scholarly journals IGG SPECIFIC LEVELS FOR DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS AND PERTUSSIS IN RURAL AND URBAN SAMPLES IN ALBANIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 652-657
Author(s):  
Eftiola Pojani ◽  
Erida Nelaj ◽  
Alban Ylli
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Year 2000

INTRODUCTION: During the years 1970s and 1980s, IPH (Institute of Public Health) in Albania, achieved remarkable improvements in the biotechnology of the components production of D (diphtheria), T (tetanus) and P (pertussis) for the trivalent vaccine DTP, vaccine DT and the Td one, which together with vaccine TT, consequently led to the increasing of their effectiveness and efficiency. In the year 2000, Rubella component was added to Measles vaccine, and in the year 2005, Mumps component was added too (now MMR vaccine).OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this study was to identify protective immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels for each antigen (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis) according to different age groups and residence (rural and urban).METHODS: Two samples, each involving 120 healthy children were selected from urban and rural populations of three central regions of Albania. The children were aged between 1 and 15 years. IgG specific levels for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests (ELISA). Levels of IgG were classified into the following categories: unprotected, insufficient, and fair/good or full/sure protection, using specific thresholds for each, diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis.RESULTS: Of the same population, 75.7% was found to have IgG protective levels for diphtheria. For tetanus, 81.4% of the total sample had protective levels of IgG, and for pertussis this proportion was 69.0%.Levels of protection for diphtheria and tetanus increased up until  3 years of age (diphtheria: 25.0% at 1 year and then 95.0% at 3 years of age; tetanus: 65.0% at 1 year and 90.0% at 3 years of age). From then on the trend stabilized. The same trend was not observed for pertussis, which presented protective IgG levels of 73.0% from the first year of life. When IgG protective levels were compared between rural and urban samples, differences were only found with diphtheria specific IgG, which was significantly higher in the rural population. Furthermore, a correlation in IgG levels was found among diphtheria and tetanus.CONCLUSIONS: IgG specific levels for diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis referring to our sample are are considered acceptable for providing protection in the general population. Nevertheless, these levels seem to have been achieved only after booster doses until the third year of life, especially for diphtheria.

scholarly journals Seroconversion rates following 2 doses of measles- mumps- rubella vaccination given at the ages 12 and 18 months: data for possible additional dose at older age

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Saffar ◽  
Sayed Jaber Mousavi ◽  
Hiva Saffar ◽  
Mohammad-Reza Parsaei ◽  
Gholam-Reza Ghorbani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Failure ◽  
Iranian Children ◽  
Rubella Vaccination ◽  
Infant Pair

Abstract Background Despite high rate of vaccination coverage with 2-doses of measles containing vaccine among Iranian children, outbreaks of measles occurred among different age groups and fully vaccinated subjects. Although the main reason for these outbreaks is unknown, however, vaccine failure was supposed to be an important cause. This study was designed to determine the seroconversion rates to measles- mumps- rubella (MMR) vaccine currently in use among Iranian children. Methods This prospective study was conducted among healthy children older than 12 months who were candidates of scheduled MMR vaccination. Blood samples were obtained from each mother- infant pair just before vaccination, and from infants 4–6 weeks after MMR1 and MMR2 immunization. Collected sera were tested for specific lgG antibodies against MMR agents using ELISA method. The proportion of seroprotected subjects among mother- infant pairs before vaccination as well as the prevalence rates of seroconversion after MMR1 and MMR2 vaccination were calculated. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. Results During 22-months study period, 92 mother- infant pairs were participated. Seroimmunity rates against MMR viruses were 85.8%, 84.7% and 86.9% for mothers, and 3.2%, 2.1% and 1.0% for children, respectively. After MMR1 vaccination from 52 seronegative children, 80.7%, 78.8% and 75% were seroconverted. These rates increased to 94.8%, 89.7% and 94.8% after the MMR2 vaccination. Also, the specific immunity was enhanced among seropositive children. Conclusion Majority of the mothers and few infants were immune to MMR viruses prior to MMR1 vaccination. Immune responses detected after MMR1 injection, and overall seroconversion rates achieved after 2-doses of MMR vaccination were less than expected and inadequate to preserve long-term protection against MMR agents.

scholarly journals Seroconversion rates following 2 doses of Measles- Mumps- Rubella Vaccination Given at the Ages 12 and 18 Months: Data for possible additional dose at older age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Saffar ◽  
Sayed Jaber Mousavi ◽  
Hiva Saffar ◽  
Mohammad-Reza Parsaei ◽  
Gholam-Reza Ghorbani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Failure ◽  
Iranian Children ◽  
Rubella Vaccination ◽  
Infant Pair

