Subtraction of the Water Spectra from Infrared Spectra of Acidic and Alkaline Solutions

1998 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 963-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Joseph Max ◽  
Camille Chapados
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
Ir Spectrum ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Acidic Solutions ◽  
Baseline Adjustment ◽  
Basic Solutions

The IR spectrum of a sample in acidic and alkaline solutions cannot be retrieved adequately when only the spectrum of pure water is subtracted. After such an operation, some water bands remain in the spectrum, which also has a distorted baseline. An analysis of a series of IR spectra of HCl and NaOH solutions showed that they could be represented by two pairs of eigenspectra, one pair for the acidic solutions and the other for the basic solutions. The fraction of each eigenspectrum of a sample in an acidic or alkaline solution is determined with the 2100 and 3300 cm−1 water bands. After subtraction, no baseline adjustment is necessary. The effectiveness of the method used to subtract the water bands is illustrated with solutions of malic acid at low and high pH.

Chemical deposition of hard composite coatings Ni–Cu–P–Cr2O3

2020 ◽  
pp. 179-181
Author(s):  
A.A. Abrashov A.A. ◽  
E.G. Vinokurov ◽  
M.A. Egupova ◽  
V.D. Skopintsev
Keyword(s):  
Chromium Oxide ◽  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Composite Coatings ◽  
Chemical Deposition ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Functional Surface ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Weakly Acid Solution ◽  
Coating Composition ◽  
Weakly Acidic Solution

The technological (deposition rate, coating composition) and functional (surface roughness, microhardness) characteristics of chemical composite coatings Ni—Cu—P—Cr2O3 obtained from weakly acidic and slightly alkaline solutions are compared. It is shown that coatings deposited from slightly alkaline solution contain slightly less phosphorus and chromium oxide than coatings deposited from weakly acid solution (2...3 % wt. phosphorus and up to 3.4 % wt. chromium oxide), formed at higher rate (24...25 microns per 1 hour of deposition at temperature of 80 °C), are characte rized by lower roughness and increased microhardness. The Vickers microhardness at 0.05 N load of composite coatings obtained from slightly alkaline solution and heat-treated at 400 °C for 1 hour is 13.5...15.2 GPa, which is higher than values for coatings deposited made of weakly acidic solution. The maximum microhardness of coatings is achieved at concentration 20 g/l of Cr2O3 particles. The technology of chemical deposition of Ni—Cu—P—Cr2O3 coatings formed in slightly alkaline solution is promising for obtaining of materials with increased hardness and wear resistance.

CO-ORDINATION COMPLEXES OF TITANIUM (IV) HALIDES: II. PREPARATION AND INFRARED SPECTRA OF THE COMPLEXES OF TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE WITH DIESTERS OF α,ω-DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND COMPARISON WITH ANALOGOUS COMPLEXES OF ZIRCONIUM TETRACHLORIDE AND TIN TETRACHLORIDE

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 2343-2352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Rivet ◽  
Real Aubin ◽  
Roland Rivest
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Titanium Tetrachloride ◽  
Complex Molecule ◽  
Dicarboxylic Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Zirconium Tetrachloride ◽  
Melting Points ◽  
Zirconium Complexes ◽  
Tin Tetrachloride

Co-ordination complexes between diesters of α,ω-dicarboxylic acids and titanium tetrachloride, tin tetrachloride, and zirconium tetrachloride have been prepared. The analytical results, the infrared spectra, the melting points, and the molecular-weight determinations indicate that for the titanium and zirconium complexes, two types of complexes are obtained, one having a general formula MX4•1 diester in which chelate rings from five to nine atoms are formed and the other one, 2MX4•1 diester in which there are two 4-membered rings per complex molecule. With tin tetrachloride only one type of complex is formed, which has two tin tetrachlorides and two diesters per complex molecule.

