Gelatin Extraction Optimization from Skin of Sub Adult and Adult Pangasius Hypophthalmus

Fish skin is the potential gelatin source since the increase of the demand for the halal food due to the religious consideration. The yield of gelatin obtained from connective tissue of animal skin greatly affected by the extraction process and age of the animals that used as raw material. Research about the potential of the Pangasius hypophthalmus (striped catfish) skin as halal gelatin source have been developing. However, there was no information about the correlation between the length of striped catfish that representing age with the gelatin content. Here we optimize the gelatin extraction method from striped catfish skin with different length body size (sub adult and adult size) using statistical analysis of Placket Burman Design. We performed preliminary study to determine the variables used in the main study. We used 9 variables in the extraction process and analyzed the p-value of each variable. According to this analysis, three variables with the lowest p-values were selected: temperature (p=0.000); soaking time in alkali solution (p=0.055) and soaking time in acid solution (p=0.244). Range value of selected variables were determined according to the related previous studies. Results from our study showed that the maximum yield of sub adult and adult were obtained when we used 70 °C as temperature of extraction, i.e. 37.42% and 30.31%, respectively. In general, sub adult striped catfish have higher yield than the adult one at the temperature of 40 and 70 °C. However, the gelatin yielded from extraction process temperature of ≥70 °C exhibited dark pigmentation, while the gelatin that obtained with temperature treatment of ≤ 55°C showed less pigmentation. The gelatin yielded from sub adult striped catfish showed more pigmentation than the adult one. We suggested for process of extraction both size of striped catfish should be at 55°C, since it showed higher yield extraction with less pigmentation.

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PRODUCTION OF EXTRACTS FROM VEGETABLE RAW MATERIALS BY CARBON DIOXIDE

Food Science and Technology ◽

10.15673/fst.v14i1.1651 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

K. Gafurov ◽

B. Muhammadiev ◽

Sh. Mirzaeva ◽

F. Kuldosheva

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Supercritical Co2 ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Volumetric Flow Rate ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Raw Material ◽

Critical Conditions ◽

Plant Materials ◽

Laboratory Setup

The unique properties of supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent are widely used for extraction. In supercritical media, the dissolution of molecules of various chemical nature is possible. The purpose of this investigation was to study the extraction process and obtain extracts from valuable regional plant materials by applying CO2 extraction under pre- and supercritical conditions. The objects of research were: ground seeds of melon, pumpkin and licorice roots, as well as mint leaves, mulberry and jida flowers. For extraction, a laboratory setup was used that allows extraction when the CO2 is supplied by a high-pressure plunger pump in the sub- and supercritical state using a heat pump. The pressure range is 3-15 MPa, temperatures 295–330 K, and the volumetric flow rate above the critical CO2 is 800–900 g. Experiments with ground seeds of melon and pumpkin showed that as a result of 4 sequentially performed extraction cycles on a single load with supercritical CO2 parameters ( 315–330 K; 3–7.5 MPa) the decrease in the mass of melon seeds was 90 g (pumpkins 80 g). During the total extraction time (2.5 hours), 20 kg of CO2 were pumped through the reactor (25 l at 290 K and 6.8 MPa), while the average oil content in the extract was 4 g per 1 kg of CO2 (3.0 g per 1 l of SС-CO2) In experiments with jida flowers, the maximum amount of solid extractable substance (2% by weight of the raw material) was obtained at a temperature in the extractor of 308 K and a pressure of 7.5 MPa. Upon extraction under critical conditions in collection 2, the liquid phase was absent; only a yellow-green paste was released in it. According to the results of experiments with mint leaves, the maximum yield of a greenish liquid was observed at T = 315 K and P = 4 MPa., Mulberry - at T = 306 K and P = 6.0 MPa. The results of the extraction of oils and extracts from ground seeds of melon, pumpkin and licorice roots, as well as mint leaves, mulberries and jida flowers confirm that the maximum yield of the extracted substance is achieved with supercritical CO2 parameters in the extractor (310 K, 7.5 MPa). When liquid CO2 is extracted (300 K and 6-8 MPa), up to 2% of a yellow substance is extracted, which does not differ in appearance from a supercritical extract.

