Legal benefits

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Инна Барзилова ◽  
Inna Barzilova

In the Russian legal system, in the context of the development of digital technologies, the search for new approaches to the use of benefits is carried out. The use of various kinds of tax, customs preferences, subsidies, subsidies, subventions, privileges and immunities is an important condition for the development and functioning of economic relations. The monograph is devoted to a comprehensive theoretical study of legal benefits, the problems of their institutionalization in modern Russian legislation and practice, the history of formation and development. For researchers, teachers, postgraduates, students, employees of the state apparatus.

Author(s):  
Mary T. Boatwright

This book explores the constraints and opportunities of the women in the Roman emperor’s family from 35 BCE, when Octavia and Livia received unprecedented privileges from the state, to 235 CE, when Julia Mamaea was assassinated with her son Severus Alexander. Historical vignettes feature Agrippina the Younger, Domitia Longina, and some others as the book analyzes the history of Rome’s most eminent women in legal, religious, military, and other key settings of the principate. It also examines the women’s exemplarity through imaging as well as their presence in the city of Rome and in the empire. Evidence comes from coins, inscriptions, papyri, sculpture, and law codes as well as ancient authors. Numerous illustrations, maps, genealogical trees, and detailed tables and appendices complement the text. The whole reveals imperial women’s fluctuating but persistent marginalization and lack of agency despite their potential, even as it elucidates Rome’s imperial power, legal system, family ideology, religion and imperial cult, court, capital city, and military customs.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Smykalin ◽  
Tat'yana Bazhenova ◽  
Natal'ya Zipunnikova ◽  
Vladimir Motrevich ◽  
Elena Sokolova ◽  
...  

The third part of the anthology contains materials reflecting the periods of formation of a limited monarchy in Russia and the further development of the legal system; the formation and development of the Soviet state and law in the XX century. The documents are arranged in chronological order.


Wajah Hukum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Ryan Aditama

Related to the general provisions of Law No. 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights, which states that the beginnings of the history of the Indonesian nation to date have recorded various problems including: suffering, misery and social inequality, resulting from unjust and discriminatory acts and actions on ethnic, racial, cultural understanding, language, color, skin, and religion, as well as class, gender, and even social status and others. These unjust and discriminatory acts are included in violations of human rights, both vertically "carried out by the state apparatus itself to citizens or even vice versa" or those that are horizontal "ie between citizens themselves" and do not allow those included in the category for gross violations of the conception of human rights (grossviolation of human rights). This alternative to minimize human rights violations in criminal law enforcement is an effective way to reduce the number of human rights violations in Indonesia.


GeoTextos ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Lima Santos ◽  
Fabrizia Gioppo Nunes

Este trabalho ressalta aspectos importantes do processo formativo da cidade de Imperatriz, considerada a segunda maior cidade do estado do Maranhão, situada na região nordeste brasileira. Como objetivo central elege-se a discussão e a análise do processo de ocupação da cidade, na elaboração de um modelo teórico que permita aglutinar esse entendimento. Assim, propõe-se que tal processo seja entendido mediante a abordagem das frentes de ocupação, dos estágios evolutivos e da sucessão das atividades econômicas. Como resultado, a abordagem permitiu identificar que, no histórico de formação da cidade, houve três estágios importantes e distintos, respectivamente pelas características: “exploratória”, “desenvolvimentista” e, atualmente, a “consolidação”, todos compostos por atividades comerciais distintas, configuradoras dos estágios econômicos. Abstract IMPERATRIZ DO MARANHÃO: PROPOSITION FOR THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROCESS OF OCCUPATION AND CONSOLIDATION OF THE CITY This work highlights important aspects of the formative process of the city of Imperatriz, considered the second largest city in the state of Maranhão, located in the northeast region of Brazil. A central objective is the discussion and analysis of the process of occupation of the city, in the elaboration of a theoretical model that allows to agglutinate this understanding. Thus, it is proposed that this process be understood through the approach of occupation fronts, evolutionary stages and succession of economic activities. As a result, the approach allowed to identify that in the history of formation of the city, there were three important stages and distinguished, respectively by the characteristics: “exploratory”, “developmental” and now “consolidation”, all composed by distinct commercial activities, economic conditions.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
鬼谷 子

