scholarly journals Image versus Information: Changing Societal Norms and Optimal Privacy

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Nageeb Ali ◽  
Roland Bénabou
Keyword(s):  
Descriptive Norm ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Social Image ◽  
The Public ◽  
Aggregate Behavior ◽  
Societal Norms ◽  
The Social ◽  
Information Changing ◽  
Societal Preferences ◽  
Investment Subsidy

We analyze the costs and benefits of using social image to foster desirable behaviors. Each agent acts based on his intrinsic motivation, private assessment of the public good, and reputational concern for appearing prosocial. A Principal sets the general degree of privacy, observes the social outcome, and implements a policy: investment, subsidy, law, etc. Individual visibility reduces free riding but makes aggregate behavior (“descriptive norm”) less informative about societal preferences (“prescriptive norm”). We derive the level of privacy (and material incentives) that optimally trades off social enforcement and learning, and we characterize its variations with the economy’s stochastic and informational structure. (JEL D82, D83, D91, Z13)

scholarly journals Weighing intellectual property: Can we balance the social costs and benefits of patenting?

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-163
Author(s):  
Mario Biagioli
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Ip Protection ◽  
The Public ◽  
Clear Sense ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Law ◽  
Social Costs And Benefits ◽  
Ip Law

The scale is the most famous emblem of the law, including intellectual property (IP). Because IP rights impose social costs on the public by limiting access to protected work, the law can be justified only to the extent that, on balance, it encourages enough creation and dissemination of new works to offset those costs. The scale is thus a potent rhetorical trope of fairness and objectivity, but also an instrument the law thinks with – one that is constantly invoked to justify or to question the extent of available IP protection. The balancing act that underlies the legitimacy of IP is, however, literally impossible to perform. Because we are unable to measure the benefits that IP has for inventors or the costs it has for the public, the scale has nothing to weigh. It conveys a clear sense that IP law can be balanced, but in fact propagates only a visible simulacrum of balance – one that is as empty as it is powerful.

The Image of People and Property Security Personnel as Perceived by the Residents of Słupsk city

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (28) ◽  
pp. 35-50
Author(s):  
Janusz Gierszewski
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Public Security ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Social Image ◽  
The Public ◽  
Security Services ◽  
Security Personnel ◽  
The Social ◽  
Public Consciousness

Security as a social category is realised intuitively (subjectively) and is not always subject to unambiguous (objective) assessments. The perception of various formations tasked with ensuring public security and order gives rise to extreme assessments, sparking numerous discussions on how to judge their functioning. In today’s world, it is hardly surprising that various services (including private services) operate in cities, ensuring the security of the residents. The aim of the article is to analyse the basic components which shape the social image of people and property security services in the public consciousness of the inhabitants of Słupsk – a medium-sized city in Poland . This has been researched on the basis of empirical surveys (questionnaires) diagnosing the assessment of the work and activities of security personnel. The research problem is the following question: What is the image of people and property security services in the system of security and public order, as perceived by the residents of Słupsk, a medium-sized Polish city? The quantitative research conducted for the purpose of this paper was carried out in the form of a diagnostic survey, and the technique applied were questionnaires.

scholarly journals Autonomy and Morality in DRM and Anti-Circumvention Law

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-245
Author(s):  
Dan L. Burk ◽  
Tarleton Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Digital Rights Management ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
State Sponsorship ◽  
Management Technology ◽  
Rights Management ◽  
Information Products ◽  
Social Costs And Benefits

Digital rights management technology, or DRM, provides self-enforcing technical exclusion from pre-determined uses of informational works. Such technical exclusion may supplement or even supplant intellectual property laws. The deployment of DRM has been subsidized by laws prohibiting both disabling of technical controls and assisting others to disable technical controls. To date the public debate over deployment of DRM, has been almost entirely dominated by utilitarian arguments regarding the social costs and benefits of this technology. In this paper, we examine the moral propriety of laws endorsing and encouraging the deployment of DRM. We argue that a deontological analysis, focusing on the autonomy of information users, deserves consideration. Because DRM shifts the determination of information use from users to producers, users are denied the choice whether to engage in use or misuse of the technically protected work. State sponsorship of DRM in effect treats information users as moral incompetents, incapable of deciding the proper use of information products. This analysis militates in favor of legal penalties that recognize and encourage the exercise of autonomous choice, even by punishment of blameworthy choices, rather than the encouragement of technology that limits the autonomous choices of information users.

scholarly journals Fungsi Dinas Kebersihan dan Ruang Terbuka Hijau Sebagai Komunikator dalam Membangun Destination Branding Kampung Wisata Genteng Candirejo di Surabaya

REPRESENTAMEN ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anggriyan Permana ◽  
Noorshanti Sumarah ◽  
Mohammad Insan Romadhan
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Social Image ◽  
Destination Branding ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Tourist Village ◽  
Destination Brand ◽  
The Village

Abstract  The Sanitation and Green Open Space Department as a communicator, through the Community Empowerment Sub-Division, conveyed a message to the community with one of its messages, namely to build a branding destination in the tourist village of Genteng Candirejo. Interestingly, DKRTH does not have a public relations position in its organizational structure, which makes researchers interested in knowing the DKRTH's function as a communicator in building the destination branding of the Candirejo Tile Tourism Village in Surabaya. This study uses the concept of destination brand social image patterns in the study of tourism communication as a discussion analysis knife. This research resulted in a conclusion as a DKRTH communicator trying to give an impression to the public by becoming a facilitator of communication, media relations and program assistance so that the social image of the village destination branding is getting stronger Keywords : DKRTH Function, Public Relations Activities, Destination Brand Social Image Pattern

