scholarly journals Advances in Antibody Preparation Techniques for Immunoassays of Total Aflatoxin in Food

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 4113
Author(s):  
Yanan Wang ◽  
Jinqing Jiang ◽  
Hanna Fotina ◽  
Haitang Zhang ◽  
Junjie Chen
Keyword(s):  
High Specificity ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Antibody Preparation ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Status ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Aflatoxin (AF) contamination is a major concern in the food and feed industry because of its prevalence and toxicity. Improved aflatoxin detection methods are still needed. Immunoassays are an important method for total aflatoxin (TAF) analysis in food due to its technical advantages such as high specificity, sensitivity, and simplicity, but require high-quality antibodies. Here, we first review the three ways to prepare high-quality antibodies for TAF immunoassay, second, compare the advantages and disadvantages of antigen synthesis methods for B-group and G-group aflatoxins, and third, describe the status of novel genetic engineering antibodies. This review can provide new methods and ideas for the development of TAF immunoassays.

scholarly journals Current research and prevention of aflatoxins in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Tumukunde ◽  
G. Ma ◽  
D. Li ◽  
J. Yuan ◽  
L. Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
The Status ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
Pollution Detection ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
And Control

Since their discovery in the 1960s, aflatoxins were found to have a considerable impact on the health of humans and animals as well as the country’s economy and international trade. Aflatoxins are often found in nuts, cereals and animal feeds, which has a significant danger to the food industry. Over the years, several steps have been undertaken worldwide to minimise their contamination in crops and their exposure to humans and animals. China is one of the largest exporters and importers of food and animal feed. As a result, many studies have been carried out in China related to aflatoxins, including their distribution, pollution, detection methods, monitoring, testing and managing. Chinese scientists studied aflatoxins in microbiological, toxicological, ecological effects as well as policies relating to their controlling. China has thus put into practice a number of strategies aiming at the prevention and control of aflatoxins in order to protect consumers and ensure a safe trade of food and feed, and the status and enlargement of these strategies are very important and useful for many consumers and stakeholders in China. Therefore, this article aims at the detriment assessments, regulations, distribution, detection methods, prevention and control of aflatoxins in China. It equally provides useful information about the recent safety management systems in place to fight the contamination of aflatoxins in food and feed in China.

Dental amalgam: a practical guide

Dental Update ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 607-618
Author(s):  
Louis Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Dental Amalgam ◽  
Mercury Content ◽  
Undergraduate Teaching ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Restorative Material ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
The Status ◽  
Tooth Preparation ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Historically, dental amalgam is the world's most commonly used restorative material. Its use is declining due to patient and professional demand for tooth-coloured restorations that are adhesive and promote minimally invasive tooth preparation techniques. Significant reduction has also resulted from environmental concerns relating to dental amalgam's ~50% mercury content. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the status of dental amalgam including its advantages and disadvantages, amalgam safety, regulations and legislation and a comparison with alternative restorative materials. As the undergraduate teaching of amalgam procedures has progressively declined, this paper also provides an illustrated step-by-step revision guide to the materials, equipment and clinical techniques that will optimize the restoration of challenging, complex cavities, where amalgam is still considered by many to be the material of choice. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Amalgam remains an excellent restorative material for long-lasting restorations in large/complex cavities and where moisture control presents challenges.

scholarly journals Design of Hapten Synthesis and Antibody Characterization of G-group Aflatoxins

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (102) ◽  
pp. 130-135
Author(s):  
Yanan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Elisa ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Inhibition Concentration ◽  
Artificial Antigen ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Hapten Synthesis ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Immune Efficacy

Food and feed contamination with Aflatoxins pose a serious threat to human health and animal husbandry development and has caused widespread concern, among them, G-group Aflatoxins as the main pollutant has attracted more and more attention. In order to establish a rapid, sensitive, specific and efficient immunoassay method for G-group aflatoxins, this study aimed to designed to synthesize 3 immunogens and coating antigens and identified by UV and SDS-PAGE. Then used to immunize Balb/c mice with prepared of three immunogen the titers were determined by indirect ELISA and the sensitivity was determined by competitive indirect ELISA (icELISA), the specificity was assessed by the cross-reaction test (CR). The results of UV and SDS-PAGE showed that the three immunogens and the corresponding coated antigens were successfully synthesized and the best one was SA method among three synthesis methods of G-group AF artificial antigen and its conjugation ratio of AFG1 to BSA was about 5.64∶1. The immune efficacy of SA method was the best, its AFG1 pAb had high titers of 1∶(6.4×103) by indirect ELISA, a good sensitivity with the 50 % inhibition concentration(IC50) of 13.6 μg/kg－1 to AFG1 by blocking ELISA and a high CR to AFG2 of 82.19 %, it showed high specificity for other aflatoxins. The experimental results not only obtained the ideal G group aflatoxin antibody, but also established a substance and technology foundation for G group aflatoxin immunization methods, and can be referenced in the similar tests.

