scholarly journals Prevalence and severity of depression in patients with the consequences of ischemic strokes and in patients with chronic brain ischemia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 320-324
Author(s):  
A. Babirad
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Brain Ischemia ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Chronic Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Mild Depression ◽  
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ◽  
Chronic Brain Ischemia ◽  
Severity Of Depression

The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence and severity of depression in patients with the consequences of ischemic strokes and in patients with chronic brain ischemia. Material and Methods. We examined 100 patients with consequences of ischemic strokes and 17 patients with chronic cerebral ischemia. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was used to assess the presence and degree of depression. Conclusions. Slightly less than half of the patients with chronic cerebral ischemia (47.1%) had no depression, 42.1% had mild depression, and only 11.8% of the patients had moderate and severe depression. A different situation was observed in the group of patients with the consequences of ischemic strokes. Among them, only 22.0% of patients had no depression, 44.0% had mild depression, and 34.0% of patients had moderate, severe, and extremely severe depression (p < 0.05).

scholarly journals DEPRESSION IN ACNE VULGARIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (06) ◽  
pp. 892-895
Author(s):  
Naima Luqman ◽  
Niaz Maqsood ◽  
Wajih-Ur- Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Acne Vulgaris ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Mild Depression ◽  
Dermatology Department ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Severity Of Depression ◽  
Hospital Study

INTRODUCTION: Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disorder of pilo-sebaceous glands,which most commonly affect face and trunk. It is most prevalent in adolescent age group. Ithas been seen that acne can have profound social and psychological effects which are notnecessarily related to its clinical severity. Objectives: To determine the frequency and severity ofdepression among acne patients attending the outpatient dermatology department, of a tertiarycare hospital. Study Design: Descriptive study. Place & Duration of Study: Department ofDermatology, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur from September, 2013 to November, 2013.Subjects & Methods: Informed written consent was taken from patients for the study, seventypatients of acne, diagnosed by consultant dermatologist were inducted. The severity of acnewas determined by Global Acne Grading System. Both genders were included, the age rangewas from 16 to 40 years. Those patients with concomitant dermatological, psychiatric diseasesand those receiving systemic isotretinoin were excluded. The patients fulfilling inclusioncriteria were assessed for depressive symptoms and Hamilton Depression rating scale wasadministered for severity of depression. Results: 70 patients were included in the study, amongthem 14 (20%) were male and 56 (80%) were females. Most of the acne patients were of the age16-20 years [24 (34.3%)]. Mild depression was seen in 26% patients (18%-were females and8%-males). Severe depression was present in 14% of patients, among which 11% were females& 3% were males. Very severe depression was noted in 18% patients among which 16% werefemale and 2% were males. Conclusions: it can be concluded that Dermatologists should paydue attention to the psychological/ mental state of the patient while clinically evaluating andtreating patients suffering from acne vulgaris

scholarly journals DEPRESI PADA IBU-IBU YANG MEMPUNYAI ANAK CACAT YANG BERSEKOLAH DI YAYASAN PEMBINAAN ANAK CACAT (YPAC) MANADO

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herdy Munayang ◽  
L. F.J. Kandou ◽  
Novie Rampengan ◽  
Melisa E. Sumarauw
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Disabled Children ◽  
Mild Depression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Human Function ◽  
Accompanying Symptoms

