Effect of putri malu (Mimosa pudica) extract on Ascaris suum mortality in vitro

Syahid MAN, Utari CRS, Djumarga S. 2011. Effect of putri malu extract (Mimosa pudica) on Ascaris suum mortality in vitro. Biofarmasi 9: 33-37. This study was to determine the influence of Mimosa pudica extract in Ascaris suum mortality. This research was a laboratory experiment, with a post-test only with control group design by using 140 adult A. suum, divided into seven groups. This research used NaCl 0.9% for a negative control, pirantel pamoat 5 mg/mL solution for a positive control, and five intervention by using 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% concentration of M. pudica extract. The observation was conducted in every two hours until worm death and it was started to be counted after all worm death. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA test continued with Least Significance Difference (LSD) by using SPP for Window Release 17 with a significance level p<0.05. The results showed that all A. suum death in 96 hours at negative control, 2 hours at positive control, 29.5 hours at 20% M. pudica extract, 24.5 hours at 40% M. pudica extract, 16 hours at 60% M. pudica extract, 12 hours at 80% M. pudica extract and 4 hours at 100% M. pudica extract. There was a significant difference in the death time of A. suum in all research groups. From the result of research, it could be concluded that the extract of putri malu had an effect on accelerating A. suum mortality time.

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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOURSOP LEAF EXTRACT AGAINST GROWTH OF AGGREGATIBACTER ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS ATCC® 6514™ IN VITRO

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i12.28435 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 411

Author(s):

Ameta Primasari ◽

Minasari Nasution ◽

Nurul Hidayati Arbi ◽

Dini Permata Sari ◽

Mohammad Basyuni

Keyword(s):

Leaf Extract ◽

Brain Heart Infusion ◽

Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans ◽

Negative Control ◽

Plate Count ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Mueller Hinton Agar

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) antibacterial power of soursop leaf extract on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) ATCC® 6514™ growth.Methods: This study was experimental laboratory with post-test only control group design and consists of 8 treatment groups that were soursop leaf extract group with concentration 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, and 1.5625% as well as negative control groups were brain heart infusion broth (BHIB) media and chlorhexidine as positive controls. Each treatment was done 3 repetitions. Testing the effectiveness of soursop leaf extract using dilution methods on BHIB and subculture media on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media. The number of Aa ATCC® 6514 ™ colonies was calculated manually using the total plate count method on the MHA media. Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test (p<0.05) followed by least significance different (LSD) test to see the significant mean difference between treatment groups.Results: Concentration of MIC from soursop leaf extract on Aa ATCC® 6514™ growth was 1.5625% and MBC was 6.25%. LSD assay results showed significant difference effect (p<0.05) Aa ATCC® 6514™ from each treatment group.Conclusion: Soursop leaf extract has antibacterial effectivity against Aa ATCC® 6514 ™.

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Pengaruh Kitosan Terhadap Jumlah Osteoklas dan Osteoblas Pada Tikus Galur Wistar Model Menopause

Journal of Islamic Medicine ◽

10.18860/jim.v1i2.4456 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 76-87

Author(s):

Muhammad Nur

Keyword(s):

Treatment Group ◽

Total Sample ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Positive Control Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

White Rats ◽

Significant Difference

Chitosan is one of the most abundant and dispersed polymers in nature. It has a rapid healing effect for tissues and has an effect on bone remodeling. The purpose of this study was to prove that giving chitosan influenced the decrease of osteoclast number and increasing number of osteoblasts in female mice of wistar strain of ovariectomy menopause model.This study used a posttest only control group design. The total sample of 30 rats divided into three groups was randomized, osteoporosis was made with the menopausal model which was performed ovariectomy in the positive control group and the treatment group then in the treatment group was given chitosan extract of single dose of 45 mg / day via Nasogastric Tube (NGT). K1 was a negative control group (without ovariectomy and without chitosan), K2 was a positive control group (with no chitosan ovariectomy), K3 was the treatment group (ovariectomy and chitosan 45 mg / day).The results showed significant differences in the number of osteoblasts between K1 and K3, K2 with K3, and no significant differences were found in the K1 group with K2. While the number of osteoclasts showed that there were significant differences in K1 group with K2 and no significant difference was found in K1 group with K3, K2 with K3.Conclusions in this study showed that 45 mg / day of chitosan doses could significantly increase osteoblast counts in menopause female white rats and decrease the number of osteoclasts performed by ovariectomy with chitosan administration.

