Dental amalgam: a practical guide

Dental Update ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 607-618
Author(s):  
Louis Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Dental Amalgam ◽  
Mercury Content ◽  
Undergraduate Teaching ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Restorative Material ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
The Status ◽  
Tooth Preparation ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Historically, dental amalgam is the world's most commonly used restorative material. Its use is declining due to patient and professional demand for tooth-coloured restorations that are adhesive and promote minimally invasive tooth preparation techniques. Significant reduction has also resulted from environmental concerns relating to dental amalgam's ~50% mercury content. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the status of dental amalgam including its advantages and disadvantages, amalgam safety, regulations and legislation and a comparison with alternative restorative materials. As the undergraduate teaching of amalgam procedures has progressively declined, this paper also provides an illustrated step-by-step revision guide to the materials, equipment and clinical techniques that will optimize the restoration of challenging, complex cavities, where amalgam is still considered by many to be the material of choice. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Amalgam remains an excellent restorative material for long-lasting restorations in large/complex cavities and where moisture control presents challenges.

scholarly journals Paradigmaváltás a fogmegtartó kezelésben: az amalgámkorszak vége

2018 ◽  
Vol 159 (42) ◽  
pp. 1700-1709
Author(s):  
Krisztina Mikulás ◽  
Mercedes Linninger ◽  
Emőke Takács ◽  
Barbara Kispélyi ◽  
Katalin Nagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Dental Amalgam ◽  
Mercury Content ◽  
Material Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pubmed Database

Abstract: Dental amalgam has been used for more than 150 years due to its beneficial mechanical properties and durability in dentistry. In the past and to date, many questions about amalgam restorations have arisen, especially regarding the mercury content, which has been the subject of global disputes. By presenting the past and present of the ‘amalgam issue’, the aim of our paper is to display the current position of international literature. This summary is based on the publications in the PubMed database, the guidelines of the Council of European Dentists. Although the use of dental amalgam is widespread, concerns have been raised about the adverse effect on human health and the environment, focusing on its heavy metal pollution during waste treatment. In 2017, the European Union (EU) adopted the so-called Mercury Regulation, based on the United Nations Minamata Convention on Mercury, the recommendations of which are presented in the present review. This Regulation includes the requirement for EU Member States to develop a national action plan for the phase-down of amalgam. The feasibility plan for complete phase-out may be guaranteed by 2030. The authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of possible amalgam alternatives by presenting glass-ionomers and resin-based composites. In the future, more material research programmes and long-term follow-up studies are necessary. In addition to several global health organizations, the Council of European Dentists also draws attention to prevent dental caries, expecting to reduce the number of restorations. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(42): 1700–1709.

scholarly journals Advances in Antibody Preparation Techniques for Immunoassays of Total Aflatoxin in Food

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 4113
Author(s):  
Yanan Wang ◽  
Jinqing Jiang ◽  
Hanna Fotina ◽  
Haitang Zhang ◽  
Junjie Chen
Keyword(s):  
High Specificity ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Antibody Preparation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Status ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Aflatoxin (AF) contamination is a major concern in the food and feed industry because of its prevalence and toxicity. Improved aflatoxin detection methods are still needed. Immunoassays are an important method for total aflatoxin (TAF) analysis in food due to its technical advantages such as high specificity, sensitivity, and simplicity, but require high-quality antibodies. Here, we first review the three ways to prepare high-quality antibodies for TAF immunoassay, second, compare the advantages and disadvantages of antigen synthesis methods for B-group and G-group aflatoxins, and third, describe the status of novel genetic engineering antibodies. This review can provide new methods and ideas for the development of TAF immunoassays.

FORMATION OF FORTIFICATION ART IN ANCIENT EAST COUNTRIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 94-124
Author(s):  
Е. N. Polyakov ◽  
M. I. Korzh
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Medieval China ◽  
The Status ◽  
Architectural Structures ◽  
The City ◽  
New Babylon

The article presents a comparative analysis of fortification art monuments in such East countries from Ancient Egypt to medieval China. An attempt is made to identify the main stages of the fortification development from a stand-alone fortress (citadel, fort) to the most complex systems of urban and border fortifications, including moats, walls and gates, battle towers. It is shown that the nature of these architectural structures is determined by the status of the city or settlement, its natural landscape, building structures and materials, the development of military and engineering art. The materials from poliorceticon (Greek: poliorketikon, poliorketika), illustrate the main types of siege machines and mechanisms. The advantages and disadvantages of boundary shafts and long walls (limes). The most striking examples are the defensive systems of Assyria, New Babylon, Judea and Ancient China.