Abstract Background. Despite high rate of vaccination coverage with 2-doses of measles vaccine among Iranian children, outbreaks of measles occurred among different age groups and fully vaccinated subjects. Although the main reason for these outbreaks is unknown, however, vaccine failure was supposed to be an important cause. This study was designed to determine the immunogenicity of measles- mumps- rubella (MMR) vaccine currently in use among Iranian children.Methods. This prospective study was conducted among ³ 12 month- old healthy children who were candidates of scheduled MMR vaccination. Blood samples were obtained from each mother- infant pair just before vaccination, and from infants 4- 6 weeks after MMR1 and MMR2 immunization. Collected sera were tested for specific lgG antibodies against MMR agents using ELISA method. The proportion of seroprotected subjects among mother- infant pairs before vaccination as well as the prevalence rates of seroconversion after MMR1 and MMR2 vaccination were calculated. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods.Results. During 22-months study period, 92 mother- infant pairs were participated. Seroimmunity rates against MMR viruses were 85.8%, 84.7% and 86.9% for mothers, and 3.2%, 2.1% and 1.0% for children, respectively. After MMR1 vaccination of 52 seronegative children, 80.7%, 78.8% and 75% were seroconverted. These rates increased to 94.8%, 89.7% and 92.3% after the MMR2 vaccination. Also, the specific immunity was enhanced among seropositive children.Conclusion. Majority of the mothers and few infants were immune to MMR viruses, prior to MMR1 vaccination. Seroconversion rates detected after MMR1 injection, and overall seroprotection rates achieved after 2-doses of MMR vaccination were less than expected and inadequate to preserve long-term protection against MMR agents.

scholarly journals Immunoglobulin G1 and G2 profile in children with Down syndrome

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supti Prava Saha ◽  
Monsura Khan ◽  
Ashesh Kumar Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Recurrent Infection ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Children With Down Syndrome ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Two Age Groups

Background and objectives: It is well known that children with Down syndrome (DS) suffer from frequent infections. There is an association of certain IgG subclass abnormalities with the predisposition to recurrent infection of the respiratory tract. Therefore, the study was conducted to determine the immunoglobulin G1 and G2 (IgG1, IgG2) profile in children with DS.Material and methods: Forty children between the ages of 6 months to 12 years with DS (47 XX/XY, +21) attending the Department of Immunology, BIRDEM were enrolled in the study. Age and sex matched 30 healthy normal children with 46 XX/XY were included as control. Enrolled DS and healthy children were divided into two age groups namely 6 months to 6 years and 7 years to 12 years. Serum IgG1 and IgG2 concentrations were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.Results: The mean serum IgG1 concentrations of children with DS in both age groups did not differ significantly from that of normal healthy children. But the IgG2 level was significantly less (p<0.003 and p<0.004) in both age groups of children with DS compared to that of control healthy children.Conclusion: The study has demonstrated that the serum IgG2 level was significantly less in children with DS than that of matched normal healthy control children while there was no deficiency of IgG1.IMC J Med Sci 2017; 11(1): 1-4

scholarly journals Immunogenicity and Safety of a Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine Administered as a First Dose to Children Aged 12 to 15 Months: A Phase III, Randomized, Noninferiority, Lot-to-Lot Consistency Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola P Klein ◽  
Remon Abu-Elyazeed ◽  
Michael Povey ◽  
Mercedes Macias Parra ◽  
Javier Diez-Domingo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Rubella Vaccine ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Vaccine Shortage

AbstractBackgroundMMR II (M-M-R II [Merck & Co, Inc.]) is currently the only measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine licensed in the United States. A second MMR vaccine would mitigate the potential risk of vaccine supply shortage or delay. In this study, we assessed the immunogenicity and safety of another MMR vaccine (MMR-RIT [Priorix, GlaxoSmithKline]) compared with those of the MMR II in 12- to 15-month-old children who received it as a first dose.MethodsIn this phase III, observer-blinded, noninferiority, lot-to-lot consistency clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01702428), 5003 healthy children were randomly assigned to receive 1 dose of MMR-RIT (1 of 3 production lots) or MMR II along with other age-recommended routine vaccines. We evaluated the immunogenicity of all vaccines in terms of antibody concentrations (by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or electrochemiluminescence assay) and/or seroresponse rates 43 days after vaccination. We also assessed the reactogenicity and safety of the vaccines.ResultsImmunoresponses after vaccination with MMR-RIT were robust and noninferior to those after vaccination with the MMR II. Immunogenicity of the 3 production lots of MMR-RIT was consistent; more than 97% of the children had a seroresponse to MMR components. The coadministered vaccines elicited similar immunoresponses in the MMR-RIT and MMR II groups. Both MMR vaccines resulted in comparable reactogenicity profiles, and no safety concerns were detected.ConclusionsIf licensed, the MMR-RIT could provide a valid option for the prevention of measles, mumps, and rubella in children in the United States and would reduce potential risks of a vaccine shortage.

scholarly journals Effect of Enterobius vermicularis parasite on IgE antibody levels among children in Al- Diwaniyah City, middle Iraq.