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Effectiveness of Alkali and Acid to Produce Collagen from Fish Skin of Striped Catifish

Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia ◽

10.17844/jphpi.v20i2.17906 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 255

Author(s):

Hilda Lu’lu’in Nanda Alfira Devi ◽

Pipih Suptijah ◽

Mala Nurilmala

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Type I Collagen ◽

Electrophoretic Analysis ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Skin Extract ◽

Type I ◽

Fish Skin ◽

Soaking Time ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Striped Catfish

Fish skin is one of the alternative sources contained high protein to isolate collagen. Fish skin generally extracted by the method of acid, alkali and enzymes. The study aim to determine the effectiveness of NaOH<br />and acetic acid on catfish (Pangasius sp.) skin extraction process. The concentrations of alkaline pretreatment were 0,05; 0,1; 0,15 and 0,2 M with the soaking time of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h by NaOH replacement in every 2 h. The concentrations of acetic acid for hydrolisis process were 0.05; 0.1; 0.15 and 0.2 M with the soaking time of 1, 2, and 3 h. The experimental design used for pretreatment process is split splot, while for the hydrolysis process is factorial completely randomized design. The results showed that pretreatment with a concentration of 0.05 M NaOH for 4 h has a significant effect for eliminating non-collagen protein (p<0.05). The acetic acid concentration of 0.15 M for 1 h also has a significant effect on fish skin swelling. The yield of striped catfish collagen was 17.272%, the protein content was 86%, and the viscosity was 12 cP. Fish skin extract was identified as type I collagen by functional groups and electrophoretic analysis. Collagen from striped catfish skin has α1 and α2 and protein structure with the molecular weight of α chain were 94 and 98 kDa, meanwhile the molecular wheight of β chain was 204 kD.

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Extraction Process of Essential Oil from Plectranthus amboinicus Using Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation and Evaluation of It’s Antibacterial Activity

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2019.21667 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 977-981 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Tan Phat Dao ◽

Duy Chinh Nguyen ◽

Duy Trinh Nguyen ◽

Thien Hien Tran ◽

Phu Thuong Nhan Nguyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Pharmaceutical Medicine ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Favourable Outcome ◽

Raw Material ◽

Quadratic Model ◽

P Value ◽

Microwave Assisted ◽

Plectranthus Amboinicus

Plectranthus amboinicus oil has many applications in pharmaceutical, medicine and cosmetic industries. Recently, new methods of extracting essential oil used have been increasingly developed to replace traditional methods. In this study, maximization of essential oils yield from P. amboinicus was studied by the combination of microwave assisted hydro-distillation (MAHD) and response surface methodology (RSM). We found that that the maximum essential oil yield was 0.1374 % with 94.38 % reliability and influencing factors such as microwave power for this process was 515 W, raw material to water ratio 1.64:1, extraction time at 100.8 min. ANOVA analysis for quadratic model also gives favourable outcome including the high determination coefficient (R2 = 0.94), significant F-value and p-value of coefficients. Under laboratory condition, the obtained yield (0.1374 %) approximated the yield predicted by the quadratic model, suggesting the reasonable soundness of the employed model and RSM when it comes to optimizing the parameters of extraction. In addition, considerable antibacterial activities of extracted essential oil against four bacteria cultures, in particular, S. aureus was recognized.

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PEMBUATAN PESTISIDA ORGANIK MENGGUNAKAN METODE EKSTRAKSI DARI SAMPAH DAUN PEPAYA DAN UMBI BAWANG PUTIH

Jurnal Dampak ◽

10.25077/dampak.10.1.46-59.2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 46 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elvie Yennie ◽

Shinta Elystia

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Larval Mortality ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Raw Material ◽