FORMATION OF FORTIFICATION ART IN ANCIENT EAST COUNTRIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 94-124
Author(s):  
Е. N. Polyakov ◽  
M. I. Korzh
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Medieval China ◽  
The Status ◽  
Architectural Structures ◽  
The City ◽  
New Babylon

The article presents a comparative analysis of fortification art monuments in such East countries from Ancient Egypt to medieval China. An attempt is made to identify the main stages of the fortification development from a stand-alone fortress (citadel, fort) to the most complex systems of urban and border fortifications, including moats, walls and gates, battle towers. It is shown that the nature of these architectural structures is determined by the status of the city or settlement, its natural landscape, building structures and materials, the development of military and engineering art. The materials from poliorceticon (Greek: poliorketikon, poliorketika), illustrate the main types of siege machines and mechanisms. The advantages and disadvantages of boundary shafts and long walls (limes). The most striking examples are the defensive systems of Assyria, New Babylon, Judea and Ancient China.

Metallic Nanoparticle Synthesis by Green Chemistry

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 4287-4294
Author(s):  
Anikate Sood ◽  
Shweta Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Green Chemistry ◽  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticle ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Gold Silver

Nanotechnology is the most sought field in biomedical research. Metallic nanoparticles have wide applications in the medical field and have gained the attention of various researchers for advanced research for their application in pharmaceutical field. A variety of metallic nanoparticles like gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper and zinc have been developed so far. There are different methods to synthesize metallic nanoparticles like chemical, physical, and green synthesis methods. Chemical and physical approaches suffer from certain drawbacks whereas green synthesis is emerging as a nontoxic and eco-friendly approach in production of metallic nanoparticles. Green synthesis is further divided into different approaches like synthesis via bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants. These approaches have their own advantages and disadvantages. In this article, we have described various metallic nanoparticles, different modes of green synthesis and brief description about different metabolites present in plant that act as reducing agents in green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. 

Inflammatory Markers Associated With Diabetes Mellitus – Old and New Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emir Muzurović ◽  
Zoja Stanković ◽  
Zlata Kovačević ◽  
Benida Šahmanović Škrijelj ◽  
Dimitri P Mikhailidis
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Type 2 Dm ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Made In

: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and complex metabolic disorder, and also an important cause of cardiovascular (CV) diseases (CVDs). Subclinical inflammation, observed in patients with type 2 DM (T2DM), cannot be considered the sole or primary cause of T2DM in the absence of classical risk factors, but it represents an important mechanism that serves as a bridge between primary causes of T2DM and its manifestation. Progress has been made in the identification of effective strategies to prevent or delay the onset of T2DM. It is important to identify those at increased risk for DM by using specific biomarkers. Inflammatory markers correlate with insulin resistance (IR) and glycoregulation in patients with DM. Also, several inflammatory markers have been shown to be useful in assessing the risk of developing DM and its complications. However, the intertwining of pathophysiological processes and the not-quite-specificity of inflammatory markers for certain clinical entities limits their practical use. In this review we consider the advantages and disadvantages of various inflammatory biomarkers of DM that have been investigated to date as well as possible future directions. Key features of such biomarkers should be high specificity, non-invasiveness and cost-effectiveness.

scholarly journals Lyell, the Geikies and Croll's observations on terrestrial glacial sediments and landforms

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
James ROSE
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Glacial Sediments ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Social And Physical Environment ◽  
Glacial Landforms

ABSTRACT Within the context of the work and achievements of James Croll, this paper reviews the records of direct observations of glacial landforms and sediments made by Charles Lyell, Archibald and James Geikie and James Croll himself, in order to evaluate their contributions to the sciences of glacial geology and Quaternary environmental change. The paper outlines the social and physical environment of Croll's youth and contrasts this with the status and experiences of Lyell and the Geikies. It also outlines the character and role of the ‘Glasgow School’ of geologists, who stimulated Croll's interest into the causes of climate change and directed his focus to the glacial and ‘interglacial’ deposits of central Scotland. Contributions are outlined in chronological order, drawing attention to: (i) Lyell's high-quality observations and interpretations of glacial features in Glen Clova and Strathmore and his subsequent rejection of the glacial theory in favour of processes attributed to floating icebergs; (ii) the significant impact of Archibald Geikie's 1863 paper on the ‘glacial drift of Scotland’, which firmly established the land-ice theory; (iii) the fact that, despite James Croll's inherent dislike of geology and fieldwork, he provided high-quality descriptions and interpretations of the landforms and sediments of central Scotland in order to test his theory of climate change; and (iv) the great communication skills of James Geikie, enhanced by contacts and evidence from around the world. It is concluded that whilst direct observations of glacial landforms and sediments were critical to the long-term development of the study of glaciation, the acceptance of this theory was dependent also upon the skills, personality and status of the Geikies and Croll, who developed and promoted the concepts. Sadly, the subsequent rejection of the land-ice concept by Lyell resulted in the same factors challenging the acceptance of the glacial theory.

