scholarly journals Use of anaesthetic agents in farmed fish

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
H. TSANTILAS (Η. ΤΣΑΝΤΗΛΑΣ) ◽  
A. D. GALATOS (Α. Δ. ΓΑΛΑΤΟΣ) ◽  
F. ATHANASSOPOULOU (ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ Φ.)
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Health State ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Farmed Fish ◽  
Anaesthetic Agents ◽  
Rapid Action ◽  
Artificial Breeding ◽  
The Usa

Anaesthetic agents are routinely used in farmed fish to permit the performance of painful procedures, ease handling and reduce stress during grading, tagging, transport, blood sampling, artificial breeding and vaccination of fish. An ideal anaesthetic for fish should induce anaesthesia rapidly, allow a rapid recovery, be safe to both fish and user, leave low tissue residues and be inexpensive and easy to use. A variety of factors, including species, size, body weight, gill surface area to body weight ratio, lipid content, sex, sexual maturity, physical condition and health state of the fish, as well as temperature, pH, salinity and oxygen and mineral content of the water may affect the anaesthetic process in fish. The most commonly used anaesthetics are tricaine, benzocaine, phenoxyethanol, quinaldine, quinate, clove oil and metomidate. Tricaine is the only anaesthetic licensed for farmed fish use in the USA. It is easy to use and safe, but also expensive. Benzocaine is cheaper, but poorly water-soluble and has to be prepared in either ethanol or acetone. Phenoxyethanol is considered by most fish farmers as the anaesthetic of choice for farmed fish, because of its easy preparation, low price, rapid action and bactericidal and fungicidal properties. Quin aldine and quinate are effective and easy to use anaesthetic agents, however, a number of adverse effects have been reported to both fish and users. The active ingredients of clove oil are eugenol and isoeugenol and have been introduced only recently as fish anaesthetics. Apart from being inexpensive and easy to use, clove oil has also bactericidal and fungicidal properties. Metomidate may have a certain advantage as it probably evokes a less severe stress response in fish than the other anaesthetic agents.

scholarly journals Using of Different Kinds of Aromatic Oils with Feeding on Some Productive Traits in Awassi Lambs

2021 ◽  
Vol 910 (1) ◽  
pp. 012046
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Adhab ◽  
Ziyad T. Aldoori ◽  
Bashar A. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Plastic Tube ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Productive Traits ◽  
Aromatic Oils ◽  
Awassi Lambs

Abstract This study was conducted in the animal farm of the College of Veterinary Medicine/Tikrit University for the period from 01/10/2019 to 31/12/2019 to investigate the effect of using different kinds of aromatic oils on some productive traits in Awassi lambs. Twenty Awassi lambs aged between 5-6 month and divided according to weight into four group and hens in an individual cages, the study lasted for 90 day. concentrate diet provided to the lambs at 3% of their body weight. the treatment were as follows : T1 was a control group without drenching, T2 drenched with sage oil, T3 drenched with clove oil and T4 drenched with laurel oil. drenching process was done manually by using water-soluble capsules each one contain 500 mg of oil, each lambs was given one capsule/day. which is pushed by using a plastic tube in to the beginning of esophagus. to study the effect of these oils on weight characteristics, body dimensions and wool characteristics. The results showed that there was no significant effect of the treatments on body weight characteristics. As for the measurements of the body dimensions after a month of the experiment, laurel oil, clove oil and sage oil had a significant effect on the chest circumference, the width of the body at the front, the width of the body at the back and BCS, and also the parameters had a significant effect on the measurements of body dimensions At the end of the experiment, the characteristics of the height of the body at the front, the height of the body at the back, the circumference of the chest, and the length of the body. As for the characteristics of the wool, the oils used led to a decrease in the percentage of clean wool and an increase in the length of the fiber compared to the control.

