PEMBUATAN PESTISIDA ORGANIK MENGGUNAKAN METODE EKSTRAKSI DARI SAMPAH DAUN PEPAYA DAN UMBI BAWANG PUTIH

Jurnal Dampak ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvie Yennie ◽  
Shinta Elystia
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mosquito Larvae ◽  
Soaking Time ◽  
Natural Materials

ABSTRAKPestisida adalah substansi kimia dan bahan lain yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan berbagai hama yang terbukti mengganggu. Pestisida dapat dibuat dari bahan alam yang salah satunya dari daun pepaya dan umbi bawang putih. Hal ini diiringi dengan mudahnya didapatkan bahan alam tersebut sehingga muncullah ide untuk membuat pestisida dari bahan tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh variasi waktu perendaman bahan baku dengan variasi pelarut, menghitung rendemen dari variasi waktu perendaman bahan baku dan menguji senyawa metabolit sekunder dari rendemen maksimum lalu menguji toksisitas ekstrak yang diperoleh terhadap larva nyamuk. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode ekstraksi maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol dan etanol. Variasi waktu perendaman 3,5,7 hari dengan suhu lingkungan, nisbah larutan padatan sebesar 1 : 4, setelah proses perendaman dilakukan penyaringan dan hasil saringan berupa filtrat didestilasi dengan kondisi operasi temperatur 80o C selama 50 menit. Lalu ekstrak diuji senyawa metabolit sekundernya, diukur pHnya dan toksisitas terhadap hewan uji. Kondisi operasi maksimum diperoleh pada waktu perendaman selama 7 hari dengan kadar rendemen sebesar 41,35 % dengan pH 5,79 untuk hasil ekstrak metanol dan 36,06 % dengan pH 5,86 untuk hasil ekstrak etanol. Metabolit sekunder yang berhasil diidentifikasi adalah alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tanin dan sulfur. Konsentrasi maksimum yang membunuh larva nyamuk adalah sebesar 3000 ppm dengan rata-rata kematian larva 95 % untuk ekstrak etanol dan 97,5 % untuk ekstrak metanol.Kata kunci: pestisida alami, daun pepaya dan umbi bawang putih, ekstraksiABSTRACTPesticides are chemicals and other substances used to control pests that could prove disruptive. Pesticides can be made from natural materials, one of which from the leaves of papaya and garlic bulbs. It is accompanied by easily obtained natural materials that came the idea to create pesticide of these materials. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of variations in the time of immersion of raw materials with a variety of solvents, calculate the yield of raw material variation of soaking time and the test compounds secondary metabolites of maximum yield and test the toxicity of exstracts obtained against mosquito larvae. The research was done by maceration extraction method using methanol and ethanol. 3,5,7 days soaking time variation with temperature, the solid solution ratio 1 : 4, after immersion do filtering was done and filter the results in the form of the filtrate is distilled at 80o C temperature operating conditions for 50 minutes. Then extract secondary metabolites were tested, measured their pH and toxicity towards the test animals. Maximum operating conditions obtained at the time of immersion for 7 days with high levels of yields at 41.35 % with a pH of 5.79 for methanol extract and 36.06 % with a pH 5.86 to extract the ethanol. Secondary metabolites that were succesfuly identified are alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and sulfur.Maximum concentration that killed mosquito larvae is equal to 3000 ppm with an average of 95 % larval mortality for ethanol extract and 97.5 % for methanol extract.Keyword : natural pesticides, papaya and garlic bulbs, extraction

scholarly journals The Gel Soap with Raw Materials of Lerak Fruit (Sapindus rarak DC)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Fitria Wijayanti ◽  
Mayang Sari ◽  
Roni Suprayitno ◽  
Dian Aminin
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Noble Metal ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Soy Sauce ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Natural Materials ◽  
Quality Testing

