Both Structural and Non-Structural Forms of the Readthrough Protein of Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus Are Essential for Efficient Systemic Infection of Plants

Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) capsid comprises 180 coat protein (CP) subunits, with some percentage containing a readthrough domain (RTD) extension located on the particle's surface. The RTD N terminus is highly conserved in luteovirids and this study sought to identify biologically active sites within this region of the PLRV RTD. Fourteen three-amino-acid-deletion mutants were generated from a cloned infectious PLRV cDNA and delivered to plants by Agrobacterium inoculations. All mutant viruses accumulated locally in infiltrated tissues and expressed the readthrough protein (RTP) containing the CP and RTD sequences in plant tissues; however, when purified, only three mutant viruses incorporated the RTP into the virion. None of the mutant viruses were aphid transmissible, but the viruses persisted in aphids for a period sufficient to allow for virus transmission. Several mutant viruses were examined further for systemic infection in four host species. All mutant viruses, regardless of RTP incorporation, moved systemically in each host, although they accumulated at different rates in systemically infected tissues. The biological properties of the RTP are sensitive to modifications in both the RTD conserved and variable regions.

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Evaluation of Drug Utilization Pattern Using WHO Prescribing Indicators in Endodontic Department at a Tertiary Hospital in Eastern Nepal

Birat Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.3126/bjhs.v5i3.33696 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 1191-1195

Author(s):

Sushmita Shrestha ◽

Navin Agrawal ◽

Deependra Prasad Sarraf

Keyword(s):

Drug Utilization ◽

Inappropriate Prescribing ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

World Health ◽

Utilization Pattern ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Prescribing Indicators ◽

Essential Drug List ◽

Dental Practitioners

Introduction: Irrational or inappropriate prescribing practice is common in developing countries that can lead to ineffective treatment, prolonged hospitalization, harm to the patient, increased treatment cost and development of drug-resistant organisms. The prescription of antibiotics and other drugs in endodontics is limited to patients with progressive and diffuse swelling and with systemic infection. However, antibiotics continue to be over-prescribed by more than 66% dentists without a rational justification.Therefore, the periodic assessment of drug utilization pattern is important to know the existing pattern of drug use, decrease adverse effects and provide feedback to the prescribers. Objective: To evaluate the drug utilization pattern in endodontics using the World Health Organization prescribing indicators. Methodology: A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted among the patients visiting the outpatient department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics. After obtaining the informed consent, the relevant data were collected on a self-designed proforma by reviewing the health cards of the patients. The WHO prescribing indicators were calculated. Descriptive statistics were calculated using SPSS version 11.0. Results: Out of 187 patients, 101 (54%) were female. Mean age was 38.9±16.6 years. Majority of the patients suffered from acute apical periodontitis (30.5%). A total of 281 drugs were prescribed to 187 patients. Paracetamol+Ibuprofen (44.1%) was the most frequently prescribed drugs. Most of the patients were prescribed one drug (78.6%). Average drug per prescription was 1.5. Majority of the drugs (89.0%) were prescribed from Essential drug list of Nepal. Conclusions: Analgesics were the most frequently prescribed drug. The prescription practice was rational. There is need to increase the number of medicine prescribed from National List of Essential medicines.Educational initiatives should be undertaken to further strengthen the rational prescription among dental practitioners.

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Systemic Infection Related to Endocarditis on Pacemaker Leads

Circulation ◽

10.1161/01.cir.95.8.2098 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 95 (8) ◽

pp. 2098-2107 ◽

Cited By ~ 371

Author(s):

Didier Klug ◽

Dominique Lacroix ◽

Christine Savoye ◽

Luc Goullard ◽

Daniel Grandmougin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systemic Infection ◽

Pacemaker Leads

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Unaltered Fungal Burden and Lethality in Human CEACAM1-Transgenic Mice During Candida albicans Dissemination and Systemic Infection

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2019.02703 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Esther Klaile ◽

Mario M. Müller ◽

Cristina Zubiría-Barrera ◽

Saskia Brehme ◽

Tilman E. Klassert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Candida Albicans ◽

Transgenic Mice ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Fungal Burden

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Neonatal Intravenous Extravasation Injuries: Evaluation of a Wound Care Protocol