Mosquito Larvae ◽

Soaking Time ◽

Natural Materials

ABSTRAKPestisida adalah substansi kimia dan bahan lain yang digunakan untuk mengendalikan berbagai hama yang terbukti mengganggu. Pestisida dapat dibuat dari bahan alam yang salah satunya dari daun pepaya dan umbi bawang putih. Hal ini diiringi dengan mudahnya didapatkan bahan alam tersebut sehingga muncullah ide untuk membuat pestisida dari bahan tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pengaruh variasi waktu perendaman bahan baku dengan variasi pelarut, menghitung rendemen dari variasi waktu perendaman bahan baku dan menguji senyawa metabolit sekunder dari rendemen maksimum lalu menguji toksisitas ekstrak yang diperoleh terhadap larva nyamuk. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode ekstraksi maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol dan etanol. Variasi waktu perendaman 3,5,7 hari dengan suhu lingkungan, nisbah larutan padatan sebesar 1 : 4, setelah proses perendaman dilakukan penyaringan dan hasil saringan berupa filtrat didestilasi dengan kondisi operasi temperatur 80o C selama 50 menit. Lalu ekstrak diuji senyawa metabolit sekundernya, diukur pHnya dan toksisitas terhadap hewan uji. Kondisi operasi maksimum diperoleh pada waktu perendaman selama 7 hari dengan kadar rendemen sebesar 41,35 % dengan pH 5,79 untuk hasil ekstrak metanol dan 36,06 % dengan pH 5,86 untuk hasil ekstrak etanol. Metabolit sekunder yang berhasil diidentifikasi adalah alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tanin dan sulfur. Konsentrasi maksimum yang membunuh larva nyamuk adalah sebesar 3000 ppm dengan rata-rata kematian larva 95 % untuk ekstrak etanol dan 97,5 % untuk ekstrak metanol.Kata kunci: pestisida alami, daun pepaya dan umbi bawang putih, ekstraksiABSTRACTPesticides are chemicals and other substances used to control pests that could prove disruptive. Pesticides can be made from natural materials, one of which from the leaves of papaya and garlic bulbs. It is accompanied by easily obtained natural materials that came the idea to create pesticide of these materials. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of variations in the time of immersion of raw materials with a variety of solvents, calculate the yield of raw material variation of soaking time and the test compounds secondary metabolites of maximum yield and test the toxicity of exstracts obtained against mosquito larvae. The research was done by maceration extraction method using methanol and ethanol. 3,5,7 days soaking time variation with temperature, the solid solution ratio 1 : 4, after immersion do filtering was done and filter the results in the form of the filtrate is distilled at 80o C temperature operating conditions for 50 minutes. Then extract secondary metabolites were tested, measured their pH and toxicity towards the test animals. Maximum operating conditions obtained at the time of immersion for 7 days with high levels of yields at 41.35 % with a pH of 5.79 for methanol extract and 36.06 % with a pH 5.86 to extract the ethanol. Secondary metabolites that were succesfuly identified are alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and sulfur.Maximum concentration that killed mosquito larvae is equal to 3000 ppm with an average of 95 % larval mortality for ethanol extract and 97.5 % for methanol extract.Keyword : natural pesticides, papaya and garlic bulbs, extraction

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STUDY ON MATHEMATICAL MODEL IN SIMULATING CYMBOPOGON WINTERIANUS ESSENTIAL OIL EXTRACTION BY STEAM DISTILLATION

Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering ◽

10.33736/jaspe.170.2016 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nik ‘Amirah Farhana Nik Ahmad Lutfi ◽

Mohd Farid Atan ◽

Nazeri Abdul Rahman ◽

Shanti Faridah Salleh ◽

Noraziah Abdul Wahab

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Steam Distillation ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Process Variable ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Raw Material ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Cymbopogon Winterianus

The main objective of this study is to improve the mathematical modelling of Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil extraction by steam distillation proposed by Cassel and Vargas by minimum 5% error reduction. Two process variable of steam distillation which are extraction time and raw material state (dry or natural) has been optimized by using factorial experimental planning to obtain high yields of citronella essential oil from twig and leaves of lemongrass species Cymbopogon winterianus (C.winterianus). The optimal condition for maximum yield (0.942%) were found to be an extraction time, 4 hr, state, natural plant. The study of Cassel and Vargas was subsequently continued with five proposed kinetics model of the extraction process. The modelling of the extraction process is optimized by using one adjustable parameter of the model and the adequacy of the fit of the models to the experimental data are analyzed by using three statistical criteria that are correlation coefficient (r) ,the root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean relative deviation modulus (E). The result has shown that the mathematical model developed by Ana based on mass transfer fundamentals is the optimum mathematical model for the extraction of Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil by steam distillation.