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Spectrophotometric Analysis Evaluating Apical Microleakage in Retrograde Filling using GIC, MTA and Biodentine: An in-vitro study

10.21203/rs.2.15368/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Manisha Nepal ◽

Snigdha Shubham ◽

Rupam Tripathi ◽

Jwolan Khadka ◽

Deepa Kunwar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Negative Control Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Filling Materials ◽

Diamond Bur ◽

Retrograde Filling ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Supernatant Solution

Abstract Background The present study compares the apical microleakage of three different root-end filling materials in which the retrograde cavity is prepared by two different burs. Methods Eighty extracted single rooted maxillary and mandibular premolars were taken. Root canal treatment was completed. Apical 3 mm of all the teeth were resected with diamond disk. The tooth were divided into four groups with two subgroups for each group containing 10 tooth (N= 10) as: Group IA (Negative Control and IB (Positive Control); Group IIA and IIB: Prepared with round carbide bur and round diamond bur respectively, filled with GIC; Group IIIA and IIIB: Prepared with round carbide bur and round diamond bur respectively, filled with MTA; Group IVA and IVB: Prepared with round carbide bur and round diamond bur, filled with Biodentine. After applying two coats of nail varnish leaving apical 3 mm (except for negative control group) all teeth were immersed in 2% methylene blue for 3 days and again in 65% nitric acid for next 3 days for extraction of dye. The obtained solution was then transferred to eppendorf tube and centrifuged in microcentrifuges at 14,000 revolution per minutes (RPM) for 5 minutes. Optical density or absorbance of the supernatant solution was measured with UV spectrophotometer at 550 nm. Results The absorbance of the supernatant solution after dye extraction is decreasing in the order of positive control> GIC> MTA> Biodentine> negative control group. The significant difference was observed between GIC and MTA (p=0.0001) and GIC and Biodentine (p=0.0001) with two different burs but statistically non-significant difference was observed between MTA and Biodentine with Carbide bur (p=0.127) and Diamond bur (p=0.496) respectively. Conclusions Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that Biodentine and MTA showed less microleakage as compared to GIC. There is no significant difference between mean microleakage of MTA and Biodentine. However, the mean OD of the Biodentine was least of all evaluated materials. Preparation of the root-end using round carbide bur as well as round diamond burs showed comparable microleakage for all three filling materials.

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Efektivitas perasan daun seledri (Apium graveolens Linn.) sebagai pembersih gigi tiruan terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans pada basis gigi tiruan nilon termoplastikThe effectiveness of celery leaf juice (Apium graveolens Linn.) as a denture cleaner against the growth of Candida albicans on thermoplastic nylon denture base

Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran ◽

10.24198/jkg.v32i3.28877 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 184

Author(s):

Dhilan Purna Aji ◽

Achmad Gunadi ◽

Tantin Ermawati

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Apium Graveolens ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Denture Base ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Test ◽