Neonatal Network The Journal of Neonatal Nursing ◽

10.1891/0730-0832.25.1.13 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 13-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Doris Sawatzky-Dickson ◽

Karen Bodnaryk

Keyword(s):

Wound Healing ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Wound Infection ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Wound Care ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Infection Rates ◽

Care Protocol

Purpose:To evaluate an evidence-based wound protocol for intravenous extravasation injuries in neonates.Sample:Nine newborns with intravenous extravasation injuries. Birth weight: 582–4,404 gm, gestational age: 24–40 weeks.Results:Five wounds were colonized with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, two with diphtheroids, three with Enterococcus. There was no evidence of wound infection or systemic infection. Rates of wound healing ranged from one to six weeks.

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Maize resistance to Sugarcane mosaic virus

Plant Protection Science ◽

10.17221/10550-pps ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002) ◽

pp. 542-544

Author(s):

R. Pokorný ◽

M. Porubová

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Sugarcane Mosaic Virus ◽

Resistant Line ◽

Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽

Long Distance ◽

Maize Hybrids ◽

Resistant Lines ◽

Maize Resistance ◽

Long Distance Movement

Under greenhouse conditions 12 maize hybrids derived from crosses of four resistant lines with several lines of different level of susceptibility were evaluated for resistance to Czech isolate of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). These hybrids were not fully resistant to isolate of SCMV, but the symptoms on their newly growing leaves usually developed 1 to 3 weeks later in comparison with particular susceptible line, the course of infection was significantly slower and rate of infection lower. As for mechanisms of resistance, the presence of SCMV was detected by ELISA in inoculated leaves both of resistant and susceptible lines, but virus was detected 7 days later in resistant line. Systemic infection developed only in susceptible lines. These results indicate restriction of viral long distance movement in the resistant line.

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Monitoring and Modulating Inflammation-Associated Alterations in Synaptic Plasticity: Role of Brain Stimulation and the Blood–Brain Interface

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11030359 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 359

Author(s):

Maximilian Lenz ◽

Amelie Eichler ◽

Andreas Vlachos

Keyword(s):

Synaptic Plasticity ◽

Brain Stimulation ◽

Vascular Function ◽

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Brain Functions ◽

Blood Brain ◽

Brain Interface ◽

The Central Nervous System

Inflammation of the central nervous system can be triggered by endogenous and exogenous stimuli such as local or systemic infection, trauma, and stroke. In addition to neurodegeneration and cell death, alterations in physiological brain functions are often associated with neuroinflammation. Robust experimental evidence has demonstrated that inflammatory cytokines affect the ability of neurons to express plasticity. It has been well-established that inflammation-associated alterations in synaptic plasticity contribute to the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Nevertheless, diagnostic approaches and interventional strategies to restore inflammatory deficits in synaptic plasticity are limited. Here, we review recent findings on inflammation-associated alterations in synaptic plasticity and the potential role of the blood–brain interface, i.e., the blood–brain barrier, in modulating synaptic plasticity. Based on recent findings indicating that brain stimulation promotes plasticity and modulates vascular function, we argue that clinically employed non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, could be used for monitoring and modulating inflammation-induced alterations in synaptic plasticity.

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How do delirium motor subtypes differ in phenomenology and contributory aetiology? a cross-sectional, multisite study of liaison psychiatry and palliative care patients

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041214 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. e041214

Author(s):

Kevin Glynn ◽

Frank McKenna ◽

Kevin Lally ◽

Muireann O’Donnell ◽

Sandeep Grover ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Palliative Care ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Symptom Burden ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

International Study ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Secondary Outcome ◽

Liaison Psychiatry ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hypoactive Delirium