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Citrus Bioactive Limonoid Extraction using Environment-friendly Hydrotropy

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1008c ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 1008C-1008

Author(s):

Deepak Dandekar ◽

G. K. Jayaprakasha ◽

Bhimanagouda Patil

Keyword(s):

Extraction Efficiency ◽

Design Method ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Raw Material ◽

Extraction Temperature ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Environment Friendly ◽

Health Promoting

Citrus consumption has been shown to promote human health due to presence of several bioactive compounds. In the process of understanding the health benefits of citrus, we need to isolate and characterize these compounds. Limonoids are one of such prominent, but lesser-known phytonutrients that have been shown to prevent cancers of the mouth, skin, lung, breast, and colon. With the growing interest in the health-promoting properties of citrus limonoids, the demand for these bioactives has significantly increased. It has been critical to explore environment-friendly extraction methods rather than using hazardous organic solvents. A water-based hydrotropic extraction of limonoid aglycones from sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seeds was developed. Two hydrotropes, sodium salicylate (Na-Sal) and sodium cumene sulfonate (Na-CuS), were studied for extraction efficiency using the Box Behnken experiment design method. The extraction efficiency of prominent aglycone limonin was observed depending on hydrotrope concentration, extraction temperature, and percentage of raw material loading. Response Surface Analysis (RSA) of data predicted the optimum conditions for maximum yield. Recovery of aglycones from filtered extract is also easily achieved by mere dilution using water at pH 3 or 7 or by partitioning the extract with dichloromethane. At optimum conditions, limonin yield of 0.46 mg/g seeds in the case of Na-Sal extraction and 0.65 mg/g seeds in the case of Na-CuS extraction was achieved. The results demonstrated that the hydrotropic extraction process of limonoid aglycones has practical commercial importance. This project is based upon work supported by the USDA–CSREES IFAFS #2001 52102 02294 and USDA–CSREES #2005-34402-14401 “Designing Foods for Health” through the Vegetable and Fruit Improvement Center.

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Optimization of Microwave Extraction Process by Response Surface Methodology of Flavonoids from Tussilago farfara L.

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.763.246 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 763 ◽

pp. 246-249

Author(s):

Xiao Song ◽

Peng Zhao

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Microwave Power ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Raw Material ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Microwave Extraction ◽

Water Solvent ◽

Tussilago Farfara ◽

Optimum Extraction

Flavonoids from Tussilago farfara L. was extracted with the assistance of microwave.Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize extraction time; microwave power and ratio of water to raw material to obtain a high flavonoids yield.The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: 73.3% ethanol-water solvent, time 16.25 min and ratio of solvent to raw material 36.2ml/g.The yield of flavonoids was 11.37% based on the above mentioned conditions.

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Ethanol production using vegetable peels medium and the effective role of cellulolytic bacterial (Bacillus subtilis) pre-treatment

F1000Research ◽

10.12688/f1000research.13952.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 271

Author(s):

Salman Khan Promon ◽

Wasif Kamal ◽

Shafkat Shamim Rahman ◽

M. Mahboob Hossain ◽

Naiyyum Choudhury

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Ethanol Production ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Biochemical Characterization ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Clean Energy ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽

