scholarly journals Research on drinking water purification technologies for household use by reducing total dissolved solids (TDS)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257865
Author(s):  
Bill B. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Drinking Water Purification

This study, based in San Bernardino County, Southern California, collected and examined tap water samples within the area to explore the feasibility of adopting non-industrial equipment and methods to reduce water hardness and total dissolved solids(TDS). We investigated how water quality could be improved by utilizing water boiling, activated carbon and sodium bicarbonate additives, as well as electrolysis methods. The results show that heating is effective at lower temperatures rather than long boils, as none of the boiling tests were lower than the original value. Activated carbon is unable to lower TDS, because it is unable to bind to any impurities present in the water. This resulted in an overall TDS increase of 3.5%. However, adding small amounts of sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO3) will further eliminate water hardness by reacting with magnesium ions and improve taste, while increasing the pH. When added to room temperature tap water, there is a continuous increase in TDS of 24.8% at the 30 mg/L mark. The new findings presented in this study showed that electrolysis was the most successful method in eliminating TDS, showing an inverse proportion where an increasing electrical current and duration of electrical lowers more amounts of solids. This method created a maximum decrease in TDS by a maximum of 22.7%, with 3 tests resulting in 15.3–16.6% decreases. Furthermore, when water is heated to a temperature around 50°C (122°F), a decrease in TDS of around 16% was also shown. The reduction of these solids will help lower water hardness and improve the taste of tap water. These results will help direct residents to drink more tap water rather than bottled water with similar taste and health benefits for a cheaper price as well as a reduction on plastic usage.

scholarly journals A Localized Study on Reducing Total Dissolved Solids Present in Southern California Tap Water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Wang
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Maximum Decrease ◽  
The One ◽  
Nutritional Benefits ◽  
Mineral Levels

Abstract This study, based in San Bernardino County, Southern California, explores the feasibility of adopting non-industrial equipment and methods to reduce water hardness in local tap water. We have utilized water boiling, activated carbon and sodium bicarbonate additives, as well as electrolysis methods to investigate how water quality could be improved. The results of this study show that when water is heated to a temperature around 50 °C (122°F), there is a maximum decrease in water hardness as well as its TDS levels. When water is left to boil for more than 10 minutes, there is a significant increase in TDS, making the water unfavorable for drinking. Activated carbon is unable to lower TDS, because it is unable to bind to any impurities present in the water. However, adding less than 4 mg/L of sodium bicarbonate will further eliminate water hardness by reacting with magnesium ions and improve taste, while increasing the pH. Electrolysis is the one of the methods that are successful in eliminating TDS, resulting in a direct proportion from an increasing electrical current and duration of time lowering the amount of TDS. These results will help residents determine safer and more effective ways to lower their water hardness and control mineral levels for their health and nutritional benefits.

scholarly journals Effect of Water Hardness on Catechin and Caffeine Content in Green Tea Infusions

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 3485
Author(s):  
Mica Cabrera ◽  
Faizah Taher ◽  
Alendre Llantada ◽  
Quyen Do ◽  
Tyeshia Sapp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Green Tea ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate Solution ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Epicatechin Gallate ◽  
Caffeine Content ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Tea Infusions

The health benefits of green tea are associated with its high catechin content. In scientific studies, green tea is often prepared with deionized water. However, casual consumers will simply use their local tap water, which differs in alkalinity and mineral content depending on the region. To assess the effect of water hardness on catechin and caffeine content, green tea infusions were prepared with synthetic freshwater in five different hardness levels, a sodium bicarbonate solution, a mineral salt solution, and deionized water. HPLC analysis was performed with a superficially porous pentafluorophenyl column. As water hardness increased, total catechin yield decreased. This was mostly due to the autoxidation of epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and caffeine showed greater chemical stability. Autoxidation was promoted by alkaline conditions and resulted in the browning of the green tea infusions. High levels of alkaline sodium bicarbonate found in hard water can render some tap waters unsuitable for green tea preparation.

scholarly journals The quality and effect on plant growth of tap water and rainwater in DAVAO CITY

10.17158/502 ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renan P. Limjuco ◽  
Sheila Mae V. Quinamot ◽  
Victor L. Guy-Ab Jr. ◽  
Cashelmara B. Cabañero ◽  
Brisbane Peter B. Tarongoy III ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Resource Center ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Immaculate Conception ◽  
The University

<p>Rainwater is essential in the sustenance of ecosystem in all parts of the world. It is a free source of nearly pure water and naturally replenishes the earth’s water supply. On the other hand, tap water is one of the most available types of water intended for human consumption while rainwater serves many purposes too. This study aimed to assess the quality of tap water and rainwater in Davao City, specifically in Agdao, Ecoland and Artiaga. The proponents used plant growth of selected varieties such as mongo, radish, tomato, eggplant, and squash, as the main parameter in comparing the rainwater and tap water after 30 days; pH, conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were also used as additional parameters, which were determined at the Science Resource Center of the University of the Immaculate Conception. This study employed of a descriptive – comparative design making use of quantitative measurements and data from laboratory analyses. The results revealed that rainwater and tap water in Davao city are both safe for plant growth as indicated by the values of the parameters which are within the acceptable range describing a good quality for growing plants.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Plant growth, tap water, rainwater, pH, conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Davao City, Philippines</p>

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF YAMUNA RIVER AT GOKUL BARRAGE, MATHURA (UP) INDIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
AJAY KUMAR RAJAWAT ◽  
PRAVEEN KUMAR
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Tolerance Limit ◽  
Chemical Condition ◽  
Yamuna River ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Almost All

An attempt has been made to study the Physico-chemical condition of water of Yamuna River at Gokul Barrage, Mathura, (UP). The time period of study was July 2015 to June 2016. Three water samples were selected from different sites in each month for study. The parameters studied were Temperature, Turbidity, pH, DO, BOD, COD, Total Dissolved Solids and Suspended Solids. Almost all the parameters were found above the tolerance limit.