Prelievo contributivo e fiscale e spesa pensionistica nella finanza pubblica in Italia*

1984 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
Sergio Gambale
Keyword(s):  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Demographic Trends ◽  
The Public ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
The Social ◽  
Fiscal Revenue ◽  
Tax Payers ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract The reform of the pension system under discussion now in Italy has to tackle equity problems as well the slow down of public expenditure and the size and structure of revenues. Economic and demographic trends shed light on an increasing disequilibrium in the social budget.The points discussed in this paper as to the expenditure side relate to the necessity for a closer linkage between individual costs and benefits. On the revenue side, a part from a reference to tax effort for different categories of tax-payers, the social contribution versus fiscal revenue schemes are looked at. Particularly, a suggestion is made with reference to the different compliance degree and to the need for a better use of data available within the public sector to fight evasion.

scholarly journals Social Prestige of the Paramedic Profession

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1506
Author(s):  
Anita Majchrowska ◽  
Jakub Pawlikowski ◽  
Mariusz Jojczuk ◽  
Adam Nogalski ◽  
Renata Bogusz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Power ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Social Image ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Social Prestige ◽  
The Social ◽  
Random Nature

Background: There is a lack of research on social image, prestige, and the position of the paramedic profession in the social structure. The main objective of the study was to determine the place of the paramedic profession in the hierarchy of prestige of professions as viewed by the public. In operationalizing the term ‘prestige’, we deemed the word ‘respect’ to best fit the sense of the subjective evaluation of prestige with regard to a profession. Material and methods: The data comes from cross-sectional survey-based research. The research was carried out on a group of 600 people over 18 years of age. The sample was of a random nature, and the selection of respondents was calculated on the basis of them being representative of the Polish population. Results: The median of respect declared for the paramedic profession, on a scale of 1 to 5, was 4.49, which placed the profession in fourth place in the ranking. The assessment of respect for paramedics among other medical professions placed them in third place, directly after doctors and midwifes. Conclusions: The profession of paramedic is characterized by high social prestige, locating it at the forefront of the medical profession and other examined professions, but its social position, expressed by objective measures (earnings, structural possibilities, social power), is significantly lower.

scholarly journals Autonomy and Morality in DRM and Anti-Circumvention Law

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan L. Burk ◽  
Tarleton Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Digital Rights Management ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
State Sponsorship ◽  
Management Technology ◽  
Rights Management ◽  
Information Products ◽  
Social Costs And Benefits

Digital rights management technology, or DRM, provides self-enforcing technical exclusion from pre-determined uses of informational works. Such technical exclusion may supplement or even supplant intellectual property laws. The deployment of DRM has been subsidized by laws prohibiting both disabling of technical controls and assisting others to disable technical controls. To date the public debate over deployment of DRM, has been almost entirely dominated by utilitarian arguments regarding the social costs and benefits of this technology. In this paper, we examine the moral propriety of laws endorsing and encouraging the deployment of DRM. We argue that a deontological analysis, focusing on the autonomy of information users, deserves consideration. Because DRM shifts the determination of information use from users to producers, users are denied the choice whether to engage in use or misuse of the technically protected work. State sponsorship of DRM in effect treats information users as moral incompetents, incapable of deciding the proper use of information products. This analysis militates in favor of legal penalties that recognize and encourage the exercise of autonomous choice, even by punishment of blameworthy choices, rather than the encouragement of technology that limits the autonomous choices of information users.

Pelaksanaan Jaminan Kesehatan Oleh BPJS Kesehatan Dalam Perspektif Syariah

Liquidity ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-118
Author(s):  
Iwan Subandi ◽  
Fathurrahman Djamil
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Social Supports ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
Health Support ◽  
The Government

Health is the basic right for everybody, therefore every citizen is entitled to get the health care. In enforcing the regulation for Jaringan Kesehatan Nasional (National Health Supports), it is heavily influenced by the foreign interests. Economically, this program does not reduce the people’s burdens, on the contrary, it will increase them. This means the health supports in which should place the government as the guarantor of the public health, but the people themselves that should pay for the health care. In the realization of the health support the are elements against the Syariah principles. Indonesian Muslim Religious Leaders (MUI) only say that the BPJS Kesehatan (Sosial Support Institution for Health) does not conform with the syariah. The society is asked to register and continue the participation in the program of Social Supports Institution for Health. The best solution is to enforce the mechanism which is in accordance with the syariah principles. The establishment of BPJS based on syariah has to be carried out in cooperation from the elements of Social Supports Institution (BPJS), Indonesian Muslim Religious (MUI), Financial Institution Authorities, National Social Supports Council, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Finance. Accordingly, the Social Supports Institution for Helath (BPJS Kesehatan) based on syariah principles could be obtained and could became the solution of the polemics in the society.

The Samarin Family and the Parish Question in the Russian Empire. 1860s–1910s

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 235-246
Author(s):  
Alexey L. Beglov
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Public Discussion ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Church Life ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Church ◽  
Do So

The article examines the contribution of the representatives of the Samarin family to the development of the Parish issue in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The issue of expanding the rights of the laity in the sphere of parish self-government was one of the most debated problems of Church life in that period. The public discussion was initiated by D.F. Samarin (1827-1901). He formulated the “social concept” of the parish and parish reform, based on Slavophile views on society and the Church. In the beginning of the twentieth century his eldest son F.D. Samarin who was a member of the Special Council on the development the Orthodox parish project in 1907, and as such developed the Slavophile concept of the parish. In 1915, A.D. Samarin, who took up the position of the Chief Procurator of the Most Holy Synod, tried to make his contribution to the cause of the parish reforms, but he failed to do so due to his resignation.

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