Abstract: According to data from the WHO, depression is still a serious public health problem. Depression is a disorder of human function related to feelings of sadness and its accompanying symptoms including alterations of sleep, appetite, psychomotor, concentration, anhedonia, and fatigue patterns. This study aimed to obtain degrees of depression by using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) among mothers of disabled children who were studying at the Center for Disabled Children (YPAC) Manado. This was a descriptive study with a cross sectional design. There were 35 samples meeting the inclusion criteria. The results showed that by using the HDRS there were seven respondents (20%) showing normal personality and 28 respondents (80%) suffering from depression, mostly between the ages of 29-45 years (62.85%). From samples suffering from depression, there were 20 respondents (71.4%) with mild depression, seven (25%) with moderate depression, and one with severe depression (3.6%). Conclusion: A high number of  mothers, especially at the ages of 29-45 years, of disabled children who were studying at YPAC Manado showed several degrees of depression. Among the depressed mothers, most suffered from mild depression. Keywords: mother, depression, disabled children, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS).     Abstrak: Menurut data WHO, depresi masih merupakan masalah kesehatan dunia yang serius. Depresi adalah terganggunya fungsi manusia yang berkaitan dengan alam perasaan sedih dan gejala penyertanya, termasuk perubahan pola tidur, nafsu makan, psikomotor, konsentrasi, anhedonia, dan kelelahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan  untuk mendapatkan angka kejadian dan tingkat depresi dengan menggunakan Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) pada para ibu yang memiliki anak cacat yang bersekolah di Yayasan Pembinaan Anak Cacat (YPAC) Manado. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode potong lintang. Sampel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi berjumlah 35 orang. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa dengan menggunakan Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) terdapat tujuh responden berkepribadian normal dan 28 responden dengan depresi berbagai tingkat, terutama pada usia 29-45 tahun. Depresi ringan ditemukan sebesar 71,4%, depresi sedang 25%, dan depresi berat 3,6%. Simpulan: Sebagian besar ibu yang memiliki anak cacat yang bersekolah di YPAC Manado mengalami depresi, terutama depresi ringan. Kata kunci: ibu, depresi, anak cacat, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS).

scholarly journals Association of C-Reactive Protein with Mild and Severe Depression

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soni Singh ◽  
Sunita Tiwari ◽  
Wahid Ali ◽  
Shraddha Singh
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Mild Depression ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Depression Group ◽  
Severity Of Depression ◽  
Serum Crp

Introduction: Depression is associated with increased serum C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels in circulation. Inflammatory response is established as an important factor in the pathophysiology of depressive disorders. Increased levels of CRP are associated with Cardiovascular diseases. Aim: The objective of the present study was to assess the changes in circulating CRP level according to severity of depression. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Physiology Department of KGMU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, with time duration of one year. Study group comprised of 40 drug naïve depressive patients between the age group of 18-40 years enrolled in the study. Diagnosis of depression was based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Patients were divided into two groups (mild depression and severe depression) on the basis of severity of depression accessed via Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (Ham-D). Serum CRP levels were accessed on both groups by commercially available ELISA kit. Results: Statistically insignificant relationship was seen when age (p=0.14), Blood Pressure (BP) {Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) (p=0.102) and Diastolic Blood Presure (DBP) (p=0.270)}, Body Mass Index (BMI) (p=0.539) were compared with both mild and severe depression group. Serum CRP levels and both the depression group (mild depression and severe depression) showed statistically significant relationship (p=0.015). Conclusion: It can be concluded that there exist a significant association of serum CRP levels with severity of depression. Patients with severe depression have lower levels of CRP as compared to patients with mild depressive symptoms.

scholarly journals TINGKAT DEPRESI PADA IBU YANG MEMILIKI ANAK LEUKEMIA LIMFOBLASTIK AKUT DI RUANG RAWAT ESTELLA RSUP PROF. Dr. R. D. KANDOU MANADO

e-CliniC ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizky Maulyda ◽  
Christofel Elim ◽  
Lisbeth F. J. Kandou ◽  
Neni Ekawardani
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Mild Depression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ◽  
Diagnosis Of Cancer ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Abstract: Depression is a mental disorder characterized by sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt, sleep disturbed or appetite, feelings of fatigue, and lack of concentration. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) becomes the most frequent cancer suffered by children. The diagnosis of cancer results in sense of fear and despair among the patients as well as their families, especially the mothers. Levels of depression among mothers of children with cancer were higher than mothers of children with other chronic diseases or healthy children. This study aimed to determine the level of depression that occured among mothers of children with ALL in Estella RSUP Prof. Dr R. D. Kandou Manado. This was a descriptive study with a cross sectional design. There were 30 respondents who met the inclusion criteria, filled the demographic data questionnaires and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). The results showed that there were 56.7% mild depression, 26.7% moderate depression, and 10.0% severe depression meanwhile 6.7% have no depression. Conclusion: There was depression among mothers of children with ALL and the highest level of depression was mild depression.Keywords: depression, mother, children, ALL, HDRSAbstrak: Depresi adalah gangguan mental yang ditandai dengan kesedihan, kehilangan minat atau kesenangan, perasaan bersalah, gangguan tidur atau nafsu makan, perasaan kelelahan, dan kurang konsentrasi. Leukemia Limfoblastik Akut (LLA) menjadi kanker terbanyak yang diderita oleh anak-anak. Diagnosis kanker membuat perasaan takut dan putus asa, baik oleh anak dan juga keluarga mereka terutama ibu. Tingkat depresi pada ibu dengan anak kanker lebih tinggi dibandingkan anak-anak dengan penyakit kronis lain dan anak-anak yang sehat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat depresi yang terjadi pada ibu yang memiliki anak LLA di Ruang Rawat Estella RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Penelitian yang dilakukan bersifat deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Responden berjumlah 30 orang ibu yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi kemudian melakukan pengisian kuesioner data demografik dan Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 56,7% mengalami depresi ringan, 26,7% depresi sedang, dan 10,0% depresi berat, sedangkan 6,7% tidak mengalami depresi. Simpulan: Terdapat depresi pada ibu yang memiliki anak LLA dengan tingkat depresi terbanyak ialah depresi ringan.Kata kunci: depresi, ibu, anak, LLA, HDRS