Leaf Juice

Pendahuluan: Basis gigi tiruan nilon termoplastik merupakan alternatif pengganti basis gigi tiruan resin akrilik. Pembersihan gigi tiruan diperlukan untuk menjaga basis gigi tiruan agar tetap bersih dari kontaminasi mikroorganisme. Daun seledri merupakan bahan alam yang memiliki kandungan flavonoid, saponin, tanin, dan minyak atsiri yang sudah terbukti bersifat antijamur. Penelitian sebelumnya hanya melihat zona hambat saja. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis efektivitas perasan daun seledri sebagai pembersih gigi tiruan terhadap pertumbuhan Candida albicans pada basis gigi tiruan nilon termoplastik. Metode: Eksperimental laboratoris dengan rancangan penelitian post-test only control group design. Sampel nilon termoplastik berbentuk cakram dengan diameter 10 mm dan tebal 2 mm sebanyak 25 dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok. Sampel dikontaminasi dengan C. albicans setelah direndam dalam kontrol negatif (akuades) selama 6 jam, kontrol positif (tablet effervescent) selama 15 menit, dan perasan daun seledri konsentrasi 25, 50, dan 100% selama 6 jam. Sampel selanjutnya diletakkan dalam media sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB). Pengujian efektivitas perasan daun seledri dilakukan dengan menentukan nilai absorbansi kekeruhan media SDB menggunakan spektrofotometer. Data dianalisis menggunakan one-way ANOVA dan Least Significant Difference (LSD). Hasil: Nilai konsentrasi C. albicans pada kelompok kontrol negatif mendapatkan hasil 0,380 x 108 CFU/mL, kontrol positif mendapatkan hasil 0,310 x 108 CFU/mL, perasan daun seledri konsentrasi 25% mendapatkan hasil 0,243 x 108 CFU/mL, konsentrasi 50% mendapatkan hasil 0,160 x 108 CFU/mL, dan konsentrasi 100% mendapatkan hasil 0,236 x 108 CFU/mL. Simpulan: Perasan daun seledri efektif sebagai pembersih gigi tiruan untuk menghambat pertumbuhan C. albicans, dengan konsentrasi yang efektif sebesar 50%.Kata kunci: Nilon termoplastik, perasan daun seledri, Candida albicans. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Thermoplastic nylon denture base is an alternative to the acrylic resin denture base. Denture cleaning is needed to keep the denture base clean from contamination by microorganisms. Celery leaves are natural ingredients that contain flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and essential oils that have been proven to have antifungal properties. Previous research only observed the inhibitory zone. This research was aimed to analyse the effectiveness of celery leaf juice as a denture cleaner against the growth of Candida albicans on thermoplastic nylon denture base. Methods: Experimental laboratory with a post-test only control group design was conducted towards 25 disc-shaped thermoplastic nylon samples with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 2 mm, and divided into five groups. Samples were contaminated with C. albicans after immersion in the negative control (aquadest) for 6 hours, positive control (effervescent tablets) for 15 minutes, and celery leaf juice with the concentrations of 25, 50, and 100% for 6 hours. The sample was then placed in the Sabouraud-dextrose broth (SDB) medium. The effectiveness of celery leaf juice was tested by determining the absorbance value of SDB media turbidity using a spectrophotometer. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and Least Significant Difference (LSD). Results: The concentration value of C. albicans in the negative control group was 0.380 x 108 CFU / mL, the positive control was 0.310 x 108 CFU / mL, the juice of celery leaves with the concentration of 25% was 0.243 x 108 CFU / mL, the concentration of 50% was 0.160 x 108 CFU / mL, and the concentration of 100% was 0.236 x 108 CFU / mL. Conclusion: Celery leaf juice is effective as a denture cleaner to inhibit the growth of C. albicans, with an effective concentration of 50%.Keywords: Thermoplastic nylon, celery leaf juice, Candida albicans.

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The Antibacterial Effect of Ethanol Edamame Seeds (Glycine Max (L) Merril) Extract to E.coli Bacteria

Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences ◽

10.19184/ams.v6i3.11120 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 137

Author(s):

Diayu Putri Akhita ◽

Edy Junaidi ◽

Septa Surya Wahyudi

Keyword(s):

Average Diameter ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Negative Control ◽

The Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Post Test ◽

The Times

Abstract Infectious diseases can occur in all parts of the body. One of the causes infection in humans is Eschericiae coli bacteria. Eschericiae coli is a rod-shaped bacteria, a gram negative bacteria, facultative aerobics and classified family member of Enterobacteriaceae from the Gammaproteobacteria class. Along the times, E.coli bacteria have resistent to some antibiotics. So we need a new alternative. There is a antibacterial substance in the isoflavon group contained in edamame. Genistein is a main isoflavon in edamame that have antiinflammation, antibacterial, and antioxidant effects. The purpose of this study was to determine is there any antibacterial effects in ethanol edamame seeds extract to E.coli bacteria. This study used a true experimental research design in vitro with a post test only control group design. The average diameter results of the inhibition zone were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis method and obtained p = 0.001 which means there are significant differences in at least two groups. After that, the Mann Whitney post hoc test was conducted and a significant difference was found in the positive and negative control groups for all groups but there was no difference in the treatment group, both groups K1, K2 and K3 for all groups. Keywords : Edamame, Antibacterial, E.coli

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The Effectiveness Of Anchovy Concentration (Stolephorus insularis) as Antimicrobial to Streptococcus mutans (In Vitro)

DENTA ◽

10.30649/denta.v10i1.37 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Almira Fa’Izah ◽

