scholarly journals Adverse Effect of Emotional Eating Developed During the COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthy Nutrition, a Vicious Circle: A cross-sectional descriptive study

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. e1144
Author(s):  
Burcu Ateş Özcan ◽  
Burcu Yeşİlkaya
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Eating Attitude ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
Difficult Time

Introduction: Because of the new type of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) seen worldwide, many countries have a difficult time both in terms of health and economy. It is thought that infection and fear of death owing to the disease may cause a disturbance in the individuals’ psychology. Moreover, precautions such as social distancing and quarantine to prevent the spread of the disease and the prolongation of these interventions may further aggravate the conditions, such as mood disorders and stress. This study was aimed to determine the emotional eating status of individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine its effect on a healthy eating attitude.Material and methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study with a total number of 578 adults without COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment (422 [73%] women, 156 [27%] men). The study was conducted using the Google Forms web survey platform. The link to the survey was shared via WhatsApp and Instagram. The participants were asked to share the study link to reach out to as many potential participants as possible throughout the nation using the method known as snowball sampling. A questionnaire form which includes sociodemographic characteristics, the Turkish version of the Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ-TR), and the Attitude Scale for Healthy Nutrition (ASHN) were applied to the participants. EEQ-TR and ASHN forms were answered twice, retrospectively for the pre-COVID period and prospectively during the COVID period.Results: While average emotional eating scores increased compared to pre-COVID-19 scores, individuals shifted from low-level emotional eaters to emotional eaters (p < 0.000). On the other hand, the average ASHN scores decreased, and individuals shifted from the middle-level healthy eating attitude to a low level (p < 0.000). As the quarantine period increased, emotional eating, body weight, and body mass index (BMI) increased, and healthy eating attitude decreased (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Individuals’ emotional eating increased due to social distancing, self-quarantine, or isolation in the COVID-19 pandemic. These changes are found to be effective in healthy eating in a negative way. Long-term unhealthy eating is not recommended for people’s health. Therefore, it is necessary to inform individuals about stress management, healthy nutrition, the importance of regular exercise, and sleep patterns.

scholarly journals PERILAKU MEMELIHARA KEBERSIHAN GIGI TIRUAN LEPASAN BERBASIS AKRILIK PADA MASYARAKAT DESA TREMAN KECAMATAN KAUDITAN

e-GIGI ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Adimulya Bagaray ◽  
Ni Wayan Mariat ◽  
Michael A. Leman
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Removable Denture ◽  
Close Relationship

Abstract: Behavioral to maintain denture hygiene is an important factor in the success of denture care because they have a close relationship with the knowledge, attitudes, and actions of the user. A poormaintenance denture hygiene could cause problems for oral health such as caries, gingivitis, stomatitis, xerostomia, candidiasis and periodontal disease, especially in the removable denture based acrylic user with the low level of education and income.This study aims to determine the behavior of maintaining the hygiene of removable denture based acrylic on population at Treman village Kauditan district.This research was a descriptive study with cross sectional approach. The population in this study was that the Treman villagers that uses removable denture based acrylic a total of 75 people. This study used total population as research subjects and measured using a questionnaire.In maintaining hygiene of removable denture based acrylic, Treman villagers have knowledge which was classified in sufficient category with a score of 103, an attitude which was classified in good category with a score of 130, and act was classified in sufficient category with a score of 109.Behavior to maintain hygiene of removable denture based acrylic on population at Treman village Kauditan district was classified in sufficient category.Keywords: Behavior, denture user, removable denture based acrylic.Abstrak: Perilaku memelihara kebersihan gigi tiruan merupakan faktor penting dalam keberhasilan perawatan gigi tiruan karena mempunyai hubungan erat dengan pengetahuan, sikap, dan tindakan pengguna gigi tiruan.Pemeliharaan kebersihan gigi tiruan yang kurang baik dapat menimbulkan masalah bagi kesehatan gigi dan mulut seperti karies, gingivitis, stomatitis, xerostomia, kandidiasis, dan penyakit periodontal, terutama pada pengguna gigi tiruan lepasan berbasis akrilik dengan tingkat pendidikan dan penghasilan yang rendah.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perilaku memelihara kebersihan gigi tiruan lepasan berbasis akrilik pada masyrarakat desa Treman kecamatan Kauditan.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional study.Populasi pada penelitian ini ialah seluruh masyarakat desa Treman yang menggunakan gigi tiruan lepasan berbasis akrilik yang berjumlah 75 orang. Penelitian ini menggunakan total populasi sebagai subjek penelitian dan diukur menggunakan kuesioner.Dalam memelihara kebersihan gigi tiruan lepasan berbasis akrilik, masyarakat desa Treman memiliki pengetahuan yang tergolong dalam kategori cukup dengan skor 103, sikap yang tergolong dalam kategori baik dengan skor 130, dan tindakan yang tergolong dalam kategori cukup dengan skor 109.Perilaku memelihara kebersihan gigi tiruan lepasan berbasis akrilik pada masyarakat desa Treman kecamatan Kauditan tergolong dalam kategori cukup.Kata kunci: Perilaku, pengguna gigi tiruan, gigi tiruan lepasan berbasis akrilik.