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manar Hamid ◽  
Ali B. M. Al-Waaly
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Enterobius Vermicularis ◽  
Ige Antibody ◽  
Elisa Technique ◽  
Antibody Levels

The aim of this study was to detect the concentration of IgE antibody in children infected with Enterobius vermicularis and healthy children as a control group by using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The results indicated that there was an increase in the concentration of IgE antibody levels in people with E. vermicularis parasite with an average of (227.08 IU) compared to the control group, and the study of elevation ratios for age, where the results showed that the lowest increase in IgE antibody was recorded in the age group 1-3 years. The highest increase was recorded in the age group between 7-9 years with an average of (306.84 IU). The results of the statistical analysis showed very significant differences indicating a higher level of IgE among people with E. vermicularis parasite compared to the control group at a probability level of 0.05. The results of the statistical analysis through the use of the F-test showed no significant differences between the high antibody IgE in children with E. vermicularis parasite depending on age groups.

scholarly journals Serum level of Interleukin (IL)-8, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α in children infected with Entamoeba histolytica

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Huda Muneer Ahmed ◽  
Fatima Shihab Al-Nasiri
Keyword(s):  
Serum Level ◽  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Histolytica Infection

Entamoeba histolytica is an enteric protozoan parasite which caused tissue invasive amoebiasis. It can induce the production of cytokines (such as IL-8 and TNF-α) and chemokines (such as MCP-1) from intestinal epithelial cells. This study was done to detect the serum level of IL-8, MCP-1 and TNF-α, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in 60 children affected by amoebiasis to correlate the production of these cytokines with infection and comparison with the healthy persons (n= 30). Three aged groups (1 month- 2 year, 2-4 year and 4-6 year) were entered in the study for patients and healthy controls. The level of IL-8 (37.22 ± 7.06, 37.35 ± 1.981 and 36.45 ± 4.39 pg/ml) in children with amoebiasis were higher significantly compared with the level in healthy children (29.95 ± 4.30, 26.90 ± 4.17 and 25.32 ± 2.31 pg/ml) in all age groups (1 month- 2 year, 2-4 year and 4-6 year, respectively). Significant differences in the level of MCP-1 which were higher (28.92 ± 1.48, 30.85 ± 3.78 and 31.91 ± 6.82 pg/ml) in children with amoebiasis than in healthy children (18.44 ± 0.74, 22.62 ± 6.25 and 18.30 ± 1.43 pg/ml) in all age groups (respectively). Also, the level of TNF-α were higher significantly (58.05 ± 6.90, 55.87 ± 3.81 and 57.32 ± 8.86 pg/ml) in children with amoebiasis compared with healthy children (42.91 ± 2.54, 43.54 ± 3.42 and 42.64 ± 3.47 pg/ml, respectively) in all age groups (respectively). These findings reflect a role of IL-8, MCP-1 and TNF-α in E. histolytica infection.   http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.24.2019.068

Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Principal Axis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Diminishing Returns ◽  
The One ◽  
Armed Services ◽  
Principal Axis Factor

Spearman's Law of Diminishing Returns (SLODR) with regard to age was tested in two different databases from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The first database consisted of 6,980 boys and girls aged 12–16 from the 1997 cohort ( NLSY 1997 ). The subjects were tested with a computer-administered adaptive format (CAT) of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) consisting of 12 subtests. The second database consisted of 11,448 male and female subjects aged 15–24 from the 1979 cohort ( NLSY 1979 ). These subjects were tested with the older 10-subtest version of the ASVAB. The hypothesis was tested by dividing the sample into Young and Old age groups while keeping IQ fairly constant by a method similar to the one developed and employed by Deary et al. (1996) . The different age groups were subsequently factor-analyzed separately. The eigenvalue of the first principal component (PC1) and the first principal axis factor (PAF1), and the average intercorrelation of the subtests were used as estimates of the g saturation and compared across groups. There were no significant differences in the g saturation across age groups for any of the two samples, thereby pointing to no support for this aspect of Spearman's “Law of Diminishing Returns.”