Istien Wardani ◽

Diana Soesilo

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Clear Zone ◽

Control Group Design

Background: Dental and oral diseases which are often found in children is dental caries. Streptococcus mutans is the main cause of caries. Caries can be prevented by using a topical application of fluoride. The Anchovy (Stolephorus insularis) contains protein, vitamins (A, B1, C), and minerals (Fe, Ca, K, F). Calcium fluoride (CaF2) within the anchovy can inhibit the occurrence of dental caries. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial ability of anchovy extract (Stolephorus insularis) to Streptococcus mutans. Materials and Methods: This study was a laboratory experimental research with post test only control group design. Diffusion method were applied with 2 controls: negative control used DMSO 1%, positive control used NaF solution, and 3 concentrations of anchovy extract (Stolephorus insularis) 3%, 6%, and 12%, each group were composed of 6 samples. Antimicrobial was assessed by measuring the diameter of the clear zone around the discs contained the anchovy extract (Stolephorus insularis). Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney test. Result: The results from this study showed clear zone around the discs of the anchovy extract (Stolephorus insularis). The more concentration of the extract showed the more antimirobial zone diameter. The average zone of antimicrobial at the concentration of 3% were 7,11 mm, 6% 9,5 mm, 12% 10,78 mm, for the negative control DMSO 1% 6 mm and the positive control NaF solution 8,16 mm. The largest diameter of the clear zone was at concentration of 12% (P < 0,05). Conclusion: The anchovy extract (Stolephorus insularis) had an antimicrobial effect to the growth of Streptococcus mutans.

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Spectrophotometric Analysis Evaluating Apical Microleakage in Retrograde Filling using GIC, MTA and Biodentine: An in-vitro study

10.21203/rs.2.15368/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Manisha Nepal ◽

Snigdha Shubham ◽

Rupam Tripathi ◽

Jwolan Khadka ◽

Deepa Kunwar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Negative Control Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Filling Materials ◽

Diamond Bur ◽

Retrograde Filling ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Supernatant Solution

Abstract Background The present study compares the apical microleakage of three different root-end filling materials in which the retrograde cavity is prepared by two different burs.Methods Eighty extracted single rooted maxillary and mandibular premolars were taken. Root canal treatment was completed. Apical 3 mm of all the teeth were resected with diamond disk. The tooth were divided into four groups with two subgroups for each group containing 10 tooth (N= 10) as: Group IA (Negative Control and IB (Positive Control); Group IIA and IIB: Prepared with round carbide bur and round diamond bur respectively, filled with GIC; Group IIIA and IIIB: Prepared with round carbide bur and round diamond bur respectively, filled with MTA; Group IVA and IVB: Prepared with round carbide bur and round diamond bur, filled with Biodentine. After applying two coats of nail varnish leaving apical 3 mm (except for negative control group) all teeth were immersed in 2% methylene blue for 3 days and again in 65% nitric acid for next 3 days for extraction of dye. The obtained solution was then transferred to eppendorf tube and centrifuged in microcentrifuges at 14,000 revolution per minutes (RPM) for 5 minutes. Optical density or absorbance of the supernatant solution was measured with UV spectrophotometer at 550 nm.esults The absorbance of the supernatant solution after dye extraction is decreasing in the order of positive control> GIC> MTA> Biodentine> negative control group. The significant difference was observed between GIC and MTA (p=0.0001) and GIC and Biodentine (p=0.0001) with two different burs but statistically non-significant difference was observed between MTA and Biodentine with Carbide bur (p=0.127) and Diamond bur (p=0.496) respectively.Conclusions Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that Biodentine and MTA showed less microleakage as compared to GIC. There is no significant difference between mean microleakage of MTA and Biodentine. However, the mean OD of the Biodentine was least of all evaluated materials. Preparation of the root-end using round carbide bur as well as round diamond burs showed comparable microleakage for all three filling materials.

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In Vitro Comparison of MTA and BC RRM-Fast Set Putty as Retrograde Filling Materials

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1099531/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Carla Arvelaiz ◽

Andreina Fernandes ◽

Veronica Graterol ◽

Katiuska Gomez ◽

Jose Francisco Gomez-Sosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brain Heart Infusion ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Filling Material ◽