Lerak (sapindus rarak DC) is one of the plants that is often used as a noble metal washer, facial cleanser as a remover for acne and as an insecticide, especially earthworms. In this study the manufacture of soap gel by using Lerak plants. Lerak fruit (Sapindus rarak DC) is one of the natural ingredients that can be used as an alternative in soap raw materials. Lerak fruit (S. rarak) contains several secondary metabolites. The most dominant secondary metabolite is saponin. These saponins act as raw material for making soap. The purpose of this study is the use of natural materials, especially Lerak fruit as raw material for gel soap Tests conducted on soap are foam test, soap quality with experiments on several stains and organoleptic soap tests. The results obtained Lerak fruit can be used as raw materials for soap. The foam test results on the soap found that the soap foaming durability was longer. The results of soap quality testing on several stains namely charcoal stains, soy sauce stains and sauces prove the soap can clean stains well. The organoleptic results get a distinctive aroma, odor, and average of density are 1.01.

scholarly journals Ethanol production using vegetable peels medium and the effective role of cellulolytic bacterial (Bacillus subtilis) pre-treatment

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 271
Author(s):  
Salman Khan Promon ◽  
Wasif Kamal ◽  
Shafkat Shamim Rahman ◽  
M. Mahboob Hossain ◽  
Naiyyum Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Alcohol Production

Background: The requirement of an alternative clean energy source is increasing with the elevating energy demand of modern age. Bioethanol is considered as an excellent candidate to satiate this demand.Methods:Yeast isolates were used for the production of bioethanol using cellulosic vegetable wastes as substrate. Efficient bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol was achieved by the action of cellulolytic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis).  After proper isolation, identification and characterization of stress tolerances (thermo-, ethanol-, pH-, osmo- & sugar tolerance), optimization of physiochemical parameters for ethanol production by the yeast isolates was assessed. Very inexpensive and easily available raw materials (vegetable peels) were used as fermentation media. Fermentation was optimized with respect to temperature, reducing sugar concentration and pH.Results:It was observed that temperatures of 30°C and pH 6.0 were optimum for fermentation with a maximum yield of ethanol. The results indicated an overall increase in yields upon the pretreatment ofBacillus subtilis; maximum ethanol percentages for isolate SC1 obtained after 48-hour incubation under pretreated substrate was 14.17% in contrast to untreated media which yielded 6.21% after the same period. Isolate with the highest ethanol production capability was identified as members of the ethanol-producingSaccharomycesspecies after stress tolerance studies and biochemical characterization using Analytical Profile Index (API) ® 20C AUX and nitrate broth test. Introduction ofBacillus subtilisincreased the alcohol production rate from the fermentation of cellulosic materials.Conclusions:The study suggested that the kitchen waste can serve as an excellent raw material in ethanol fermentation.

scholarly journals PRODUCTION OF EXTRACTS FROM VEGETABLE RAW MATERIALS BY CARBON DIOXIDE

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Gafurov ◽  
B. Muhammadiev ◽  
Sh. Mirzaeva ◽  
F. Kuldosheva
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Co2 ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Laboratory Setup

The unique properties of supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent are widely used for extraction. In supercritical media, the dissolution of molecules of various chemical nature is possible. The purpose of this investigation was to study the extraction process and obtain extracts from valuable regional plant materials by applying CO2 extraction under pre- and supercritical conditions. The objects of research were: ground seeds of melon, pumpkin and licorice roots, as well as mint leaves, mulberry and jida flowers. For extraction, a laboratory setup was used that allows extraction when the CO2 is supplied by a high-pressure plunger pump in the sub- and supercritical state using a heat pump. The pressure range is 3-15 MPa, temperatures 295–330 K, and the volumetric flow rate above the critical CO2 is 800–900 g. Experiments with ground seeds of melon and pumpkin showed that as a result of 4 sequentially performed extraction cycles on a single load with supercritical CO2 parameters ( 315–330 K; 3–7.5 MPa) the decrease in the mass of melon seeds was 90 g (pumpkins 80 g). During the total extraction time (2.5 hours), 20 kg of CO2 were pumped through the reactor (25 l at 290 K and 6.8 MPa), while the average oil content in the extract was 4 g per 1 kg of CO2 (3.0 g per 1 l of SС-CO2) In experiments with jida flowers, the maximum amount of solid extractable substance (2% by weight of the raw material) was obtained at a temperature in the extractor of 308 K and a pressure of 7.5 MPa. Upon extraction under critical conditions in collection 2, the liquid phase was absent; only a yellow-green paste was released in it. According to the results of experiments with mint leaves, the maximum yield of a greenish liquid was observed at T = 315 K and P = 4 MPa., Mulberry - at T = 306 K and P = 6.0 MPa. The results of the extraction of oils and extracts from ground seeds of melon, pumpkin and licorice roots, as well as mint leaves, mulberries and jida flowers confirm that the maximum yield of the extracted substance is achieved with supercritical CO2 parameters in the extractor (310 K, 7.5 MPa). When liquid CO2 is extracted (300 K and 6-8 MPa), up to 2% of a yellow substance is extracted, which does not differ in appearance from a supercritical extract.