scholarly journals Chronic Brain Ischemia: From Risk Factors to Cerebrovascular Complications

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Yusupov ◽  
Sh. Nurmatov ◽  
N. Abdykalykova ◽  
A. Yuldashev ◽  
M. Abdykadyrov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Brain Ischemia ◽  
Chronic Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Cerebrovascular Complications ◽  
Cerebral Blood Supply ◽  
Chronic Brain Ischemia ◽  
The Brain

Chronic cerebral ischemia is a polyetiological, chronic progressive dysfunction of the brain caused by diffuse and / or small focal damage to the brain tissue in conditions of prolonged insufficiency of cerebral blood supply. The review reflects the current understanding of chronic cerebral ischemia. The main pathogenetic mechanisms of the onset of chronic cerebral ischemia in patients with arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis and smoking are outlined.

scholarly journals Predictors of Suicidal Ideation and Attempt among Patients with Major Depressive Disorder at a Tertiary Care Hospital, Puducherry

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 122-128
Author(s):  
Ralte Lalthankimi ◽  
Padmavathi Nagarajan ◽  
Vikas Menon ◽  
Jeby Jose Olickal
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Suicidal Behaviors ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Severity Of Depression

Abstract Objectives Mental disorders have a large impact on death by suicide. Hence, this study aims to determine the prevalence of suicidal behaviors among major depressive disorder (MDD) patients and the associated factors. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among individuals aged 18 to 65 years, diagnosed with MDD in the Psychiatry Outpatient Department of a Tertiary Care Center, Puducherry during March to October 2019. Severity of depression was assessed using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale was used to find the suicidal behaviors. Results For 166 participants in the study, mean (standard deviation) age was 40 (11) years and majority were females (76%). More than one-third (37%) had severe or very severe depression, and the prevalence of suicidal ideation, plan, and attempts were 83, 24, and 35%, respectively. After adjusting the covariates, the severity of depression and unemployment were significantly associated with suicidal attempts (adjusted prevalence ratios [aPR] = 11.4 and 1.9), and very severe depression was associated with suicidal ideation (aPR = 1.6). Among 140 individuals with suicidal ideation, 45 (32%) had an ideation frequency of 2 to 3 times/week, 69 (50%) had ideation for 1 hour, 36 (26%) could control ideation with little difficulty, and 12% had suicidal ideation mostly to end or stop their pain. Conclusion Suicidal ideation and attempts were significantly high in MDD patients, and the severity of depression was significantly associated with it. Early identification of high-risk suicidal behavior and implementation of effective preventive interventions are necessary to reduce death by suicide in these groups.