THE ENZYMES OF THE TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack J. R. Campbell ◽  
Roberts A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽  
Tricarboxylic Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Cycle ◽  
High Ph ◽  
Optimum Activity ◽  
Fresh Cell ◽  
Cell Extracts

It was demonstrated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa possesses all the enzymes necessary for the oxidation of pyruvate to CO2 and water without passing through the conventional intermediates oxalosuccinate and α-ketoglutarate. These intermediates are bypassed by the action of the enzyme isocitratase which splits d-isocitrate to succinate plus glyoxylate. This reaction was shown to be readily reversible. The malic acid dehydrogenase content was low and in addition this enzyme required a high pH for optimum activity. In fresh cell extracts at pH 7.4 its activity was only 10% that of the other enzymes of the cycle. The malic and isocitric dehydrogenases were TPN specific. The organism was also shown to possess all the enzymes necessary for the operation of the conventional tricarboxylic acid cycle.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON SALT ACTION

1925 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Howard J. Shaughnessy ◽  
Katharine I. Criswell
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Migration Velocity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Complete Reversal ◽  
Locke Solution ◽  
Optimum Reaction

1. The strain of Bacterium coli used in these experiments multiplies in distilled water at pH 6.0 and pH 8.0 and in Ringer-Locke solution at pH 6.0. Under all the other conditions studied the numbers decrease with the passage of time. 2. The electrophoretic charge of the cells is highest in distilled water at pH 6.0 and pH 8.0. Under all other conditions studied the velocity of migration is decreased, but the decrease is immediate and is not affected by more prolonged exposure. 3. A strongly acid solution (pH 2.0) causes a rapid death of the cells and a sharp decrease in electrophoretic charge, sometimes leading to complete reversal. 4. A strongly alkaline solution (pH 11.0) is almost as toxic as a strongly acid one, although in distilled water the organisms survive fairly well at this reaction. Electrophoretic charge, on the other hand, is only slightly reduced in such an alkaline medium. 5. In distilled water, reactions near the neutral point are about equally favorable to both viability and electrophoretic charge, pH 8.0 showing slightly greater multiplication and a slightly higher charge than pH 11.0. In the presence of salts, however, pH 8.0 is much less favorable to viability and somewhat more favorable to electrophoretic charge than is pH 6.0. 6. Sodium chloride solutions, in the concentrations studied, all proved somewhat toxic and all tended to depress electrophoretic charge. Very marked toxicity was, however, exhibited only in a concentration of .725 M strength or over and at pH 8.0, while electrophoretic migration velocity was only slightly decreased at a concentration of .0145 M strength. 7. Calcium chloride was more toxic than NaCl, showing very marked effects in .145 M strength at pH 8.0 and in 1.45 M strength at pH 6.0. It greatly depressed electrophoretic charge even in .0145 M concentration. 8. Ringer-Locke solution proved markedly stimulating to the growth of the bacteria at pH 6.0 while at pH 8.0 it was somewhat toxic, though less so than the solutions of pure salts. It depressed migration velocity at all pH values, being more effective than NaCl in this respect, but less effective than CaCl2. 9. It would appear from these experiments that a balanced salt solution (Ringer-Locke's) may be distinctly favorable to bacterial viability in water at an optimum reaction while distinctly unfavorable in a slightly more alkaline solution. 10. Finally, while there is a certain parallelism between the influence of electrolytes upon viability and upon electrophoretic charge, the parallelism is not a close one and the two effects seem on the whole to follow entirely different laws.

Magmatic evolution of the Gaussberg lamproite (Antarctica): volatile content and glass composition

2004 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Salvioli-Mariani ◽  
L. Toscani ◽  
D. Bersani
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Melt Inclusions ◽  
Glass Composition ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Residual Liquid ◽  
Volatile Content ◽  
Magmatic Evolution ◽  
Ultrapotassic Rock

AbstractThe lamproite of Gaussberg is an ultrapotassic rock where leucite, olivine and clinopyroxene microphenocrysts occur in a glass-rich groundmass, containing microliths of leucite, clinopyroxene, apatite, phlogopite and rare K-richterite.Abundant silicate melt inclusions occur in olivine, leucite and, rarely, in clinopyroxene microphenocrysts. Raman investigations on melt inclusions showed the presence of pure CO2 in the shrinkage bubbles. On the other hand, the glass of the groundmass is CO2-poor and contains up to 0.70 wt.% of dissolved H2O, as estimated by infrared spectra. It is inferred that CO2 was released at every stage of evolution of the lamproite magma (CO2-rich shrinkage bubbles), whereas H2O was retained for longer in the liquid. At Gaussberg, CO2 seems to have a major role at relatively high pressure where it favoured the crystallization of H2O-poor microphenocrysts; the uprise of the magma to the surface decreased the solubility of CO2 and caused a relative increase in water activity. As a consequence, phlogopite and K-richterite appeared in the groundmass.The glass composition of both the groundmass and melt inclusions suggests different evolutions for the residual liquids of the investigated samples. Sample G886 shows the typical evolution of a lamproite magma, where the residual liquid evolves toward peralkaline and Na-rich composition and crystallizes K-richterite in the latest stage. Sample G895 derives from mixing/mingling of different batches of magma; effectively glasses from melt inclusions in leucite and clinopyroxene are more alkaline than those found in early crystallized olivine. Leucite and clinopyroxene crystallized early from a relatively more alkaline batch of lamproite magma and, successively, a less alkaline, olivinebearing magma batch assimilated them during its rise to the surface.

