Prevalence and Correlates of Smokeless Tobacco Consumption among Married Women in Rural Bangladesh

Assessing progress toward Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5, to achieve gender equality and to empower women, requires monitoring trends in intimate partner violence (IPV). Current measures of IPV may miss women’s experiences of economic coercion, or interference with the acquisition, use, and maintenance of financial resources. This sequential, mixed-methods study developed and validated a scale for economic coercion in married women in rural Bangladesh, where women’s expanding economic opportunities may elevate the risks of economic coercion and other IPV. Forty items capturing lifetime and prior-year economic coercion were adapted from formative qualitative research and prior scales and administered to a probability sample of 930 married women 16–49 years. An economic coercion scale (ECS) was validated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with primary data from random-split samples ( N1 = 310; N2 = 620). Item response theory (IRT) methods gauged the measurement precision of items and scales over the range of the economic-coercion latent trait. Multiple-group factor analysis assessed measurement invariance of the economic-coercion construct. Two-thirds (62.26%) of women reported any lifetime economic coercion. EFA suggested a 36-item, two-factor model capturing barriers to acquire and to use or maintain economic resources. CFA, multiple group factor analysis, and multidimensional IRT methods confirmed that this model provided a reasonable fit to the data. IRT analysis showed that each dimension provided most precision over the higher range of the economic coercion trait. The Economic Coercion Scale 36 (ECS-36) should be validated elsewhere and over time. It may be added to violence-specific surveys and evaluations of violence-prevention and economic-empowerment programs that have a primary interest measuring economic coercion. Short-form versions of the ECS may be developed for multipurpose surveys and program monitoring.

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Intimate partner violence and social connection among married women in rural Bangladesh

Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health ◽

10.1136/jech-2020-214843 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. jech-2020-214843

Author(s):

Laura W Stoff ◽

Lisa M Bates ◽

Sidney Ruth Schuler ◽

Lynette M Renner ◽

Darin J Erickson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Partner Violence ◽

Lower Risk ◽

Intimate Partner ◽

Married Women ◽

Social Connection ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Rural Bangladesh ◽

Instrumental Social Support ◽

Family Contact ◽

Natal Family

BackgroundIntimate partner violence (IPV) is high among married women in Bangladesh. Social isolation is a well-established correlate of women’s exposure to IPV, but the role of such factors in low-income and middle-income countries is not well understood. In this study, we explore whether social connection is protective against IPV among married women in rural Bangladesh.MethodsData were drawn from a multistage, stratified, population-based longitudinal sample of 3355 married women in rural Bangladesh, who were surveyed on individual and contextual risk factors of IPV. Negative binomial regression models were used to estimate the association between three different domains of social connection (natal family contact, female companionship and instrumental social support), measured at baseline in 2013, and the risk of three different forms of IPV (psychological, physical and sexual), approximately 10 months later, adjusted for woman’s level of education, spouse’s level of education, level of household wealth, age and age of marriage.ResultsAdjusted models showed that instrumental social support was associated with a lower risk of past year psychological IPV (risk ratio (RR)=0.84, 95% CI 0.769 to 0.914), sexual IPV (RR=0.90, 95% CI 0.822 to 0.997) and physical IPV (RR=0.81, 95% CI 0.718 to 0.937). Natal family contact was also associated with a lower risk of each type of IPV, but not in a graded fashion. Less consistent associations were observed with female companionship.ConclusionOur findings suggest that social connection, particularly in the form of instrumental support, may protect married women in rural Bangladesh from experiencing IPV.