Some consequences of body size

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (4) ◽  
pp. H495-H507 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Hill Climbing ◽  
Proper Size ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Metabolic Indices

The question of the proper size denominator for metabolic indices is addressed. Metabolic rate among different species is proportional to the 3/4 power of body weight, not surface area. Muscle power also varies with the 3/4 power of weight, suggesting that metabolic rate is determined mainly by muscle power. Power-to-weight ratio, specific metabolic rate, and a number of metabolic periods, including heart rate, all vary inversely with the 1/4 power of body weight. Thus the relative times required for physiological and pathological processes in different species may be estimated from the average resting heart rate for the species. There are not many small humans among athletic record holders in events involving acceleration and hill climbing, as would be expected if they had higher power-to-weight ratios. Thus the relationship between size and metabolic rate in different species should not be applied within the single species of humans. Evidence is reviewed showing that basal metabolic rate in humans is determined mainly by lean body mass.

scholarly journals Creatine Alleviates Doxorubicin-Induced Liver Damage by Inhibiting Liver Fibrosis, Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Cellular Senescence

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Nouf Aljobaily ◽  
Michael J. Viereckl ◽  
David S. Hydock ◽  
Hend Aljobaily ◽  
Tsung-Yen Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Cellular Senescence ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Chromosomal Stability

Background: Treatment with the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (DOX) may lead to toxicities that affect non-cancer cells including the liver. Supplementing the diet with creatine (Cr) has been suggested as a potential intervention to minimize DOX-induced side effects, but its effect in alleviating DOX-induced hepatoxicity is currently unknown. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of Cr supplementation on DOX-induced liver damage. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet supplemented with 2% Cr for four weeks, 4% Cr for one week followed by 2% Cr for three more weeks, or control diet for four weeks. Animals then received either a bolus i.p. injection of DOX (15 mg/kg) or saline as a placebo. Animals were then sacrificed five days-post injection and markers of hepatoxicity were analyzed using the liver-to-body weight ratio, aspartate transaminase (AST)-to- alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lipemia, and T-Bilirubin. In addition, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, Picro-Sirius Red staining, and immunofluorescence staining for CD45, 8-OHdG, and β-galactosidase were performed to evaluate liver morphology, fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular senescence, respectively. The mRNA levels for biomarkers of liver fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and senescence-related genes were measured in liver tissues. Chromosomal stability was evaluated using global DNA methylation ELISA. Results: The ALT/AST ratio and liver to body weight ratio tended to increase in the DOX group, and Cr supplementation tended to attenuate this increase. Furthermore, elevated levels of liver fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and senescence were observed with DOX treatment, and Cr supplementation prior to DOX treatment ameliorated this hepatoxicity. Moreover, DOX treatment resulted in chromosomal instability (i.e., altered DNA methylation profile), and Cr supplementation showed a tendency to restore chromosomal stability with DOX treatment. Conclusion: The data suggest that Cr protected against DOX-induced hepatotoxicity by attenuating fibrosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and senescence.

scholarly journals Biological Properties and Prospects for the Application of Eugenol—A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3671
Author(s):  
Magdalena Ulanowska ◽  
Beata Olas
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aromatic Compound ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Current State ◽  
Potential Component ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
High Concentrations

Eugenol is a phenolic aromatic compound obtained mainly from clove oil. Due to its known antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, it has long been used in various areas, such as cosmetology, medicine, and pharmacology. However, high concentrations can be toxic. A dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight is regarded as safe. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the activities and application of eugenol and its derivatives and recent research of these compounds. This review is based on information concerning eugenol characteristics and recent research from articles in PubMed. Eugenol remains of great interest to researchers, since its multidirectional action allows it to be a potential component of drugs and other products with therapeutic potential against a range of diseases.

Glycyrrhizic acid: the assessment of a no effect level

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 434-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
C E M van Gelderen ◽  
J A Bijlsma ◽  
W van Dokkum ◽  
T J F Savelkoull
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Glycyrrhizic Acid ◽  
Mild Hypertension ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Healthy Female ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Effect Level