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMICAL ASSAY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AGAINST DPPH OF ETHANOL EXTRACT FROM KENAF LEAF (Hibiscus cannabinus L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
Rusmini ◽  
Dwinita Aquastini ◽  
Riama Rita Manullang ◽  
Daryono Daryono ◽  
Ali Sadikin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Particle Board ◽  
Biofuel Industry ◽  
Dpph Method ◽  
Phytochemical Compounds

Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is an environmentally friendly natural fiber-producing plant that can produce diversified products, such as paper, wallcover, car interior, geotextile, soil safer, fiber drain, particle board, and plastic reinforcement as well as biofuel industry raw materials. Kenaf plant is a plant that has been only part of the fibers of the stem alone so that many unprofitable side products such as kenaf leaves after harvesting only as a waste. In Africa the leaves of kenaf are widely used as medicine This study aims to analyze phytochemical compounds and study the antioxidant activity of the kenaf leaf. The study started by doing phytochemical test and analyzing antioxidant in kenaf leaf and then testing its antioxidant activity with DPPH method. The results showed that the leaves of kenaf contain secondary metabolites of phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, carbohydrates and tannins and have antioxidant activity that is quite good that is 44.4813 ppm.

A new functional food ingredient enriched by Phytoecdisteroids and Polyphenols from quinoa grains (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 4321-4328
Author(s):  
Zorin S.N. ◽  
Sidorova Yu. S. ◽  
Petrov N.A. ◽  
Perova I.B. ◽  
Malinkin A.D. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Mass Spectrometric Detector ◽  
Active Substances

Objective: Quinoa grains (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) contain a large number of secondary metabolites. Phytoecdysteroids and polyphenols, secondary metabolites, are of great interest for research today. The aim of the study is a method development for the extraction of biologically active substances (BAS) from quinoa grains to obtain a functional food ingredient (FFI) enriched with phytoecdysteroids and polyphenols. Materials and methods: The content of phytoecdysteroids at each stage of quinoa extract production was determined by two methods: HPLC with a spectrophotometric detector and HPLC with a mass spectrometer. The content of total polyphenols was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The flavonoid profile was determined using a liquid chromatography system with a diode array spectrophotometric detector and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometric detector. Results: The chosen technological scheme for the production of FFI can concentrate more than 200 times the major phytoecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone major in quinoa in the final product relative to the raw material. The maximum yield of flavonoids in the final product was observed in cases of 20 and 40% ethanol extraction. Conclusion: These results lead to the conclusion that highly enriched sources of BAS can be obtained using fairly simple technological approaches and commercially available reagents from quinoa grains.

Raw material composition at Rusal Achinsk and its impact on the production indicators

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
D. G. Chistyakov ◽  
◽  
V. O. Golubev ◽  
V. M. Sizyakov ◽  
V. N. Brichkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Material Composition ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Feed Material ◽  
Process Solutions

It is well known that an unstable composition of ore and auxiliary materials creates the need to manage material flows and their composition in order to ensure the required productivity and achieve the desired qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the final products. The above problem was decided to find a solution for through analysis and mathematical processing of the RUSAL Achinsk database containing data on the incoming nepheline ore and limestone. Thus, one could analyze variations in the ore composition and carry out a statistical analysis by calculating the root-mean-square (standard) deviation and the variation coefficient. A digital model of the alumina and soda product production process employed by RUSAL Achinsk was used as the main tool for calculating production indicators as a function of the raw material composition. The model was built by RUSAL ETC on the basis of lumped parameters modelling. It is shown that the chemical composition of the raw materials supplied to RUSAL Achinsk and their variability in the current operating conditions of the Kiya-Shaltyr nepheline mine and Mazoul limestone mine have a significant impact on the alumina and by-product production process and some adjustment of the process flows is required. It was estimated how the output and the consumption of soda-sulfate mixture and potash are likely to change depending on the concentration of Al2O3, K2O, Na2O and SO3 in the feed material. Based on the obtained results, one can identify the most innovative process solutions that would enable to raise the output of by-products while maintaining the output of alumina due to the introduction of appropriate corrective ingredients. In this case, the output of potassium sulfate is expected to rise from 1.22 to 5.78%, and that of soda ash — from 1.27 to 6.5%, which determines a significant increase in profit for these two products. This research study was funded by the Russian Science Foundation under the Grant Agreement No. 18-19-00577 dated 26th April 2018 on fundamental scien tific research and exploratory scientific research.