scholarly journals Gambaran Kecemasan Anak Usia 6-12 Tahun terhadap Perawatan Gigi di SD Kristen Eben Haezar 2 Manado

e-GIGI ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seily E. Sanger ◽  
Damajanty H.C. Pangemanan ◽  
Michael A. Leman
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Care ◽  
Dental Care ◽  
Dental Anxiety ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Care Experience ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Fear Survey Schedule ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
High Level

Abstract: Dental anxiety is a condition of fear to visit a dentist even for preventive care or therapy and uncertainity anxiety to dental care. This study was aimed to describe the anxiety of children 6-12 years old for the dental care at SD Kristen Eben Haezar 2 Manado. This was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. Samples were 44 students of 6-12 years old at SD Eben Haezar 2 Manado who had dental care experience, obtained by using total sampling. Data were obtained by filling the questionnaire of Children Dental Fear Survey Schedule-subscale (CFSS-DS). The results showed that most students with high levels of anxiety were at the age of 6-8 years (20.48%), while most students with low level of anxiety were at the age of 9-12 years old (47.74%). Of the 44 students, 27 students (61.36%) had low level of anxiety whereas 17 students (38.64%) had high level of anxiety. Based on gender, the percentages of students with high level and low level of anxiety were higher in females than in males. Conclusion: In general, students with low level of anxiety were at the age of 9-12 years old meanwhile students with high level of anxiety were at the age of 6-8 years. Either high or low level of anxiety was most found in females.Keywords: anxiety, children, dental care Abstrak: Kecemasan dental merupakan suatu ketakutan terhadap kunjungan ke dokter gigi untuk perawatan pencegahan ataupun terapi dan rasa cemas tidak beralasan terhadap perawatan gigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran kecemasan anak usia 6-12 tahun terhadap perawatan gigi di SD Kristen Eben Haezar 2 Manado. Jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang, mengunakan metode pengambilan sampel total. Terdapat 44 siswa aktif SD Kristen Eben Heazer 2 Manado berusia 6-12 tahun dan pernah mendapatkan perawatan gigi. Data diambil berdasarkan pengisian kuesioner Children Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan responden dengan tingkat kecemasan tinggi ditemukan paling banyak pada usia 6-8 tahun (20,48%), sedangkan yang dengan tingkat kecemasan rendah ditemukan pada usia 9-12 tahun (47,74%). Tingkat kecemasan rendah ditemukan pada 27 responden (61,36%) dan tingkat kecemasan tinggi ditemukan pada 17 reponden (38,64%). Berdasarkan jenis kelamin, responden dengan tingkat kecemasan tinggi maupun rendah lebih banyak ditemukan pada responden perempuan. Simpulan: Responden dengan tingkat kecemasan rendah lebih banyak didapatkan pada rentang usia 9-12 tahun sedangkan responden dengan tingkat kecemasan tinggi lebih banyak didapatkan pada rentang usia 6-8 tahun. Baik tingkat kecemasan tinggi maupun rendah lebih banyak ditemukan pada responden perempuan.Kata kunci: kecemasan, anak, perawatan gigi

Prevalence of smoking in an urban population in the province of Alicante / Prevalencia del tabaquismo en una población periurbana de la provincia de Alicante

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Mª Ortín Arroniz ◽  
Juan Custardoy Olavarrieta ◽  
Manuel Pineda Cuenca ◽  
José G. Cano Montoro ◽  
Maite Andreu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
High Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Tendency ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
The Unemployed

Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia del hábito tabáquico en la población de Albatera (Alicante) e identificar su asociación con otras variables epidemiológicas. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Muestreo aleatorio polietápico proporcional con definición de cuotas muéstrales, según grupos de edad y sexo. Se administró una encuesta sobre hábito tabáquico, nivel educativo, profesión, ocupación, situación laboral y uso de anticonceptivos en las mujeres . Resultados: El 86 % de las personas seleccionadas participaron en el estudio (N=644). La prevalencia de tabaquismo hallada ha sido del 32,8 ± 3,6% (40,2% en hombres y 25,4% en mujeres), la mayor tasa la encontramos entre los 20-39 años. El consumo medio de cigarrillos fue de 15,8 cig./día. El 47,2 % de los hombres y el 44,5 % de las mujeres fumadoras trabajaban, frente al 40,9 % de hombres y 33,3 % de mujeres paradas. La mitad de las mujeres que tomaban anticonceptivos fumaban.Conclusiones: La prevalencia del tabaquismo en nuestra población es inferior a la de la población española en general. Se da un elevado porcentaje de fumadores entre población más joven, con incremento significativo en mujeres de edades comprendidas entre 20-29 años. Existe una mayor tendencia en la adquisición del habito tabáquico en la población con menor nivel de estudios y situación de paro laboral. También una elevada asociación entre el de consumo de anticonceptivos y tabaquismo activo. AbstractAim: To know the prevalence of the tobacco habit in Albatera population (Alicante) and to identify its association with other epidemiological variables. Material and Method: Cross sectional descriptive study. Random sampling proportional with quotas definition, according to sex and aged groups. A survey about tobacco habit, educational level, profession, occupation situation and the use of contraceptive in women was administered. Results: 86% of selected subjects ( N= 644) participated in the study. The prevalence of tobacco habit was between 32,8 +/-3,6% (40,2% in men and 25,4% in women). The highest rate was found for for subjects aged from 20 to 39 years. The average of cigarettes consumption was 15,8 cig/day. 47,2% of smoker men (no entiendo en el resumen en español si se refiere a hombres y mujeres fumadoras o solo mujeres) and 44,5% of smoker women were working (creo que te refieres a que eran trabajadores porque si es asi puedes poner were workers), while 40,9% of men and 33% of women were unemployed. Half of women that were taking contraceptive also smoked. Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco habit in our population is lower than in the spanish general population. An elevated percentage of smokers was found in the youngest population , with a significant increase in women between 20 to 29 years. The population with low level of studies and who were unemployed (puedes poner the unemployed population and with a low level of studies) has a high tendency to smoke as a habit than other groups. There is also a high association between contraceptives consumption and active tobacco habit.

scholarly journals Social Distancing, Lockdown Obligatory, and Response Satisfaction During COVID-19 Pandemic: Perception of Nigerian Social Media Users

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
Olalekan Seun Olagunju ◽  
Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa ◽  
Tesleem Kayode Babalola
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
General Acceptance

Background: Pandemics are challenging for clinical and public health agencies and policymakers because of the scientific and medical uncertainty that accompanies novel viruses like COVID-19 makes an increase of morbidity and mortality prominent. Consequently, there is a need to evaluate the public perception of social distancing, lockdown obligatory, and response satisfactory during the pandemic. Methods: This cross-sectional survey used an anonymous online google based questionnaire to collect data from respondents via social media platforms. The online survey was conducted among social media users from 1st to 30th April 2020. A snowball sampling technique was employed to recruit respondents for the survey. A total of 1,131 respondents responded across the country. Results: Nine out of every ten respondents believed that social distancing is an effective measure to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Also, 8 out of every ten respondents agreed with the lockdown measures. However, just 36.8% think their government is doing enough to stop the outbreak, and only 25% of the respondents were satisfied with the country’s response to the worldwide epidemic. The age of respondents was found to be significantly associated with satisfaction with emergency response during pandemics. Conclusion: It could be concluded that Nigerian public accepted social distancing as an effective way of curbing the spread of COVID-19 and general acceptance on lockdown obligatory; however, more than half of respondents expressed non-satisfactory with government and other agencies responses during the pandemics.

scholarly journals Ways of Coping among Nurses in the Context of Maternal and Perinatal Mortality in the Limpopo Province, South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Thembelihle Ntuli ◽  
Mashego TAB ◽  
Nesengani DS ◽  
Wyatt G
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Perinatal Care ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Limpopo Province ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ways Of Coping ◽  
Coping Scale