Human Teeth ◽

Retrograde Filling ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Background: To compare, in vitro, the bioceramic materials (MTA and BC RRM-fast set putty) capacity to prevent microleakage of Enterococcus faecalis over time. Methods: An experimental design was made with forty extracted human teeth, coronally cut, and prepared to be placed in a leakage system under sterile conditions. They were randomly divided into an experimental group: thirty teeth (fifteen for retrograde filling material MTA and BC RRM-fast set putty, respectively) and a control group: ten teeth (five positive control, five negative control). The 3 mm root-ends were submerged in a brain-heart infusion broth with a red phenol indicator. The coronal access of each sample was inoculated with E. faecalis every seven days to maintain bacterial viability. The lower chamber was evaluated daily for 30 days to observe the turbidity of the culture medium and establish the presence and day of the filtration. Calculation of the colony-forming units (CFU) was performed for each leaked sample. Results: Of the total samples prepared for each type of bioceramic material, leaked 60.0% (9/15) of the MTA group and 40.0% (6/15) of the BC RRM-fast set putty group. All positive controls filtered on the first day of evaluation, while 20% (1/5) of the negative control leaked in the second week. There was no significant difference in leakage between the bioceramic material types, nor concerning the bacterial count and the type of cement used (p = 0.101). Conclusions: This study suggests that BC RRM-fast set putty and MTA have a similar sealing capacity when used as a retrograde filling material in vitro.

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Potential of Cocoa Ethanol Extract Toward Nematocyst Tubul Firing Inhibition of Physalia Utriculus Toxin In Vitro

Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences ◽

10.19184/ams.v5i2.9623 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Sarwendah Siswi Winasis ◽

Al Munawir ◽

Adelia Handoko

Keyword(s):

Normal Control ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Average Percentage ◽

Post Test

There was estimated 150 million envenomation cases due to jellyfish stings occur globally every year. 100 from 10,000 jellyfish species in the world known to be dangerous, one them is Physalia utriculus. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) ethanol extract toward nematocyst tubul firing inhibition of jellyfish (Physalia utriculus) toxin in vitro. The method was true experimental design with post test only control group design. The study divided into 8 groups: 1 normal control, 1 positive control, 1 negative control, and 5 treatments grups by giving cocoa ethanol extract with concentration 20%, 2%, 0.2%, 0.02%, 0.002%. The observation was made by calculating the percentage number of firing nematocysts. The result showed average percentage of firing nematocyst in the normal control group was 42.50 ± 3.18, positive control group was 37.97 ± 5.57, negative control group was 52.44 ± 2.98, and treatment group which given with cocoa ethanol extract 20%, 2%, 0.2%, 0.02%, 0.002% were 48.24 ± 5.37; 40.62 ± 7.10; 29.45 ± 5.39; 37.60 ± 9.78; 41.11 ± 3.92, respectively. The One Way Annova statistical results test show significance value 0.001 (p≤0.05). The conclusion of this study was the cocoa ethanol extract with concentration 0.2% has most potential to inhibit the jellyfish (P. utriculus) nematocyst tubule firing in vitro. Keywords: Physalia utriculus, cocoa, toxin, jellyfish

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Effectiveness of Soursop Leaf Extract to Decrease Malondialdehyde Level

Childhood Stunting, Wasting, and Obesity, as the Critical Global Health Issues: Forging Cross-Sectoral Solutions ◽

10.26911/the7thicph.05.07 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sarah Lorenza Caverina ◽

◽

Retno Yulianti ◽

Andri Pramesyanti ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Free Radicals ◽

Effective Dose ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference

ABSTRACT Background: In diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia causes oxidative stress that enhances the production of free radicals. The presence of higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) indicates the rise of free radicals. On the basis of its role as an antioxidant that binds free radicals and reduces the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). Soursop leaf can act as an antidiabetic agent. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata L.) to decrease the level of MDA level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Rattus norvegicus). Subjects and Method: This was an experiment study using pre- and pro-test with control group design. Total of 30 rats were selected for this study and divided into five groups of treatment i.e. group I was given distilled water and standard feed (Negative Control/KI), group II was given vitamin E 150 IU/kgBW/day (Positive Control/KII), group III was given soursop leaf extract 75 mg/kgBW/day (KIII), group IV was given soursop leaf extract 150 mg/kgBW/day (KIV), and group V was given soursop leaf extract 300 mg/kgBW/day (KV). Each group consisted of 5 rats and was given soursop leaf extract for 21 days after being induced by alloxan and high-fat diet. The data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test. Results: There was a significant difference in KI group compared to KII, KIII, KIV, and KV groups. Soursop leaf extract of 150 mg/kgBW/day was the most effective dose to reduce MDA level in pancreatic rat. Conclusion: Soursop leaf extract of 150 mg/kgBW/day is the most effective dose on pancreatic MDA level reduction. Keywords: diabetes mellitus, soursop leaf extract, MDA, free radical Correspondence: Retno Yulianti. Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta. Jl. Fatmawati Hospital, Pondok Labu, South Jakarta. Email: [email protected] DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.07

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