scholarly journals Electrocatalysis of the HER in acid and alkaline media

2013 ◽  
Vol 78 (12) ◽  
pp. 2007-2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nemanja Danilovic ◽  
Ram Subbaraman ◽  
Dusan Strmcnik ◽  
Vojislav Stamenkovic ◽  
Nenad Markovic
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Decomposition ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Bifunctional Catalysts ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Acidic Solutions ◽  
Noble Metal Catalysts ◽  
Alkaline Environments ◽  
Decomposition Of Water

Trends in the HER are studied on selected metals (M= Cu, Ag, Au, Pt, Ru, Ir, Ti) in acid and alkaline environments. We found that with the exception of Pt, Ir and Au, due to high coverage by spectator species on non-noble metal catalysts, experimentally established positions of Cu , Ag, Ru and Ti in the observed volcano relations are still uncertain. We also found that while in acidic solutions the M-Hupd binding energy most likely is controlling the activity trends, the trends in activity in alkaline solutions are controlled by a delicate balance between two descriptors: the M-Had interaction as well as the energetics required to dissociate water molecules. The importance of the second descriptor is confirmed by introducing bifunctional catalysts such as M modified by Ni(OH); e.g. while the latter serves to enhance catalytic decomposition of water, the metal sites are required for collecting and recombining the produced hydrogen intermediates.

Table II : Quantitative determination of carbonyl compounds at different odour sources (concentrations in ppb) Rendering plant Gelatine plant neighbourhood neighbourhood Formaldehyde 40 16 Acetaldehyde 39 24 Acetone 36 73 Prcpanal 10 -Isobutyraldehyde 10 30 Pentanal 15 19 Hexanal 3.52 Heptanal 12.5 Octanal 10.5 Nonanal 1 2 acids (figure 7). However extractions always involve a serious decrease in sensitivity, while evaporation of the extract produces a solution in 0.1-0.5 ml of solvent, and only 1 pi of it can be brought in the gas chromatograph. Therefore work is in progress to enhance sensitivity by converting acids in­ to halogenated derivatives, which can be GC-analysed with the more sensitive electron-capture detector. For thiols a similar procedure is investigated as with aldehydes. One possibility is absorption of thiols in an alkaline solution and reaction with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, yielding 2,4-dinitrofenylsulfides, which are analysed by HPLC (9). Sane improvements on removal of reagents at the one hand and on separation of sane by-products on the other hand have to be achieved in order to in­ crease the sensitivity with another factor of ten. 5. CONCLUSION The actual scope and limitations of chemical analysis of odour show that all problems can be tackled as far as emission is concerned. For iititiission measurements seme progress is necessary, but there is no essential reason why chemical analysis would be unable to attain the desired sensitivity for all types of odorants. There is no doubt that in a few years the last dif­ ficulties will be solved. In order to achieve real control of odour nui­ sance, automatic measurement is necessary on a long time basis. There again seme technical development is to be expected. Does this mean that machines are going to decide if an odour is pre­ sent or not? By no means, while the population will always be the reference, and psychophysical measurements will be necessary to make chemical analysis possible.

1986 ◽  
pp. 171-171
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Alkaline Solution ◽  
Automatic Measurement ◽  
The Other ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Time Basis ◽  
The One ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals Influence of disinfestation and osmotic conditioning on the germinating behavior of australian royal palm (Archontophoenix alexandrae)seeds

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcia Torres Teixeira ◽  
Henrique Duarte Vieira ◽  
Sílvio Lopes Teixeira ◽  
Roberto Ferreira. da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Germination Speed ◽  
Osmotic Potentials