The research focuses on how the Nguyen dynasty it became the first to have the largest territory in the history of Vietnam in its nearly 60 years of establishing and reigning over the unified country in the first half of the 19th century. It is seen that in terms of organizing the state apparatus, Gia Long and Minh Mang retained the system of agencies of the previous dynasties and continued reforms to ensure socio-political stability in their governance at that time. The study also clarifies the social role of Confucianism in the Nguyen dynasty, i.e. in the first half of the 19th century, which, in our opinion, is theoretically and practically significant, with the hope of further unraveling the role of Confucianism in that period.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-4) ◽  
pp. 216-225
Author(s):  
Leonid Yangutov ◽  
Marina Orbodoeva

The article is devoted to the history of Buddhism in China during the period of the Southern and Northern Kingdoms (Nanbeichao, 386-589). The features of the development of Buddhism in the North and South are shown. Three aspects were identified: 1) the attitude of emperors of kingdoms to Buddhism; 2) the relationship of the state apparatus and the Buddhist sangha; 3) the process of further development of Buddhism in China in the context of its adaptation to the Chinese mentality, formed on the basis of the traditional worldview. It was revealed that Buddhism in the context of its adaptation to the Chinese mentality, both in the North and in the South, developed with the traditions of Buddhism of the Eastern Jin period to the same extent.


Author(s):  
Klymyshyn O. ◽  
Savytska A.

The history of formation of the bryological herbaria of the State Natural History Museum of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine is considered. Many collectors and scientists-botanists took part in the formation of the main scientific fund of the bryological herbaria, among them A. Lazarenko, K. Ulychna, V. Melnichuk, M. Slobodian and others. The article contains a list of samples of bryophytes, which are included in the Red Book of Ukraine. Rare samples (including doublets and exsiccates) are described from territories of other countries, as well as specimens dating to the end of the 19th century.


2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-45
Author(s):  
Mikhail Krasnov

The article critically analyses the concept of “guarantor of the constitution”. Briefly describing the history of the emergence of the concept, the author argues that it was originally understood too narrowly – only as a function of ensuring the stable functioning of the state apparatus. This is also how it is understood today. Meanwhile, even if the state apparatus is formally operating legally, this does not always mean that its operation is consistent with constitutional principles and values. The constitution is not simply an act of supreme legal force. It is imbued with constitutionalism, which boils down to the idea and practice of limiting power for the sake of the value of human dignity. In its turn, constitutionalism is secured by a number of principles and values, including pluralism. However, constitutionalism can also suffer from pluralism. The article speaks of two threats on this side: first, large-scale inter-party conflicts (both direct and “disguised” as conflicts between state bodies) and, second, the possibility of a political force aligned against constitutionalism gaining state power. Consequently, guaranteeing the constitution consists not only of ensuring the normal functioning of the institutions of public power, but also of protecting and defending the constitutional principles and values, which together represent constitutionalism. However, practice shows that presidents either neglect this “second part” or use the appeal to constitutional values to strengthen their own power. In the author’s view, this is due to the fallacy of the very model of a mixed (semi-presidential) republic, within which the concept of “guarantor of the constitution” emerged. The institution of the president in this model is positioned by doctrine as politically neutral and therefore above all branches of power. However, the neutrality of the president of a mixed republic is illusory, for he is a more or less active political actor and therefore incapable of fulfilling the role of guarantor of the constitution. The false presumption of presidential neutrality not only makes the institution of the guarantor ineffective, but also contributes to the authoritarian trend of the president.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-27
Author(s):  
Jennifer Craik

Abstract The topic of non-western (or ethnic, exotic, world or fusion) fashion has been gaining traction as a legitimate field of scholarship in recent years. This rich vein of research and practice requires more attention to developing new approaches to analytic frameworks in which to evaluate the state of fashion in non-western contexts and to discuss more seamlessly the convergence and dialectical appropriation of non-western inspirations in western fashion and western inspirations in forging and negotiating non-western fashion identities. One indication of the inadequacies of current analytic frameworks used to understand non-western fashion is the use of oppositions and polarities such as colonial/postcolonial, exotic/indigenous and local/global. This article argues that non-western fashion can only be adequately unpacked and understood if the embedded politics of the cultures in which non-western emanates are recognized, drawing on the history of fashions in China and references to Chinoiserie in Eurocentric fashion.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Smykalin ◽  
Tat'yana Bazhenova ◽  
Natal'ya Zipunnikova

The first part of the anthology contains documents reflecting the process of origin and development of the state-legal system of Russia from the X to the XVIII century. The documents are arranged in chronological order.


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