Liver Elastography in Healthy Children Using Three Different Systems – How Many Measurements Are Necessary?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Batman Mjelle ◽  
Anesa Mulabecirovic ◽  
Roald Flesland Havre ◽  
Edda Jonina Olafsdottir ◽  
Odd Helge Gilja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Wave ◽  
Transient Elastography ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Liver Stiffness ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pediatric Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Elastography

Abstract Purpose Liver elastography is increasingly being applied in screening for and follow-up of pediatric liver disease, and has been shown to correlate well with fibrosis staging through liver biopsy. Because time is of the essence when examining children, we wanted to evaluate if a reliable result can be achieved with fewer acquisitions. Materials and Methods 243 healthy children aged 4–17 years were examined after three hours of fasting. Participants were divided into four age groups: 4–7 years; 8–11 years; 12–14 years and 15–17 years. Both two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE; GE Logiq E9) and point shear wave elastography (pSWE; Samsung RS80A with Prestige) were performed in all participants, while transient elastography (TE, Fibroscan) was performed in a subset of 87 children aged 8–17 years. Median liver stiffness measurement (LSM) values of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 acquisitions were compared with the median value of 10 acquisitions (reference standard). Comparison was performed for all participants together as well as within every specific age group. We investigated both the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with absolute agreement and all outliers more than 10 %, 20 % or ≥ 0.5 or 1.0 kPa from the median of 10 acquisitions. Results For all three systems there was no significant difference between three and ten acquisitions, with ICCs ≥ 0.97. All systems needed 4 acquisitions to achieve no LSM deviating ≥ 1.0 kPa of a median of ten. To achieve no LSM deviating ≥ 20 % of a median of ten acquisitions, pSWE and TE needed 4 acquisitions, while 2D-SWE required 6 acquisitions. Conclusion Our results contradict recommendations of 10 acquisitions for pSWE and TE and only 3 for 2D-SWE.

Age development of cortical rhythmics in the EEG depending on the formation of the child’s personal psychical characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 42-50
Author(s):  
A. V. Budkevich ◽  
L. B. Ivanov ◽  
G. R. Novikova ◽  
G. M. Dzhanumova
Keyword(s):  
Alpha Rhythm ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Mathematical Processing ◽  
Functional Brain Organization ◽  
Child's Brain ◽  
Attention Function ◽  
Apparently Healthy

According to the authors, rationing the age-related EEG parameters in children should be based on personal psychical characteristics. A comparative analysis of personal psychical characteristics and electroencephalographic data was carried out in 300 apparently healthy children aged 3-15 years. According to this principle, two subgroups of conditionally healthy children in each age group were singled out: 1) with an immature attention function and 2) with an increased anxious background that do not reach the pathological level. Registration and analysis of EEG was performed by the Neurokariograf computer complex (MBN, Moscow) using mathematical processing methods.The EEG interpretation was based on the principle of assessing the functional state of a child's brain using a three-component model according to: 1) wakefulness level and its dissociation, 2) severity of signs of the EEG neurotic pattern, 3) directionality of formation of traits of the system-functional brain organization (severity of signs functional hypofrontality).lt was found the presence of EEG signs was indicative of a lower level of wakefulness in children with an immature function of attention in all age groups, compared with the indicators of the average population of group and children with an increased background of anxiety. Children with an increased background of anxiety have a tendency to prevalence and excessive spatial synchronization of the alpha rhythm. ln healthy children, the fact of a decrease in wakefulness and the presence of signs of anxiety in the clinic and in EEG patterns indicates individual personalities and should not be considered as pathology.

Aging of rural population in Yugoslavia

Stanovnistvo ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 73-92
Author(s):  
Jelena Antonovic
Keyword(s):  
Age Structure ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Ageing ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Demographic Ageing ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Rural And Urban

Mass migration to urban areas constitutes the basic direct factor of the decline in rural population of Yugoslavia in the second half of the 20th century. Due to the characteristic migration patterns by age and sex, they have had a substantial impact on the change in age structure of rural population towards rapid demographic ageing. By inducing decline in fertility and an increase in mortality, the newly formed age structure is increasingly becoming one of the basic factors to further decline in population, or even the major factor to rural depopulation in the majority of regions. The paper analyzes changes in age structure of rural population in the FR of Yugoslavia and across its republics and provinces during the period from 1961 to 1991. The conditions prevailing during the last census (1991) are particularly highlighted. The author points to distinct differences in ageing of urban versus rural populations, and considerable regional differences at the achieved level of demographic age. Based on the main demographic age indicators (the share of five-year and larger age groups, average age, ageing index and movement in major age-specific contingents), the author concludes that the process of population ageing had taken place in both rural and urban populations, but was more intensive in villages (higher share of the aged, higher index of ageing and higher average age) during the period under review. The author points to distinct ageing of rural population in all republics and provinces. It was most prominent in central Serbia and Vojvodina, while being quite slow in Kosovo and Metohia and recorded mainly in between the last two censuses (1981-1991). Likewise, Kosovo and Metohia constitute the only major region of Yugoslavia in which rural population in 1991 is still demographically younger than the population in urban settlements. Rural versus urban population ageing was much more intensive in other major regions of the country, both from the base and from the apex of the age pyramid. In view of the minimal differences in fertility and mortality levels by type of settlement (particularly in central Serbia and Vojvodina), the author argues that the inherited age structure constitutes the main cause of rapid acceleration in rural population ageing in low fertility regions.

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