Alcohol Production

Background: The requirement of an alternative clean energy source is increasing with the elevating energy demand of modern age. Bioethanol is considered as an excellent candidate to satiate this demand.Methods:Yeast isolates were used for the production of bioethanol using cellulosic vegetable wastes as substrate. Efficient bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into ethanol was achieved by the action of cellulolytic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis). After proper isolation, identification and characterization of stress tolerances (thermo-, ethanol-, pH-, osmo- & sugar tolerance), optimization of physiochemical parameters for ethanol production by the yeast isolates was assessed. Very inexpensive and easily available raw materials (vegetable peels) were used as fermentation media. Fermentation was optimized with respect to temperature, reducing sugar concentration and pH.Results:It was observed that temperatures of 30°C and pH 6.0 were optimum for fermentation with a maximum yield of ethanol. The results indicated an overall increase in yields upon the pretreatment ofBacillus subtilis; maximum ethanol percentages for isolate SC1 obtained after 48-hour incubation under pretreated substrate was 14.17% in contrast to untreated media which yielded 6.21% after the same period. Isolate with the highest ethanol production capability was identified as members of the ethanol-producingSaccharomycesspecies after stress tolerance studies and biochemical characterization using Analytical Profile Index (API) ® 20C AUX and nitrate broth test. Introduction ofBacillus subtilisincreased the alcohol production rate from the fermentation of cellulosic materials.Conclusions:The study suggested that the kitchen waste can serve as an excellent raw material in ethanol fermentation.

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Intensification of the extraction process of phenolic compounds from Acorus calamus leaves

ScienceRise Pharmaceutical Science ◽

10.15587/2519-4852.2021.238329 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 4-10

Author(s):

Oleksiy Andryushayev ◽

Olena Ruban ◽

Yuliia Maslii ◽

Inna Rusak

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Raw Material ◽

Acorus Calamus ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Ultrasonic Action ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Method Of Extraction ◽

Temperature Time

The aim. To determine the intensified method of extraction of phenolic compounds from Acorus calamus leaves and optimal conditions for the process. Materials and methods. In order to develop the optimal intensified method of extraction samples were prepared in different conditions of raw materials-extractant ratio, temperature, time and multiplicity. As a raw materials spectrophotometrically pre-standardized Acorus calamus leaves were used. The extraction was carried out in a hermetically sealed ultrasonic extraction reactor PEX 1 (REUS, Contes, France). As the criteria of extraction efficiency were indicators of dry residue and total amount of flavonoids determined using methods described in State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. The amount of flavonoids was determined spectrophotometrically on a certified device Specord 200 (Analytik Jena, Germany). Results. According to our research results it was found that ultrasonic action and addition of surfactant significantly improves the efficiency of the extraction process. The optimal conditions for the process were determined. Experimentally proved that the rational raw material-extractant ratio is 1:15. Comparative study of the extraction process with different temperatures showed that the highest amount of extractives is achieved at temperature 70 °C and 45 min of duration. The optimal extraction multiplicity is 3. Conclusions. As a result of the study, the intensified extraction method for Acorus calamus leaves – re-maceration with ultrasound – was established. The conducted researches allowed to develop the method of extraction, expedient in the conditions of the modern pharmaceutical industry.

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A market-oriented database design for critical material research

Clean Technologies and Recycling ◽

10.3934/ctr.2021002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 34-49

Author(s):

Ruby T. Nguyen ◽

◽

Ange-Lionel Toba ◽

Michael H. Severson ◽

Ethan M. Woodbury ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Easy Access ◽

Material Research ◽

Supply Chain Risk ◽

Quality Of Data ◽

Critical Material ◽

Market Focus ◽

End Use

<abstract> <p>Material databases are important tools to provide and store information from material research. Rising concerns about supply-chain risks to raw materials presents a need to incorporate raw-material market and end-use application data, beyond basic chemical and physical properties, into a material database. One key challenge for researchers working on critical materials is information scarcity and inconsistency. This paper introduces, as a result of a two-year project, a critical-material commodity database (CMCD) incorporated with a low-code web-based platform that allows easy access for users and simple updates for the authors. The main goal of this project was to educate material scientists on the applications having the most impact on the supply chain and current industrial specifications/markets for each application. The objective was to provide material researchers with harmonized information so that they could gain a better understanding of the market, focus their technologies on an application with a high potential for commercialization, and better contribute to supply-chain risk reduction. While the goal was met with high receptivity, several limitations stemmed from query design, distribution platform, and quality of data source. To overcome some of these limitations and expand on CMCD's potential, we are building a public webpage with an improved interface, better data organization, and higher extensibility.</p> </abstract>

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