Because from earlier experiments in rats and a pilot study in humans a no effect level of glycyrrhizic acid could not be established, a second experiment was performed in healthy volunteers. The experiment was performed in females only, because the effects were most marked in females in the pilot study. Doses of 0, 1, 2 and 4 mg glycyrrhizic acid/kg body weight were administered orally for 8 weeks to 39 healthy female volunteers aged 19-40 years. The experimentlasted 12 weeks including an adaptation and a “wash-out” period.Ano-effectlevel of2 mg/kgis proposed from the results ofthis study, from which an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.2 mg/kg body weight can be extrapolated with a safety factor of 10. This means consumption of 12 mg glycyrrhizic acid/day for a person with a body weight of 60 kg. This would be equal to 6 g licorice a day, assuming that licorice contains 0.2% of glycyrrhizic acid. The proposed ADI is below the limit advised by the Dutch Nutrition Council of 200 mg glycyrrhizic acid/day. This reflects the relatively mild acute toxicity of glycyrrhizic acid, which is also emphasised by the “generally recognised as safe” (GRAS) status of glycyrrhizic acid in the USA in 1983. However, the long-term effects of a mild chronic intoxication (causing, for example, a mild hypertension), although not immediately lethal, justify special attention to the amount of glycyrrhizic acid used daily.

Abstract 064: 20-HETE Contributes to Vasoconstriction of Renal Microvessels and Sodium Retention in Cyp4a14-/- Mice, a Model of 20-HETE Dependent Hypertension

Hypertension ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankit Gilani ◽  
Varunkumar Pandey ◽  
Joseph Zullo ◽  
Priyanka Mishra ◽  
John R Falck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Isotonic Saline ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Arachidonic Acid Metabolite ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Kidney Weight ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
In The Wild

20-HETE (20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid), is a cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4A-derived arachidonic acid metabolite. 20-HETE has been linked to both pro-hypertensive (via increased vasoconstriction, vascular remodeling and vascular injury of renal microvessels) and anti-hypertensive (inhibiting ion transport in the distal nephron) functions. In this study we examined the effect of 20-SOLA (2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaoxanonadecan-19-yl-20-hydroxyeicosa-6(Z),15(Z)-dienoate), a water soluble antagonist of the actions of 20-HETE on renal hemodynamics and sodium (Na) excretion in Cyp4a14 knockout (CYP4a14-/-) male mice. The CYP4a14-/- male mice display hypertension accompanied by increased vascular 20-HETE levels. Administration of 20-SOLA (10mg/kg/day in drinking water) normalized blood pressure (BP) in male Cyp4a14-/- mice at day 10 of treatment (124±1 vs. 153±2 mmHg in untreated male Cyp4a14-/- mice; p<0.05). The normalization of blood pressure was accompanied by transient increase in the urinary sodium excretion in the Cyp4a14-/- male mice (8.3±0.7 vs. 5.8±0.5 μmol/g body weight/day; p<0.05). Importantly, 20-SOLA increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of Cyp4a14-/- mice (2.38±0.05 vs. 1.88±0.18 μL/min/mg kidney weight, p<0.05) as opposed to no changes observed in the wild type (WT: (2.26±0.18 vs. 2.33±0.20μL/min/mg kidney weight). Evaluation of the renal blood flow (RBF) by laser Doppler flowmetry showed that treatment with 20-SOLA increased the RBF in Cyp4a14-/- mice by 12.3±4%, which remained unaltered in the WT. Additionally, the pressure-induced myogenic tone of isolated preglomerular microvessels was significantly elevated in Cyp4a14-/- mice; 20-SOLA treatment prevented the increase in myogenic responses. The natriuretic response to an isotonic saline loading challenge (10% of body weight, IP) was significantly attenuated in the Cyp4a14-/- mice as compared to the WT (35.5±2.8 vs. 57.4±8.3 percentage of Na load, p<0.05); this was corrected by 20-SOLA (61.7±5.7 percentage of Na load, p<0.05). These results confirm that 20-SOLA normalizes blood pressure of Cyp4a14-/- male mice and demonstrates that this is associated with increases in GFR, RBF and natriuresis.

Exercise and clenbuterol as strategies to decrease the progression of muscular dystrophy in mdx mice

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 734-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Dupont-Versteegden
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscular Dystrophy ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Mdx Mice ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Sedentary Group ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Tetanic Tension