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Patterns of Periodontal Destruction among Smokeless Tobacco Users in a Central Indian Population

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9060744 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 744

Author(s):

Pradeep S. Anand ◽

Supriya Mishra ◽

Deepti Nagle ◽

Namitha P. Kamath ◽

Kavitha P. Kamath ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Periodontal Health ◽

Clinical Attachment Loss ◽

Periodontal Tissues ◽

Probing Depth ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Periodontal Destruction ◽

Different Populations ◽

Oral Hygiene Habits

Background: Findings of studies testing the association between smokeless tobacco (SLT) use and periodontal health have shown varying results in different populations. Considering the high prevalence of SLT use in India, the present study was conducted to understand the pattern of periodontal destruction within different areas of the dentition among SLT users. Methods: Age, gender, oral hygiene habits, the frequency and duration of SLT consumption, the type of SLT product used, and the site of retention of the SLT product in the oral cavity were recorded among 90 SLT users. Probing depth (PD), recession (REC), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) at SLT-associated and non SLT-associated teeth of the mandibular arch were compared based on the site of retention of the SLT product, the type of product used, and the duration of the habit. Results: REC and CAL were significantly higher at the SLT-associated zones compared to non SLT-associated zones and at both interproximal and mid-buccal sites of SLT-associated teeth. Among individuals who had the habit for more than 5 years and also among those who had the habit for 5–10 years, PD, REC, and CAL were significantly higher at SLT-associated teeth than at non SLT-associated teeth. Significantly greater periodontal destruction was observed at SLT-associated teeth among khaini users and gutkha users. Conclusions: Smokeless tobacco consumption resulted in greater destruction of periodontal tissues. The severity of periodontal destruction at SLT-associated sites differed depending on the type of smokeless tobacco used, the site of retention of the SLT, and the duration of the habit.

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Prevalence of Smokeless Tobacco Consumption among women of Rural Telangana

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214041 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Murali Lingala ◽

Sneha Simon ◽

Bhagath . ◽

Kavitha .

Keyword(s):

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Peer Pressure ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Second Hand Smoke ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical College ◽

The Social ◽

High Prevalence

Background: Tobacco kills approximately 1 million people annually in India and is responsible for almost half of all cancers in men and quarter of all cancers in women. Smokeless tobacco (SLT) is one such form that is culturally and socially acceptable by women especially in rural India. The study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of smokeless tobacco consumption among women, prevalence of exposure to second hand smoke and to determine the factors associated with it.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was done among 190 women in the rural field practice area of department of community medicine of Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal during the period of October 2019 to December 2019. Data was collected using simple random sampling. A semi structured questionnaire was prepared with the help of global adult tobacco survey proforma. The data was analyzed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) 20.00.Results: Prevalence of smokeless tobacco consumption was 57% and the most common form of tobacco being consumed was tobacco with pan (40.3%). The prevalence of exposure to second hand smoke at home was 61%. The most common reason for initiation was peer pressure. High prevalence of consumption of smokeless tobacco was seen in unemployed and illiterate women.Conclusions: The prevalence of smokeless tobacco consumption is higher among women in this study and this indicates the lack of awareness and the need for better strategies to reduce the burden.

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Smokeless Tobacco - An Overview

Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research ◽

10.2478/cttr-2013-0865 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 248-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H Klus ◽

M Kunze ◽

S Koenig ◽

E Poeschl

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Western World ◽

The European Union ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Pyrolysis Products ◽

Wide Range

AbstractSmoking, especially cigarette smoking, is the most common form of tobacco consumption world-wide. It is generally accepted that smoking carries health risks for smokers. The combustion and pyrolysis products of tobacco generated during smoking are considered to be responsible for the harmful effects. Smokeless tobacco, another wide-spread form of tobacco use, is not subjected to burning and produces no combustion or pyrolysis products. Therefore, there is an increasingly intense debate about the potential role of smokeless tobacco in reducing the harm of tobacco use.An overview is presented on the different types of smokeless tobaccos consumed around the world. Commercial products differ widely in composition and patterns of use. The smokeless tobaccos of the Western world (Europe and North America) need to be clearly distinguished from those popular in Asia, Africa and South America. The modern smokeless tobaccos used in Europe and North America are reviewed regarding their chemical composition and toxicological properties. Agents of concern found in smokeless tobacco, especially the tobacco specific N-nitrosamines, are dealt with in particular.The epidemiological evidence is summarized concerning a wide range of health outcomes. Published reviews and studies are presented and interpreted regarding non-neoplastic oral diseases, various forms of cancer, circulatory diseases, several other diseases and pregnancy outcome. While many of the epidemiological studies have weaknesses and data are often inconsistent it is quite obvious that smokeless tobacco use is much less risky for consumers than smoking. In fact, for modern forms of European moist snuff such as Swedish snus, which is subject to strict quality standards, there is evidence for - if any - only very limited serious health risk.The ongoing public discussion centers around the influence smokeless tobacco may have on smoking rates (initiation or cessation) and the occurrence of tobacco specific diseases - with Sweden being a revealing example. There is an interesting controversy regarding product and marketing regulations for smokeless tobaccos in the European Union.