scholarly journals Bioethanol production using vegetable peels medium and the effective role of cellulolytic bacterial (Bacillus subtilis) pre-treatment

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salman Khan Promon ◽  
Wasif Kamal ◽  
Shafkat Shamim Rahman ◽  
M. Mahboob Hossain ◽  
Naiyyum Choudhury
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Alcohol Production

Background: The requirement of an alternative clean energy source is increasing with the elevating energy demand of modern age. Bioethanol is considered as an excellent candidate to satiate this demand.Methods:Yeast isolates were used for the production of bioethanol using cellulosic vegetable wastes as substrate. Efficient bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol was achieved by the action of cellulolytic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis).  After proper isolation, identification and characterization of stress tolerances (thermo-, ethanol-, pH-, osmo- & sugar tolerance), optimization of physiochemical parameters for ethanol production by the yeast isolates was assessed. Very inexpensive and easily available raw materials (vegetable peels) were used as fermentation media. Fermentation was optimized with respect to temperature, reducing sugar concentration and pH.Results:It was observed that temperatures of 30°C and pH 6.0 were optimum for fermentation with a maximum yield of ethanol. The results indicated an overall increase in yields upon the pretreatment ofBacillus subtilis; maximum ethanol percentages for isolate SC1 obtained after 48-hour incubation under pretreated substrate was 14.17% in contrast to untreated media which yielded 6.21% after the same period. Isolate with the highest ethanol production capability was identified as members of the ethanol-producingSaccharomycesspecies after stress tolerance studies and biochemical characterization using Analytical Profile Index (API) ® 20C AUX and nitrate broth test. Introduction ofBacillus subtilisincreased the alcohol production rate from the fermentation of cellulosic materials.Conclusions:The study suggested that the kitchen waste can serve as a raw material in ethanol fermentation.

scholarly journals Contents of biologically active substances in the leaves of Myrtus communis L. under the conditions of the south Crimea

2020 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
L. Logvinenko ◽  
E. Dunaevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Myrtus Communis ◽  
Myrtus Communis L

Abstract. The purpose of the study was to study the effect of various methods of cultivating the variety of common myrtle Yuzhnoberezhny on the change in the content of macro- and microelements in raw materials, to compare the component composition of the essential oil obtained in the long-term and overgrowth form of its cultivation. Myrtus communis L. is a representative of the Mediterranean plant community, which since ancient times has been used for medicinal purposes and as a spicy culture. In the Nikitsky Botanical Garden – the National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a variety of common myrtle South Coast was created. The variety is recommended for industrial cultivation on the territory of the southern coast of Crimea. Methods. The mineral composition of the raw materials was determined by dry ashing of leaves cut in the phase of technological maturity. The content of seven essential elements was determined on the quantum 2MT atomic absorption spectrophotometer: potassium in the emission mode, calcium, magnesium, ferrum, manganese, cuprum and zinc in the absorption mode. The component composition was studied in samples of essential oil on an Agilent Technology 6890N chromatograph with a 5973N mass spectrograph detector. Results. The maximum yield of medicinal raw materials in these soil and climatic conditions was ensured sprout cultivation, in which the rate of shoot formation increased by 2.6 times, and the yield of leaf, which is the raw material for the essential oil and food industries, increased by 37 %. The method of cultivating myrtle influenced the content of essential elements in the raw materials: the growth of ferrum and zinc was facilitated by the overgrowth form of cultivation, and cuprum and manganese – by many years. The amount of ferrum in the phase of technological maturity of the leaf was 84.37 mg/kg: in leaf-growing leaves 2.67 times more than in raw materials with a long-term form of cultivation. For cuprum, the opposite tendency was obtained – during germination cultivation, its concentration decreased by 2 times. The culture and variety are characterized by a high amount of magnesium and calcium in the leaf mass, regardless of the method of cultivation, up to 3.3 times the daily requirement of a person. Scientific novelty. A distinctive feature of this culture and variety is its high manganese content (20.2 mg/kg) in comparison with other perennial crops growing in this area (Helichrysum, Lavandula, Elsholtzia).