scholarly journals THE COMPARISON OF RESIN-BASED COMPOSITES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES BETWEEN BULK-FILL TECHNIQUE AND INCREMENTAL TECHNIQUE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Rahmi Khairani Aulia
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Composite Resin ◽  
Color Stability ◽  
Composite Resins ◽  
Shrinkage Stress ◽  
Restorative Material ◽  
Polymerization Shrinkage ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Restoration Technique ◽  
Restoration Failure

ABSTRACT:Composite resins are currently the most popular restorative material in dentistry. This is due to good aesthetics and maximum conservation ability. Behind these advantages, there are disbenefits of composite resin materials, such as polymerization shrinkage, which can lead to restoration failure. Various attempts have been investigated to reduce the shrinkage incidence of composite resins, one of which is the technique of placing the restorative material into the cavity. The restoration filling technique is recognized as a significant factor in shrinkage stress. By using a special filling technique, the polymerization shrinkage damage stress can be reduced. There are several techniques in performing composite resin fillings, including bulk and incremental techniques. These techniques have their respective advantages and disadvantages. The aim of this literature review was to compare the physical properties of composite resin restorations with bulk filling and incremental techniques. Physical properties that being studied include polymerization shrinkage, stress shrinkage, degree of conversion, bonding strength, water resorption, color stability, and temperature increase. Comparing the two techniques, composite resin with incremental filling technique has superior physical properties compared to bulk technique. From the comparison of the two techniques, the composite resin with incremental filling technique has superior physical properties compared to the bulk technique, especially in higher conversion which causes lower shrinkage stress. This situation makes the incremental technique provide better bond strength, water resorption, color stability, and lower temperature rise.Keywords: Bulk, Composite Resin, Incremental,  Physical Properties, Restoration, Restoration Technique

scholarly journals Knowledge and Attitude of Dentists and Patients Toward Use and Health Safety of Dental Amalgam in Saudi Arabia

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 233-238
Author(s):  
Hend N. Al-Nahedh ◽  
Ahmed A El-hejazi ◽  
Syed Rashid Habib
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Dental Amalgam ◽  
Mercury Content ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Electronic Survey ◽  
Dental Practitioners ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
Obligation To Inform

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to assess: (1) the perceptions of dentists in Saudi Arabia concerning the amalgam controversy, (2) their attitude toward the ethical responsibility of patient information, and (3) patients’ knowledge and attitude toward the use of dental amalgam. Materials and Methods A total of 1,139 dentists were sampled on convenience by electronic survey. The questionnaire contained questions about the safety of dental amalgam, use of amalgam, case selection, alternate materials, and informing their patients about risks of amalgam. Also, 425 patients were sampled on convenience and information collected on their knowledge about amalgam and its acceptance in their oral cavities. Results A total of 201 dentists and 425 patients participated in the study. A total of 60% of dentists and specialists declared it safe. A total of 32.4% (31) of general dental practitioners and 41% (43) specialists considered it a moral obligation to inform patients about the potential health risks associated with amalgam. Mercury toxicity was identified as the most common health hazard. About 57.3% dentists and 36.2% specialists opted for superior longevity as the principle advantage. Majority of patients (52.2%) in Saudi Arabia had no knowledge about dental amalgam. While 23.1% (98) had concern about poor color, 8.7% (30) knew it contained silver while only 7.8% (27) patients were aware of its mercury content. Conclusion Majority of dentists in Saudi Arabia found it safe to use amalgam while the patients had little knowledge about the possible issues with amalgam. It is recommended to improve public awareness about impact of mercury containing products on the environment.

scholarly journals Management Support Model for Information Technology Outsourcing

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-147
Author(s):  
Leonardo Ensslin ◽  
Clarissa Carneiro Mussi ◽  
Ademar Dutra ◽  
Sandra Rolim Ensslin ◽  
Sandro Natalino Demetrio
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Multicriteria Decision Aid ◽  
Management Support ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Conflicting Objectives ◽  
The Status ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
Information Technology Outsourcing ◽  
The Impact