scholarly journals Nanomaterial-Enabled Sensors and Therapeutic Platforms for Reactive Organophosphates

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Seok Ki Choi
Keyword(s):  
Unmet Need ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Primary Interest ◽  
Biochemical Basis ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Agricultural Pesticides ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
The Status

Unintended exposure to harmful reactive organophosphates (OP), which comprise a group of nerve agents and agricultural pesticides, continues to pose a serious threat to human health and ecosystems due to their toxicity and prolonged stability. This underscores an unmet need for developing technologies that will allow sensitive OP detection, rapid decontamination and effective treatment of OP intoxication. Here, this article aims to review the status and prospect of emerging nanotechnologies and multifunctional nanomaterials that have shown considerable potential in advancing detection methods and treatment modalities. It begins with a brief introduction to OP types and their biochemical basis of toxicity followed by nanomaterial applications in two topical areas of primary interest. One topic relates to nanomaterial-based sensors which are applicable for OP detection and quantitative analysis by electrochemical, fluorescent, luminescent and spectrophotometric methods. The other topic is directed on nanotherapeutic platforms developed as OP remedies, which comprise nanocarriers for antidote drug delivery and nanoscavengers for OP inactivation and decontamination. In summary, this article addresses OP-responsive nanomaterials, their design concepts and growing impact on advancing our capability in the development of OP sensors, decontaminants and therapies.

scholarly journals Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Urothelial Carcinoma: Recommendations for Practical Approaches to PD-L1 and Other Potential Predictive Biomarker Testing

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1424
Author(s):  
Antonio Lopez-Beltran ◽  
Fernando López-Rios ◽  
Rodolfo Montironi ◽  
Sophie Wildsmith ◽  
Markus Eckstein
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Predictive Biomarker ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The Status ◽  
Biomarker Testing ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Scoring Algorithms

Immuno-oncology (IO) agents (anti–programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and anti–programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)) are approved as first- and second-line treatments for metastatic UC. PD-L1 expression levels in UC tumors help clinicians determine which patients are more likely to respond to IO therapies. Assays for approved IO agents use different antibodies, immunohistochemical protocols, cutoffs (defining “high” vs. “low” PD-L1 expression), and scoring algorithms. The robust control of pre-analytical and analytical standards is needed to obtain high-quality PD-L1 results. To better understand the status and perspectives of biomarker-guided patient selection for anti–PD-1 and anti–PD-L1 agents in UC, three workshops were held from December 2018 to December 2019 in Italy, Malaysia, and Spain. The primary goal was to develop recommendations for best practice approaches to PD-L1 testing in UC. Recommendations pertaining to the interpretation and reporting of the results of PD-L1 assays from experienced pathologists and oncologists from around the globe are included. A test request form for pathology laboratories was developed as a critical first step for oncologists/urologists to encourage communication between clinicians and pathologists, ensuring fast and high-quality test results. In this era of personalized medicine, we briefly discuss novel biomarkers being evaluated for IO agents in UC.

scholarly journals Electrokinetic Formation of “Microbridges” for Protein Biomarkers as Sensors

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 311-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vindhya Kunduru ◽  
Shalini Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Microelectrode Array ◽  
Protein Detection ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Protein Biomarkers ◽  
Detection Scheme ◽  
Polystyrene Beads ◽  
Conducting Path

We demonstrate a technique to detect protein biomarkers contained in vulnerable coronary plaque using a platform-based microelectrode array (MEA). The detection scheme is based on the property of high specificity binding between antibody and antigen similar to most immunoassay techniques. Rapid clinical diagnosis can be achieved by detecting the amount of protein in blood by analyzing the protein's electrical signature. Polystyrene beads which act as transportation agents for the immobile proteins (antigen) are electrically aligned by application of homogenous electric fields. The principle of electrophoresis is used to produce calculated electrokinetic movement among the anti-C-reactive protein (CRP), or in other words antibody funtionalized polystyrene beads. The electrophoretic movement of antibody-functionalized polystyrene beads results in the formation of “Microbridges” between the two electrodes of interest which aid in the amplification of the antigen—antibody binding event. Sensitive electrical equipment is used for capturing the amplified signal from the “Microbridge” which essentially behaves as a conducting path between the two electrodes. The technique circumvents the disadvantages of conventional protein detection methods by being rapid, noninvasive, label-free, repeatable, and inexpensive. The same principle of detection can be applied for any receptor—ligand-based system because the technique is based only on the volume of the analyte of interest. Detection of the inflammatory coronary disease biomarker CRP is achieved at concentration levels spanning over the lower microgram/milliliter to higher order nanogram/milliliter ranges.

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