scholarly journals AB0167 PECULIARITIES OF INTERACTION OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION AND DEPRESSION IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1110.1-1110
Author(s):  
A. Aleksandrov ◽  
N. Aleksandrova
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Mild Depression ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Severity Of Depression ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Background:In patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a high prevalence of depression and anxiety is observed, and the severity of these conditions depends on the degree of vitamin D deficiency. The role of the main mediator, with the help of which psychological and physical stress factors can contribute to the development of depression and systemic diseases, has been attributed to inflammation in recent years.Objectives:to assess the dependence of depressive disorders on vitamin D deficiency and the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients with RA.Methods:88 women with a reliable diagnosis of RA (mean age 54.2 ± 12.0 years old, disease duration 9.0 [3.5; 16.0] years) were under observation. Beck’s depression inventory (BDI-II) was used to assess the presence of depressive symptoms. ELISA test was used to measure serum cytokines (IL-1, IL-6) and serum 25(OH)D levels.Results:The presence of depression was found in 66% of patients with RA. An insufficient level of 25(OH)D (<30 ng / ml) was determined in 89.8% of cases. In RA patients with no signs of depression, the level of 25(OH)D showed maximum values and significantly differed from that in the groups of patients with moderate (p = 0.028) and severe depression (p <0.001). A negative correlation (r = -0.38, n = 88, p <0.05) was established between the level of 25(OH)D and the severity of depression. A positive relationship was also found between 25(OH)D and ESR (r = 0.29, n = 73, p <0.05) and a negative relationship with the number of painful joints (r = -0.29, n = 76, p <0.05). Probably, vitamin D is indirectly involved in inflammatory processes in joints and in central sensitization, which provokes chronic pain and psychological disorders in patients with RA.The level of IL-6 in patients with RA with moderate and severe depression (n=18; 14.6 ± 6.7 pg/ml) significantly exceeded the parameters of patients with RA without depressive disorders (n=30; 9.8 ± 3.7; p = 0.003). There was also a tendency to increase IL-6 in the group of patients with moderate and severe depression compared with patients with mild depression (p = 0.06). IL-1β values significantly increased with the progression of depression (without depression – mild depression, p = 0.034; mild – moderate, p <0.001; moderate – severe depression, p = 0.044). A positive correlation of average severity was revealed between the degree of depression (according to BDI-II) and the dose of glucocorticoids (GC) at the time of the study (r = 0.33, p = 0.002). An increase in the GC dose in the short term can aggravate depressive disorders in RA patients (Table 1).Table 1.Indicators of levels of depression and IL-1β depending on the dose of GCGroup I (n=26), without GCGroup II (n=45),GC <10 mg / dayGroup III (n=17),GC ≥10 mg / dayDepression level according to BDI-II, points (Me [P25; P75])8,5[5;16]14[9;17]19[14;29] *III-IIL-1β level, pg / ml (M ± SD)4,57 ± 1,83*I-II6,04 ± 3,276,52 ± 5,16* - intergroup differences are reliable, p <0.05Patients who used GC in a daily dose of ≥10 mg / day (group III) had a higher degree of depression compared to patients with RA from group I (z = -2.98; p = 0.003). In patients with RA in the first group, the level of IL-1β was significantly higher (pI-II = 0.039) than in patients with GC prescription in minimal doses (up to 10 mg / day) (Table 1). Glucocorticoid hormones suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines. As a rule, this effect is not observed in patients with depression. This fact may indicate a violation of homeostatic mechanisms. IL-1β is thought to be the first step in the pro-inflammatory response to psychological stress and is capable of inducing a subsequent cascade of other inflammatory cytokine responses.Conclusion:Restoring the normal level of 25(OH)D in the blood serum of patients with RA can positively affect psychological indicators by reducing the severity of depression and manifestations of pain. The activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines during stress and depression suggests that suppression of the inflammatory response can also reduce the symptoms of depression in RA patients.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

scholarly journals Frequency and severity of depression in primary caregivers of psychotic patients.