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Assessment of non-communicable disease related lifestyle risk factors among adult population in Bangladesh

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932021000286 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Md. Belal Hossain ◽

Mahmood Parvez ◽

Mir Raihanul Islam ◽

Hala Evans ◽

Sabuj Kanti Mistry

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Vegetable Consumption ◽

Adult Population ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Lifestyle Risk Factors ◽

Lifestyle Risk

Abstract Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which can largely be prevented by controlling avoidable lifestyle-related risk factors, are rapidly penetrating the entire world, including developing countries. The present study aimed to assess NCD lifestyle risk factors among the adult population in Bangladesh. The data used in the study were collected as part of a population-based cross-sectional survey covering rural and urban areas of Bangladesh conducted in 2015–16 (N=11,982 adults aged ≥35 years). The lifestyle factors considered were diet (daily fruit and vegetable consumption and extra salt intake with meals), sleeping patterns, smoking, smokeless tobacco consumption, and physical activity. The study found that approximately 18.5% of participants had a non-daily consumption of fruit or vegetables, 46.6% used extra salt with their meals, 11.8% reported sleeping <7 hours daily, 25.7% smoked tobacco, 60.9% used smokeless tobacco and 69.7% were less physically active. The prevalence of improper lifestyle practices relevant to NCDs, such as an inadequate diet, poor sleeping pattern, tobacco consumption, and low physical activity, was significantly higher among older adults, women, the uneducated, the unemployed, urban dwellers, and people from rich households. The study found that NCD-related lifestyle characteristics were poorly compliant with standard guidelines among many adult populations in Bangladesh. The findings can inform preventative strategies to control the overwhelming NCD burden in Bangladesh, such as the promotion of physical exercise, healthy eating, and the cessation of the use of tobacco products.

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The Progression of the Tobacco Epidemic in India on the National and Regional Levels, 1998-2016

10.21203/rs.3.rs-117370/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rufi Shaikh ◽

Fanny Janssen ◽

Tobias Vogt

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Use ◽

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Family Health ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Middle Income ◽

The North ◽

Short Period ◽

Tobacco Epidemic

Abstract Background: According to the smoking epidemic framework, societies undergo successive stages in which the prevalence of tobacco use first increases, and then declines. This pattern was has been extensively documented for developed countries, but evidence that it has occurred in low- and middle-income countries remains fragmented. We assessed the progression of the tobacco epidemic in India on the national and regional levels by gender, including trends in the consumption of smokeless tobacco, to provide a comprehensive overview of tobacco use in India and its states.Methods: We use information on current tobacco consumption among Indians aged 15-49 from three rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) (1998-99, 2005-06, 2015-16) to estimate the age-standardized smoking and smokeless tobacco prevalence across India and its states.Results: Age-standardized tobacco consumption prevalence in India increased between 1998-99 and 2005-06, and declined from 2005-06 to 2015-2016, simultaneously for men and women. There are substantial spatial differences in the progression of the tobacco epidemic in India. In the north-eastern states in particular, tobacco consumption prevalence remains higher than the national average, and is still increasing. Conclusions: Our results suggest that India and the majority of its states experienced a ‘compressed tobacco epidemic’ in which the prevalence of tobacco consumption increased and decreased simultaneously for women and men over a comparatively short period of time. Despite the overall progress in reducing tobacco use India has made, further lowering tobacco consumption remains a public health priority, as the prevalence of smoking and/or smokeless tobacco use remains high in a number of states. We therefore conclude that tobacco regulations should be expanded with the aim of reducing the overall health burden associated with tobacco consumption across India.

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