The technique of Osmotic Conditioning, which consists of partial and controlled hydration of the seeds, has obtained success with various species of seeds, increasing the germinating span and tolerance to the adverse conditions of the environment, and has also reduced the time elapsed between sowing and the emergence of the plants. Associated to ideal storage conditions, the treatment has increased the performance of the seeds of tropical wood species. Aiming at studying the germinating environment and the effect of osmotic conditioning on the germination of seeds of the Australian Royal Palm tree, two experiments were performed. The first one evaluated the effect of disinfestation of the seeds of the Australian Royal Palm tree with NaClO. The treatments applied were: 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, exposure periods of 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 240 minutes, and the fungicide Captan, as control. The treatments with NaClO did not differ in relation to the final percentage of germination and to the germination speed index, and did not differ from the treatment control. The second test evaluated solutions with the following osmotic potentials: 0.0MPa (pure water), -0.4MPa, -0.6MPa and -0.8MPa, exposed for the periods of 10 and 20 days. The final percentage of germination did not differ among the treatments. The seeds hydrated in pure water for a period of 20 days showed a germination speed index significantly superior to the other treatments, and they did not show significant differences among themselves.

scholarly journals Titus Flavius Clemens’ Stance on Wine as Expressed in Paedagogus

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 187-205
Author(s):  
Jolanta Dybała ◽  
Krzysztof Jagusiak ◽  
Michał Pawlak
Keyword(s):  
Pure Water ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Food Product ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Golden Mean ◽  
Wine Consumption ◽  
Christian Theologian ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Medicinal Properties

Titus Flavius Clemens was a philosopher and Christian theologian from the period of the 2nd–3th century. The aim of this paper is to present his view on the subject of wine and his recommendations on wine consumption as described in his work entitled Paedagogus. In this work Titus Flavius Clemens focuses primarily on the moral side of drinking wine. He is a great supporter of the ancient principle of moderation, or the golden mean (μεσότης). We also find its traces in his recommendations regarding the drinking of wine. First of all, he does not require Christians to be abstinent. Although he considers water as the best natural beverage to satisfy thirst, he does not make them reject God’s wine. The only condition he sets, however, is to maintain moderation in drinking it. He recommends diluting wine with water, as the peaceful Greeks always did, unlike the war-loving barbarians who were more prone to drunkenness. On the other hand, Titus Flavius Clemens warns the reader against excessive dilution of wine, so that it does not turn out to be pure water. He severely criticizes drunkenness, picturesquely presenting the behavior of drunks, both men and women. Wine in moderation has, in his opinion, its advantages – social, familial and individual. It makes a person better disposed to himself or herself, kinder to friends and more gentle to family members. Wine, when consumed in moderation, may also have medicinal properties. Clemens is well aware of this fact and in his work he cites several medical opinions on the subject. Unfortunately, in Paedagogus we find little information about wine as a food product / as an everyday bevarage. The input on the subject is limited to the list of exclusive, imported wines. What is worth noting, Titus Flavius Clemens appears to be a sommelier in this way.

GALEN ON THE HYGIENE OF THE NEWBORN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 840-840
Author(s):  
T. E. C.
Keyword(s):  
Medical History ◽  
Newborn Infant ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Cold Air ◽  
Marcus Aurelius ◽  
Personal Physician ◽  
To Come

Claudius Galenus is one of the most remarkable figures in medical history. Born at Pergamos in Asia Minor, A.D. 131, he travelled extensively, studied medicine at Alexandria, and in 162 settled in Rome, where in 169 he became the personal physician to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. In his text entitled Hygiene (De Sanitate Tuenda) he described the care of the newborn infant as follows: The newborn infant, in his entire constitution, should first be powdered moderately and wrapped in swaddling-clothes, in order that his skin may be made thicker and firmer than the parts within. For during pregnancy everything was equally soft, since nothing of a harder nature touched it from without, and no cold air came in contact with it, whereby the skin would be contracted and thickened, and would become tougher and denser than it was before and than the other parts of the body. But when the baby is born, it is necessarily going to come in contact with cold and heat and with many bodies harder than itself. Therefore it is appropriate that his natural covering should be best prepared by us for exposure. For infants who are in accordance with nature, a simple salt dusting-power is sufficient; for those whom it is necessary to sprinkle with dried leaves of myrrh, or something else of this sort, are obviously abnormal. But at present it is our purpose to discuss those of the best constitution. These, then, as has been said, having been wrapped in swaddling-clothes, should receive milk for nourishment, and baths of pure water; for they require a completely moist regime, since they have a moister constitution than those of other ages. . . .

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