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1776-1782
Author(s):  
Shehla Gul ◽  
Muhammad Adnan Bashir ◽  
Sohail Ali
Keyword(s):  
General Health Questionnaire ◽  
Primary Caregivers ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
Mild Depression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Severity Of Depression ◽  
The Mean

Objectives: The study aimed at determining the frequency and severity of depression in primary caregivers of psychotic patients. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Out-patient as well as in-patient setting of Department of Psychiatry, Military Hospital Rawalpindi. Period: Six months, from 20th April 2017 to 19th October 2017. Material and Methods: Purposive, non-probable sampling technique was used. A total of 246 caregivers of the same number of psychotic patients were studied after consent, using the General Health Questionnaire 28 (GHQ-28) and Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI). The mean total BDI scores were calculated and correlated with the socio-demographic variables. Results: The mean total GHQ-28 score of 246 caregivers was 7.32 (cut off score is >7) which indicate definite psychopathology among them. Out of 246 caregivers, 175 (71.1%) showed scores greater than 7 (GHQ positive) while 71 (28.9%) showed scores less than 7 (GHQ negative). The mean total BDI score of 175 caregivers (who were GHQ positive) was 17.83 (cut off score for depression is >9). Out of 175 GHQ positive caregivers, 72 (41.14%) showed subclinical or no depression, 49 (28%) showed mild depression, 40 (22.86%) showed moderate depression and 14 (8%) showed severe depression on BDI. The results show that there is considerable caregiver burden in relatives of psychotic patients. Conclusion: Caregivers of psychotic patients suffer clinical depression with obvious negative outcomes for the patient. Younger age group, female gender and illiteracy typically carry a greater risk of experiencing higher burden in terms of depression.

scholarly journals Decreased Plasma Hydrogen Sulfide Level Is Associated With the Severity of Depression in Patients With Depressive Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan-Jian Yang ◽  
Chun-Nuan Chen ◽  
Jin-Qiong Zhan ◽  
Qiao-Sheng Liu ◽  
Yun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Mild Depression

Accumulating evidence has suggested a dysfunction of synaptic plasticity in the pathophysiology of depression. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenous gasotransmitter that regulates synaptic plasticity, has been demonstrated to contribute to depressive-like behaviors in rodents. The current study investigated the relationship between plasma H2S levels and the depressive symptoms in patients with depression. Forty-seven depressed patients and 51 healthy individuals were recruited in this study. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) was used to evaluate depressive symptoms for all subjects and the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used to measure plasmaH2S levels. We found that plasma H2S levels were significantly lower in patients with depression relative to healthy individuals (P &lt; 0.001). Compared with healthy controls (1.02 ± 0.34 μmol/L), the plasma H2S level significantly decreased in patients with mild depression (0.84 ± 0.28 μmol/L), with moderate depression (0.62 ± 0.21μmol/L), and with severe depression (0.38 ± 0.18 μmol/L). Correlation analysis revealed that plasma H2S levels were significantly negatively correlated with the HAMD-17 scores in patients (r = −0.484, P = 0.001). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that plasma H2S was an independent contributor to the HAMD-17 score in patients (B = −0.360, t = −2.550, P = 0.015). Collectively, these results suggest that decreased H2S is involved in the pathophysiology of depression, and plasma H2S might be a potential indicator for depression severity.

scholarly journals Detection of Depression in Acute Schizophrenia: Sensitivity and Specificity of 2 Standard Observer Rating Scales

2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias J Müller ◽  
Kay-Maria Müller ◽  
Andreas Fellgiebel
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves ◽  
Acute Schizophrenia ◽  
Standard Observer ◽  
Severity Of Depression ◽  
Sum Scores ◽  
Detection Of Depression

Objective: To compare the psychometric properties of the Calgary Depression Rating Scale (CDRS) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) for severity assessment of depression in acute schizophrenia. Method: During clinical routine treatment, we investigated 119 inpatients with acute schizophrenia, using the CDRS, the HDRS, and a global 4-point Depression Severity Scale (DEP-SEV). We compared CDRS and HDRS sum scores regarding their diagnostic accuracy, with global severity of depression as the criterion. We estimated sensitivity and specificity on the basis of receiver operating characteristic curves. Results: According to global clinical ratings (DEP-SEV), 31% of patients had no depression, 19% had mild, 31% had moderate, and 19% had severe depression. Sensitivity was significantly higher ( P < 0.05) for the CDRS than for the HDRS to assess mild (0.94 vs 0.76, cut-off 3 vs 10 points) or severe depression (1.00 vs 0.78, cut-off 11 vs 22 points); specificity was comparably high (≥ 0.88) for both scales. Conclusion: Despite the fact that both scales were effective in separating mild, moderate, and severe depression, significant advantages emerged for the CDRS to detect mild or severe depression in schizophrenia.

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