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p> </p><p><strong>Objective</strong>: To determine the coping strategies used by nurses providing maternal and perinatal care in the hospitals of the Limpopo Province, South Africa. <strong>Methods</strong>: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in public hospitals (1tertiary, 2regional and 3district hospitals).A sample ofnurses andunit managers on duty at the time of visit was asked to complete the Ways of Coping Scale (WCS) questionnaireanonymously.Principal ComponentAnalysis was used to test factor structure from the original 32-items WCS questionnaire.<strong>Results</strong>: A total of 83 nurses participated in the study, of which 98% were females and (59%) married. The most frequent coping strategies used were acceptance/adaptation, substance use and emotional eating, denial/avoidance, spiritual and seeking social help. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Therefore, it is recommended that psychological support programs should be implemented to deal with stressful situations at workplace.</p>

scholarly journals The Association Between Body Mass Index, Emotional Eating and Perceived Stress during COVID-19 Partial Quarantine in Healthy Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
HK Barcın-Güzeldere ◽  
A Devrim-Lanpir
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Healthy Adults ◽  
Eating Attitude ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Eating Behaviours ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Objective: We investigated emotional eating behaviours and perceived stress during COVID-19 partial quarantine according to BMI levels in healthy adults. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: An online survey included demographic variables, eating attitude-related questions, Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ), and Perceived Stress Score-14 (PSS-14) was sent via online data collection platform. Self-reported weight, height and weight changes during the quarantine were also collected. Participants: A total of 506 people age between 20-65 years who were partially quarantined due to COVID-19 participated in this study. Results: Body mass index (BMI) was positively correlated with EEQ (r= 0,205, p=0,001). However, BMI was negatively linked with PSS-14 during COVID-19 (r= −0,125, p=0,001), indicating that participants with lower BMI had higher perceived stress during COVID-19. Participants gained weight during the lockdown situation (+1.20 ± 1.70 kg in men; +0.91 ± 1.40 kg in women). EEQ and PSS-14 scores of women found to be significantly higher than men (9.39 ± 5.37 in men vs. 11.17 ± 5.85 in women for EEQ; 24.67 ± 8.32 in men, vs. 27.99 ± 7.34 in women for PSS-14. Obese participants consumed sweetened and carbonated drinks two-fold more in those compared to other participants. Conclusion: These findings suggest that partial quarantine may be closely related to emotional eating and weight gain, and participants with higher BMI showed more emotional eating behaviours. Therefore, certain precautions should be considered beforehand in order not to cause long-term eating disorder problems.

Validation of the Arabic version of the Eating Attitude Test in Lebanon: a population study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chadia Haddad ◽  
Chloe Khoury ◽  
Pascale Salameh ◽  
Hala Sacre ◽  
Rabih Hallit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Emotional Eating ◽  
Eating Attitudes ◽  
Eating Attitude ◽  
Arabic Version ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eating Attitude Test ◽  
Attitude Test ◽  
Eat 26 ◽  
Disordered Eating Attitudes

Abstract Objectives: To validate an Arabic version of the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) and identify factors (such as depression, stress, anxiety and body dissatisfaction) that might be associated with disordered eating among a sample of the Lebanese population. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: All Lebanese governorates. Participants: A total of 811 participants randomly selected participated in this 5-month study (January–May 2018). Results: The EAT-26 scale items converged over a solution of six factors that had an eigenvalue over 1, explaining a total of 60·07 % of the variance (Cronbach’s α = 0·895). The prevalence of disordered eating attitudes was 23·8 %. Higher EAT-26 scores (disordered eating attitudes) were significantly associated with higher depression (β = 0·325), higher emotional eating (β = 0·083), daily weighing (β = 3·430), higher physical activity (β = 0·05), starving to reduce weight (β = 4·94) and feeling pressure from TV/magazine to lose weight (β = 3·95). Conclusions: The Arabic version of EAT-26 can be a useful instrument for screening and assessing disordered eating attitudes in clinical practice and research. Some factors seem to be associated with more disordered eating attitudes among participants for whom psychological counseling may be needed. Yet, our findings are considered preliminary, and further studies are warranted to confirm them.

