholarly journals Disaster Impact, National Aid, and Economic Growth: Evidence from the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renjie Zhao ◽  
Shihu Zhong ◽  
Aiping He
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Wenchuan Earthquake ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
2008 Wenchuan Earthquake ◽  
The Government

How disasters have affected economic growth has often been a subject for economic debate, and empirical studies of the experience in China are clearly inadequate. Using the panel data from 181 county-level cities in Sichuan province from 2003 to 2013, this paper investigates the direct and dynamic effects of the Wenchuan earthquake disaster on economic growth, as well as how national rescue affected postdisaster economic recovery. The econometric results show that earthquakes significantly reduce real GDP in the affected areas after controlling for the national rescue variables, and this negative effect exists in the affected area over a long time. In addition, our empirical findings suggest that the postdisaster national rescue can promote economic recovery in the affected areas by increasing government expenditure, improving traffic conditions, and enhancing the urbanization process and the level of industrialization. Besides, state financial aid has no obvious effect on the development of tertiary industries and the accumulation of human capital in affected areas. These results were found to be robust after applying several approaches to alleviate the potential endogeneity problem. Findings in this study carry several important policy implications. As well as providing national rescue to promote postdisaster reconstruction, the government should also develop policies that will provide direct aid funding to tertiary industries and boost postdisaster economic reconstruction and human capital accumulation, thus improving the efficiency of relief funding and reducing the long-term adverse effects of the disaster on economic growth.

scholarly journals Markets for Information: An Introduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk Bergemann ◽  
Alessandro Bonatti
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Information Filtering ◽  
Consumer Information ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Search Advertising ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Sponsored Search Advertising ◽  
Indirect Information

We survey a recent and growing literature on markets for information. We offer a comprehensive view of information markets through an integrated model of consumers, information intermediaries, and firms. The model embeds a large set of applications ranging from sponsored-search advertising to credit scores to information sharing among competitors. We then zoom in to one of the critical elements in the markets for information: the design of the information. We distinguish between ex ante sales of information (the buyer acquires an information structure) and ex post sales (the buyer pays for specific realizations). We relate this distinction to the different products that brokers, advertisers, and publishers use to trade consumer information online. We discuss the endogenous limits to the trade of information that derive from the potential adverse use of information to the consumers. Finally, we discuss recommender systems and other information filtering systems that use artificial intelligence to predict ratings or preferences in markets for indirect information.

Perceived Imperative Influence of Entrepreneurial Education on Human Security

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Adenuga ◽  
Tola Oduyale
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Social Stability ◽  
Entrepreneurial Education ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto ◽  
Human Fulfillment ◽  
Food Economy ◽  
Descriptive Survey

Human security safeguards the vital core of all human lives from critical pervasive threats, in a way that is consistent with long-term human fulfillment despite the increased level of unemployment and insecurity in the country. Entrepreneurial education as a tool promotes skills that enable individual to be self-employed and self-reliant which influences the vital core of human lives such as food, economy and social stability. This study was carried out to examine the perceived imperative influence of entrepreneurial education on human security. A descriptive survey research design of the ex-post facto type utilizing a self-structured Likert type questionnaire entitled Questionnaire on Entrepreneurial Education and Human Security (QEEHS) with a reliability index of 0.75 was used to elicit appropriate response from the study population. A stratified random sampling technique was used to group the research location into five groups while four hundred (400) respondents were selected randomly from each group to make two thousand (2000) respondents as sample size. The data obtained were analyzed using the inferential statistics of multiple regression at 0.05 alpha level while the two negative hypotheses formulated were rejected. This revealed that entrepreneurial education imperative index (food, economic and social stability) are significant factors perceived to influence human security. It was recommended amongst others that government should have more locations and centers for skill acquisition to complement school-based entrepreneurial education. Individual and voluntary organization should complement government effort in this line to further help masses to be self-employed.

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