This study deals with the problem of outsourcing management, presenting a structure to support decision-making on effective information-technology outsourcing and highlighting the advantages and disadvantages that must be addressed. Since the study involves multiple variables, partially defined and conflicting objectives, and the will of decision-makers to broaden their understanding of the impact of decisions, the study used the multicriteria decision aid constructivist method to lead data collection and analysis. The chief results presented are: (i) a structured appraisal arranged by 8 strategic objectives and 107 performance indicators; (ii) the strengths and weaknesses of the status quo; and (iii) a process diagram for generating improvements. To ensure presentation of scientific and practical recognition in accordance with the constructivist path, the epistemological view adopted meets the scientific and practical requirements to ensure validity, legitimacy, and effectiveness of a model to support a decision-making process in a practical environment.

The Status, Development and Future Role of Radiobeacon Differential GNSS

1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Future Role ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Status ◽  
Differential Corrections ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Marine radiobeacons have been used to broadcast differential corrections for global navigation satellite systems (DGNSS) for nearly a decade. The method has become the accepted international standard for maritime applications. The background to the development of the system is described and the current status of radiobeacon DGNSS services around the world reported. The applications are discussed, including the function of radiobeacon DGNSS as the position sensor within integrated systems, together with the performance requirements imposed by associated systems such as ECDIS and Automatic Identification Systems. The advantages and disadvantages of the radiobeacon system in regulatory, administrative and technical terms are discussed and the potential for development of the system is considered. The future role of radiobeacon DGNSS in the overall mix of systems is assessed taking into account the introduction of geo-stationary overlays, and possibly Loran-C, for provision of DGNSS corrections.

A Method of Automatic Voltage Optimization Control Based on Real Time Digital Simulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 336-338 ◽  
pp. 653-658
Author(s):  
Yu De Yang ◽  
Yu Sheng Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Digital Simulation ◽  
Voltage Control ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Control Effectiveness ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Status ◽  
Optimal Control Scheme

With the development of smart grid, regional grid automatic voltage control (AVC) system has been widely used in power systems, but the effect is uneven, and there are not relating tools to evaluate its performance. The paper proposes a Closed-loop test method combining Real Time Digital Simulation system (RTDS) with reactive optimization procedures to simulate and optimization the status of actual grid. An optimal control scheme of the actual grid from the new method can be used to judge the advantages and disadvantages of actual AVC system. Simulation tests show online RTDS-based power system reactive power and voltage control simulation is good. It can be regard as reference to evaluate the control effectiveness of the actual AVC system.

Status of Site Test Methods of Organosilicon Hydrophobic Impregnants for Protecting Reinforced Concrete

2014 ◽  
Vol 638-640 ◽  
pp. 1676-1682
Author(s):  
Zong Yang Yuan ◽  
Hong Yao Sun ◽  
Zheng Yang ◽  
Ming Xia Shen ◽  
Guo Liang Shan
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Chloride Penetration ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Repellent Property ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Status ◽  
Rebar Corrosion ◽  
Site Test

The organosilicon hydrophobic impregnants is applied on concrete to prevent rebar corrosion with its water repellent property which can prevent the intrusion of chloride and other harmful media. On-site the parameters of organosilicon hydrophobic impregnants of controlling quality consist of resistance to chloride penetration, water absorption of concrete and impregnating depth of organosilicon hydrophobic impregnants. The status of test methods of these parameters is summarized and their advantages and disadvantages are briefly reviewed. Finally some ideas are presented about shortcomings of test methods.

scholarly journals A Review of Pathways to Carbon Neutrality from Renewable Energy and Carbon Capture

2021 ◽  
Vol 245 ◽  
pp. 01018
Author(s):  
Qianji Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Carbon Capture And Sequestration ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Status

The greenhouse gas represented by carbon dioxide is having a negative impact on the earth's ecology. The goal of carbon neutrality is to reduce carbon emissions to zero through complete elimination or dynamic balance. Therefore, achieving the goal of carbon neutrality is conducive to restoring the earth's ecology and reducing global temperature. The main ways to achieve carbon neutrality include the use of renewable energy to replace fossil energy and carbon capture and sequestration. There is no carbon dioxide involved in the process of renewable energy production, and carbon capture and storage can directly eliminate carbon dioxide. This article reviews the ways to achieve carbon neutrality: the status quo, advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy and carbon capture and sequestration, and analyzes the current development and problems and challenges of carbon neutrality through examples.

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