scholarly journals The study of primary productivity of lichenized epigeic fungi in the pine forests of the Kostroma Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-106
Author(s):  
Ksenia Vyacheslavovna Malakhova
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Projective Cover ◽  
Lichenized Fungi ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
High Biological Activity

Thalli of epigeic lichenized fungi of the genus Cladonia P. Browne are sources of high biological activity substances with a proven pharmaceutical potential. Its necessary to study characteristics of the accumulation of biomass by thalli, as well as conditions affecting the accumulation of secondary metabolites by lesions. For the first time, studies of the primary productivity and concentrations of secondary metabolites in lichens of the genus Cladonia in pine forests in the center of the European part of Russia are presented on the example of the Kostroma Region. The primary productivity of bushy lichens of the genus Cladonia in the pine forests of the Kostroma Region is in the range of 16,0534,72 g/m per year for C. arbuscula and 14,7028,18 g/m per year for C. rangiferina. The weight gain of the living part of the subset is in direct proportion to the intensity of sunlight: the optimum for C. arbuscula is 41006100 lx (0,0250 g/year), for C. rangiferina it is 38005800 lx (0,0407 g/year). The influence of abiotic factors (biotope humidity and sunlight intensity) on the parameters of primary productivity and the accumulation of secondary metabolites by thalli was revealed. The influence of biotic factors is manifested on the projective cover of species. The highest values of the projective cover, 85,67% (C. arbuscula) and 61% (C. rangiferina), are confined to well-illuminated biotopes with rarefied sunlight (thin sphagnum pine forest, sphagnum-heather pine forest slope). The maximum amount of acetone extract of secondary metabolites per weight of air-dry raw material of lichenized fungi of the genus Cladonia was isolated from well-illuminated areas of pine forests at 58007400 lx (11,541 and 15,916 mg/g q.s. of C. rangiferina and C. arbuscula raw materials, respectively). The increased humidity of the biotope and shading conditions slow down the accumulation of secondary metabolites in the subsets.

scholarly journals Non-Linear Regression Modelling to Estimate the Global Warming Potential of a Newspaper

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 590
Author(s):  
Alexis Lozano ◽  
Pedro Cabrera ◽  
Ana M. Blanco-Marigorta
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
The Impact

Technological innovations are not enough by themselves to achieve social and environmental sustainability in companies. Sustainable development aims to determine the environmental impact of a product and the hidden price of products and services through the concept of radical transparency. This means that companies should show and disclose the impact on the environment of any good or service. This way, the consumer can choose in a transparent manner, not only for the price. The use of the eco-label as a European eco-label, which bases its criteria on life cycle assessment, could provide an indicator of corporate social responsibility for a given product. However, it does not give a full guarantee that the product was obtained in a sustainable manner. The aim of this work is to provide a way of calculating the value of the environmental impacts of an industrial product, under different operating conditions, so that each company can provide detailed information on the impacts of its products, information that can form part of its "green product sheet". As a case study, the daily production of a newspaper, printed by coldset, has been chosen. Each process involved in production was configured with raw material and energy consumption information from production plants, manufacturer data and existing databases. Four non-linear regression models have been trained to estimate the impact of a newspaper’s circulation from five input variables (pages, grammage, height, paper type, and print run) with 5508 data samples each. These non-linear regression models were trained using the Levenberg–Marquardt nonlinear least squares algorithm. The mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) obtained by all the non-linear regression models tested were less than 5%. Through the proposed correlations, it is possible to obtain a score that reports on the impact of the product for different operating conditions and several types of raw materials. Ecolabelling can be further developed by incorporating a scoring system for the impact caused by the product or process, using a standardised impact methodology.

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