ObjectivesTo investigate whether delirium motor subtypes differ in terms of phenomenology and contributory aetiology.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingInternational study incorporating data from Ireland and India across palliative care, old age liaison psychiatry and general adult liaison psychiatry settings.Participants1757 patients diagnosed with delirium using criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition (DSM IV).Primary and secondary outcome measuresHyperactive, mixed and hypoactive delirium subtypes were identified using the abbreviated version of the Delirium Motor Subtype Scale. Phenomenology was assessed using the Delirium Rating Scale Revised. Contributory aetiologies were assessed using the Delirium Aetiology Checklist (DEC), with a score >2 indicating that the aetiology was likely or definitely contributory.ResultsHypoactive delirium was associated with dementia, cerebrovascular and systemic infection aetiologies (p<0.001) and had a lower overall burden of delirium symptoms than the other motor subtypes. Hyperactive delirium was associated with younger age, drug withdrawal and the DEC category other systemic aetiologies (p<0.001). Mixed delirium showed the greatest symptom burden and was more often associated with drug intoxication and metabolic disturbance (p<0.001). All three delirium motor subtypes had similar levels of impairment in attention and visuospatial functioning but differed significantly when compared with no subtype (p<0.001).ConclusionsThis study indicates a pattern of aetiology and symptomatology of delirium motor subtypes across a large international sample that had previously been lacking. It serves to improve our understanding of this complex condition and has implications in terms of early detection and management of delirium.

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Multiple aromatic amino acids are involved in potyvirus movement by forming π-stackings to maintain coat protein accumulation

Phytopathology Research ◽

10.1186/s42483-021-00088-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhi-Yong Yan ◽

Xiao-Jie Xu ◽

Le Fang ◽

Chao Geng ◽

Yan-Ping Tian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coat Protein ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Infectious Clone ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cell Movement ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Watermelon Mosaic Virus ◽

Protein Accumulation ◽

Three Dimensional Model ◽

Aromatic Residues

AbstractCoat protein (CP) is required for potyviruses to move and establish a systemic infection in plants. π-stackings formed by aromatic residues play critical roles in maintaining protein stability and functions. As we know, many aromatic residues located in the core region of potyvirus CPs are conserved. However, their roles in potyvirus infection remain largely unknown. Here, through analysis of the three-dimensional model of the tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (TVBMV; genus Potyvirus) CP, 16 aromatic residues were predicated to form π-stackings. The results of transient expression experiments demonstrated that deletion of any of these 16 aromatic residues reduced CP accumulation. Infectivity assays showed that deletion of any of these aromatic residues in the TVBMV infectious clone abolished cell-to-cell movement and reduced replication of the virus. Substitution of Y105 and Y147 individually with non-aromatic residues alanine or glycine reduced CP accumulation, virus replication, and abolished the ability of TVBMV to move intercellularly, while substitution of these two residues individually with aromatic residues phenylalanine or tryptophan, had no or little effect on CP accumulation and TVBMV systemic movement and replication. Similar results were obtained from the CP mutants of watermelon mosaic virus (WMV, genus Potyvirus). Taken together, our results demonstrate that multiple aromatic residues in CP are involved in potyvirus movement by forming π-stackings to maintain CP accumulation.

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Listeria exploits IFITM3 to suppress antibacterial activity in phagocytes

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-24982-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joel M. J. Tan ◽

Monica E. Garner ◽

James M. Regeimbal ◽

Catherine J. Greene ◽

Jorge D. Rojas Márquez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Transmembrane Protein ◽

Foodborne Pathogen ◽

Systemic Infection ◽

Cytokine Signaling ◽

Type I ◽

Type I Ifn ◽

Antiviral Protein

AbstractThe type I interferon (IFN) signaling pathway has important functions in resistance to viral infection, with the downstream induction of interferon stimulated genes (ISG) protecting the host from virus entry, replication and spread. Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), a facultative intracellular foodborne pathogen, can exploit the type I IFN response as part of their pathogenic strategy, but the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here we show that type I IFN suppresses the antibacterial activity of phagocytes to promote systemic Lm infection. Mechanistically, type I IFN suppresses phagosome maturation and proteolysis of Lm virulence factors ActA and LLO, thereby promoting phagosome escape and cell-to-cell spread; the antiviral protein, IFN-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), is required for this type I IFN-mediated alteration. Ifitm3−/− mice are resistant to systemic infection by Lm, displaying decreased bacterial spread in tissues, and increased immune cell recruitment and pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling. Together, our findings show how an antiviral mechanism in phagocytes can be exploited by bacterial pathogens, and implicate IFITM3 as a potential antimicrobial therapeutic target.

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