The effects of exercise and the combination of exercise and clenbuterol on progression of muscular dystrophy were studied in mdx mice. At 3 wk of age, mdx mice were randomly assigned to sedentary (MS), exercise (ME), or combined exercise and clenbuterol (MEC) groups. Clenbuterol was given in the drinking water (1.0-1.5 mg . kg body weight-1 . day-1), and exercise consisted of spontaneous running activity on exercise wheels. At 3 mo or 1 yr of age, ventilatory function, contractile properties, and morphological characteristics of the soleus (Sol) and diaphragm (Dia) muscles were measured. The mdx mice receiving clenbuterol ran less than the mice without clenbuterol. The combination of clenbuterol and exercise was associated with an increase in Sol muscle weight and a muscle weight-to-body weight ratio of 30-35% compared with the sedentary group and approximately 20% compared to exercise alone. Myosin and total protein concentrations of the Sol and Dia increased in the MEC group at 1 yr of age only. Normalized active tension was increased in the Dia at 1 yr of age in both the ME and MEC groups by approximately 30%. Absolute tetanic tension of the Sol was increased at both 3 mo and 1 yr of age in the MEC compared with the MS group. At 1 yr of age, there was an additional 23% increase compared with the ME group. Fatigability increased in the MEC group by approximately 25% in the Sol and Dia muscles at both ages compared with the MS and ME groups. Results indicate that exercise and exercise plus clenbuterol decrease the progression of muscular dystrophy. However, different mechanisms may be involved because the combination of clenbuterol and exercise resulted in increased fatigability and the development of deformities, whereas exercise alone did not. Therefore, clenbuterol may not be suitable for use in patients with muscular dystrophy.

scholarly journals Regression of gestational diabetes induced cardiomegaly in offspring of diabetic rat

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honório Sampaio Menezes ◽  
Cláudio Galeano Zettler ◽  
Alice Calone ◽  
Jackson Borges Corrêa ◽  
Carla Bartuscheck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Levene Test

PURPOSE: To compare body weight and length, heart weight and length, heart-to-body weight ratio, glycemia, and morphometric cellular data of offspring of diabetic rats (ODR) and of normal rats (control). METHODS: Diabetes was induced in 3 pregnant Wistar rats, bearing 30 rats, on the 11th day after conception by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin. Six normal pregnant Wistar rats, bearing 50 rats, made up the control group. Morphometric data were obtained using a scale for the weight, length, heart and body measurements. Morphometric cellular data were obtained by a computer assisted method applied to the measurements of myocytes. Statistical analysis utilized Student's t-test, ANOVA and Levene test. RESULTS: Control offspring had greater mean body weight and length than offspring of diabetic rats (p < 0.001). Heart weight and length and heart-to-body ratios of newborn rats differed between groups at birth (p < 0.001), but showed no difference at 21 days. Mean nuclei area and perimetric value of the myocytes decrees throughout the first 21 days of life (p < 0.01) in the diabetic group. CONCLUSIONS: Heart hypertrophy on the offspring of diabetic rats at birth was demonstrated by the significant difference between the groups. After the eleventh day, no difference was found, which confirmed regression of cardiomegaly. The significant difference between the first and the 21th day of life, for nuclei area feature, demonstrate regression of cardiac hypertrophy in the offspring of diabetic rats.

A study on the safety evaluation of buphrenorphine administered through an autoinjector compared with manual injection using haematological and biochemical variables in rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 901-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Sheela ◽  
R Vijayaraghavan ◽  
S Senthilkumar
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Manual Group ◽  
Significant Change

Buprenorphine drug cartridge was made for autoinjector device for use in emergency and critical situations to reduce the morbidity and mortality. Water-filled cartridges were prepared and buprenorphine was injected aseptically in the cartridge, to make 0.05 and 0.10 mg/mL. Rats were injected intraperitoneally, buprenorphine (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg), repeatedly with the autoinjector and compared with manual injection (7 days and 14 days) using various haematological and biochemical parameters. No significant change was observed in the body weight, organ to body weight ratio and haematological variables in any of the experimental groups compared with the control group. Except serum urea and aspartate aminotransferase, no significant change was observed in glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, bilirubin, protein, albumin, creatinine, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase. The autoinjectors deliver the drugs with spray effect and force for faster absorption. In the present study, the autoinjector meant for intramuscular injection was injected intraperitoneally in rats, and the drug was delivered with force on the vital organs. No significant difference was observed in the autoinjector group compared to the manual group showing tolerability and safety of the buphrenorphine autoinjector. This study shows that buprenorphine autoinjector can be considered for further research work.

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