Performance Study of Some Reverse Osmosis Systems for Removal of Uranium and Total Dissolved Solids in Underground Waters of Punjab State, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-476
Author(s):  
Nisha Sharma ◽  
Jaspal Singh ◽  
Barjinder Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
State Government ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Internal Exposure ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Underground Waters ◽  
High Concentrations

Radionuclides (uranium, thorium, radium, radon gas etc.) are found naturally in air, water, soil and rock. Everyday, we ingest and inhale these radionuclides through the air we breathe and through food and water we take. Out of the internal exposure via ingestion of radionuclides, water contributes the major portion. The natural radioactivity of water is due to the activity transfer from bed rock and soils. In our surveys carried out in the past few years, we have observed high concentrations of uranium and total dissolved solids (TDS) in drinking waters of some southern parts of Punjab State exceeding the safe limits recommended by national and international agencies. The main drinking water source is the underground water procured from different depths. Due to the highly saline taste, disorders in their digestive systems and other ailments, people are installing reverse osmosis (RO) systems in their houses. Some RO systems have been installed on commercial basis. The state government is also in the process of installing community RO systems at the village level. As high values of uranium are also undesired and may pose health hazards due to radioactivity and toxicity of uranium, we have conducted a survey in the field to study the performance of various RO systems for removal of uranium and TDS. Water samples from about forty RO systems from Faridkot, Mansa, Bathinda and Amritsar districts of Punjab State were collected and analyzed. Our results show that some RO systems are able to remove more than 99% of uranium in the underground waters used for drinking purposes. TDS values are also reduced considerably to the desired levels. So RO systems can be used to avoid the risk of unduly health problems posed by high concentrations of uranium and TDS in drinking water.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI RAGI Saccharomyces cerevisiae DAN LAMA FERMENTASI TERHADAP KUALITAS CUKA TOMI-TOMI (Flacourtia inermis)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Sandra J Nendissa ◽  
Rachel Breemer ◽  
Nikholaus Melamas
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Four Levels

This objectives of this research were both to study and determine the best level of concentration of yeast Saccharomyces cereviseae and period of fermentation on the quality of tomi-tomi vinegar (Flacourtia inermis). A completely randomized experimental design with two factors of treatment was applied in this research. The first factor was concentration of yeast S. cereviseae having four levels of tretament, i.e.: without the addition of yeast 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g yeast. The second factor was period fermentation with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks. The result indicated that the concentration of yeast S. cereviseae 1.5 g and period fermentation 5 week produced a good tomi-tomi vinegar with total acids 51.22%, total dissolved solids 8.35, total sugar 8.07% and pH 5.40.

Combination of Carbonated Aloe Vera Drink with Lemon Juice

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefrianta Demu Geri ◽  
Dewi Fortuna Ayu ◽  
Noviar Harun
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Lemon Juice ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Combination Treatments ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Range Test

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal ratio of carbonated aloe vera drink and lemon juice. This research used completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications. The treatments performed were L1 (90% carbonated aloe vera and 10% lemon juice), L2 (80% carbonated aloe vera and 20% lemon juice), L3 (70% carbonated aloe vera and 30% lemon juice), and L4 (60% carbonated aloe vera and 40% lemon juice). Data were statistically analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by duncan new multiple range test (DNMRT) at level 5%. The combination treatments of carbonated aloe vera drinks and lemon juice had a significant effect on acidity (pH), vitamin C, total dissolved solids, and descriptive and hedonic sensory assessment. The best treatment from the research was L3 (70% carbonated aloe vera and 30% lemon juice) with pH of 4.26, vitamin C of 19.97 mg, and total dissolved solids of 14.34°brix. The overall sensory test result preferred by panelists with descriptions of yellow color, lemon flavor, and had a slightly sweet taste.

Study and Evaluation of Stored Drinking Water Characteristics Using Three Types of Roof Water Tanks in Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Abdulkhaleq K Mahmood ◽  
Ali A Kamal ◽  
Ako R Hama
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Water Characteristics ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Water Metal ◽  
Water Tanks ◽  
Better Than

The scarcity of safe drinking water is one of the problems faced by the majority of cities in the world. Kirkuk city is one of these cities, which suffer from a shortage of drinking water. People have adopted the use of different rooftop tanks to overcome this problem. This research focuses on studying the effect of storage time on the five main characteristics of drinking water, which include, acid index (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and turbidity (Tr). Three types of tanks were used predominantly (galvanized metal, plastic, and aluminum tanks). By analyzing the results, the characteristics of three samples of municipal source water obtained. Three samples were taken from each tank at different periods (4, 8, and 12 days). The results showed that the storage time affected the characteristics of drinking water. These characteristics differed from one tank to another. Metal tanks showed an increase in total dissolved solids, due to the evaporation process, even as plastic and aluminum tanks showed an increase in pH. The properties of all storage water tanks changed with times, but overall, the results were within the Iraqi limitation for drinking water. It was not easy to only depend on the results of this study to believe that any one type of water tank was better than the other, as the values of most of the variables studied had varied from one type to other. However, many studies have indicated a number of health risks, and most significantly with regard to plastic tanks, which are said to contain dangerous organic compounds that can be transferred to water. Metal tanks can cause zinc leakage, caused by a number of environmental factors at high levels. Aluminum tanks also can have an effect on the water in tanks.

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