scholarly journals Social marketing-based interventions to promote healthy nutrition behaviors: a systematic review protocol

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam Doustmohammadian ◽  
Marjan Bazhan
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Social Marketing ◽  
Healthy Eating ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthy Nutrition ◽  
The Social ◽  
Healthy Eating Behaviors

Abstract Background Diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are rapidly increasing worldwide and constitute one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Improving population diets can play an important role in preventing and managing the diseases. Effective and efficient interventions are needed to promote healthy eating behaviors among people. The objective of this review will be to evaluate the effectiveness of social marketing-based interventions to promote healthy nutrition behaviors. Method The following electronic databases will be searched from January 1990 onwards: PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CENTRAL. We will include randomized and non-randomized trials, quasi-experimental studies, observational studies (e.g., cohort, cross-sectional, and before and after studies) evaluating the social marketing-based intervention. The primary outcomes will be nutritional behaviors. Secondary outcomes will include the quality of life, nutritional status, and weight status. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data. The study methodological quality (or bias) will be appraised using an appropriate tool. If feasible, we will conduct random-effects meta-analysis. Additional analyses will be conducted to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity (e.g., age, sex, and socio-economic condition). Discussion This study will summarize the evidence regarding the interventions’ components, implementation methods, and effectiveness of interventions based on the social marketing framework to promote healthy nutrition behaviors. This review can provide policymakers with the information needed to make decisions and plan to promote healthy eating behaviors and understand the factors influencing the implementation of these programs. Systematic review registration CRD42020163972

scholarly journals Lessons and Challenges to be learned from different countries policy implication on COVID 19 recovery cases- A cross-sectional descriptive study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
NAIYA PATEL
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Poisson Model ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Policy Decision Making ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background- The need to quantify the non-pharmaceutical measures in policy decision making is essential in current uncertain times of pandemic. The purpose of the current study is to quantify the relationship between Social Distancing measures and the Total number of tests performed with the Total number of recovered cases across 23 countries around the world, currently struck by COVID-19 pandemic.Methods- The cross-sectional descriptive study utilized STATA 16. for Poisson Model analysis using data collected across 23 countries. The statistical databases Statista, WHO situation reports, CDC website, respective country health ministry websites, and World Bank data was utilized to collected the lacking data details regarding COVID-19. The WHO regions/23 countries included in analysis are Republic of Korea, Japan, Australia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, India, United States of America, Canada, Italy,Germany,United Kingdom,France,Austria,Croatia,Israel,Russian Federation,Spain,Belgium,Finland,Sweden,Switzerland,Iran (Islamic Republic of). The variables included in analysis are The factorial analysis of categorical data is included to quantify the levels of social distancing measures and its effect on the total number of recovered cases until April 2nd, 2020. Results- There exists a positive relationship between the improved number of recovered infected cases, and Social distancing measures of lockdown, the total number of tests performed depending on the stage at which it is completed. The availability of total medical doctors in each country affects the number of recovered cases in that particular country. Conclusion- Future studies might use it as a foundation for evaluation modeling in public health for policy decision making.

An Exploratory Study of Trade Union Pluralism in Ghana

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth E. Parku ◽  
Yvonne Ayerki Lamptey
Keyword(s):  
Trade Union ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trade Union Movement ◽  
Union Movement ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Enterprise Level ◽  
The Government ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

The practice of trade union pluralism at an enterprise level is seen as problematic for both the management of enterprises and the trade union movement. The problems arise from inter-union rivalries, competition and disputes over demarcations of privileges and rights. This article explores the practice of trade union pluralism at the enterprise level in Ghana with the aim of creating awareness of the effect of the practice on the general trade union movement. This qualitative study employed a cross-sectional design and used purposive and snowball sampling methods in selecting the participants. The data was analysed thematically. The findings from the study show that union pluralism is stimulating the decline in general union membership, the breakaway of local unions from the federations, and employers’ classification of workers based on their qualifications once they are employed by organisations, and their assignment to specific unions (automatic membership at enterprise level). It is suggested that employment laws encourage union breakaways, which weakens the unions especially at the enterprise level. It is recommended that the state, labour officials and policy-makers should enforce labour laws, especially regarding freedom of association, and consider revisiting or amending some labour laws to curb their abuse. The government and labour institutions need to work together to operationalise the implementation of legal provisions on freedom of association or consider amending the provisions to curb the existing abuse.

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