scholarly journals Influence of weather conditions on the durability of acrylic-polyurethane car coatings in an industrial area

Polimery ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 503-517
Author(s):  
Magdalena Białomazur ◽  
Izabella Jasinska ◽  
Krzysztof Kowalczyk ◽  
Marlena Musik ◽  
Kamil Pasierbiewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Optical Profilometer ◽  
Phosphorus Iron ◽  
Acrylic Polyurethane

The influence of weather conditions on the durability of acrylic-polyurethane car coatings during their exposure to industrial plants (Grupa Azoty, Zakłady Chemiczne "Police" SA) was investigated. The surface structure and the general appearance of the paint coatings (after 16 months of the test) were examined using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope, an optical profilometer and a gloss meter. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to study the composition and chemical structure of the coatings. Convex spots of various sizes were observed on the surface of the tested coatings. Quantitative profilometric analysis showed a clear increase in surface roughness. However, the results of the XPS and FTIR tests did not confirm the chemical degradation of the tested samples. It was shown that the convexities observed on the surfaces of the aged coatings were atmospheric deposits consisting mainly of oxygen, calcium, phosphorus, iron, silicon and carbon. Thorough cleaning of the surfaces resulted in their complete removal.

scholarly journals Vascular Mineralization in the Monkey Brain

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 546-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yanai ◽  
T. Masegi ◽  
K. Ueda ◽  
J. Manabe ◽  
M. Teranishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Vascular Walls ◽  
Dense Deposits ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Iron ◽  
The Media

Mineralization of various degrees was found in the brains of 79 (59%) of 134 cynomolgus monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis). There was no age dependency in the incidence or severity, nor were there any abnormalities in growth, weight gain, or neurologic signs, although a slight sex difference was observed. The lesions, which were basophilic and intensely positive for periodic acid-Schiff or von Kossa stain, occurred in the vascular walls of the globus pallidus in two types: globoid bodies with prominent concentric lamellar structures in and around the arteriolar and venular wall (type A) and fine granules in the media of small or medium-sized arteries (type B). Electron microscopic examination revealed dense deposits in the degenerated media of small or medium-sized arteries or the thickened walls of the arterioles. X-ray microanalysis demonstrated the presence of calcium, phosphorus, iron, zine, magnesium, and aluminum.

Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Adhesive Under Thermal Aging and Their Chemical Degradation Behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 4444-4449
Author(s):  
Bongjin Chung ◽  
Shin Sungchul ◽  
Jaeho Shim ◽  
Seongwoo Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Aging ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
Chain Scission ◽  
Epoxy Adhesive ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Noticeable Reduction

Epoxy adhesive was analyzed under long term thermal aging and mechanical properties and chemical degradation were observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Long term thermal exposure of epoxy causes a noticeable reduction in adhesive properties. We developed a predictive model of temperature and time dependent aging. The temperature dependent aging behavior of epoxy adhesive shows good agreement with conventional Arrhenius equations. Using XPS analysis, we also discovered a correlation between chemical degradation and the adhesive properties. Decay of C–C bonding ratio induced chain-scission of epoxy adhesive; increase of total numbers of C–O and C═O induced oxidation of epoxy adhesive during thermal exposure.

TEM and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Studies of Wool Fibers after Cuticle Removal

1988 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 640-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyndsay M. Dowling ◽  
Leslie N. Jones ◽  
Ian H. Leaver ◽  
Anthony E. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Exposed Surface ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Immersion Medium ◽  
Wool Fibers ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cell Layers

A method is described for cleanly separating the cortex and cuticle of wool fibers using water or an aqueous buffered solution as the immersion medium. Nearly complete removal of cuticle cells can be achieved in 2–3 hours when snippets of wool are vortex-mixed with a suspension containing both glass fiber snippets and glass beads. Examination of treated fibers (transverse sections) by transmission electron microscopy indicates removal of cuticle cell layers (endo- and exocuticle), together with associated membrane intracellular bands ( i-layers). The surface elemental composition of the fiber (determined using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) changes appreciably with cuticle removal. The sulfur content of the intracellular cortical proteins at the exposed surface is estimated to be 2%, compared to 9% for the epicuticle proteins at the surface of untreated wool.

scholarly journals Influence of Oxidation of Copper on Shear Bond Strength to an Acrylic Resin Using an Organic Sulfur Compound

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2092
Author(s):  
Haruto Hiraba ◽  
Hiroyasu Koizumi ◽  
Akihisa Kodaira ◽  
Hiroshi Nogawa ◽  
Takayuki Yoneyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Shear Bond Strength ◽  
Acrylic Resin ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Sulfur Compounds ◽  
Organic Sulfur ◽  
Organic Sulfur Compound ◽  
Organic Sulfur Compounds ◽  
Wet Ground

The aim of this study was to clarify the influence of the copper surfaces changed from Cu or Cu2O to CuO on the bonding strength of resin with organic sulfur compounds. The disk-shaped specimens (n = 44) of copper were wet-ground. Half of the specimens were heated at 400 °C for 4 min in an electric furnace (HT: heated). Half of the specimens were not heated (UH: unheated). The specimens were further divided into two groups. Each group was primed by 6-methacryloyloxyhexyl 2-thiouracil-5-carboxylate (MTU-6) or unprimed (n = 11). A statistical analysis of the results of shear bond strength testing was performed, and the failure mode of the bonded areas was classified with an optical microscope. Two types of specimen surface (UH or HT) were analyzed chemically using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). When primed with MTU-6, unheated Cu (28.3 MPa) showed greater bond strength than heated (19.1 MPa). When unprimed, heated Cu (4.1 MPa) showed greater bond strength than unheated (2.3 MPa). The results of the debonded surfaces observation showed that only the UH-MTU-6 group demonstrated a combination of adhesive and cohesive failures in all specimens. The XPS results showed that the surface of copper changed from Cu or Cu2O to CuO when HT. These results confirmed that it is necessary to take care of the copper oxide contained in noble metal alloys when using organic sulfur compounds for adhesion.

scholarly journals Enhanced Thermo–Mechanical Reliability of Ultralow-K Dielectrics with Self-Organized Molecular Pores

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2284
Author(s):  
Y. K. Sa ◽  
Junghwan Bang ◽  
Junhyuk Son ◽  
Dong-Yurl Yu ◽  
Yun-Chan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Indentation Test ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Mechanical Instability ◽  
Uniform Size ◽  
Dielectric Thin Films ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Low K

This paper reported the enhancement in thermo-mechanical properties and chemical stability of porous SiCOH dielectric thin films fabricated with molecularly scaled pores of uniform size and distribution. The resulting porous dielectric thin films were found to exhibit far stronger resistance to thermo-mechanical instability mechanisms common to conventional SiCOH dielectric thin films without forgoing an ultralow dielectric constant (i.e., ultralow-k). Specifically, the elastic modulus measured by nano-indentation was 13 GPa, which was substantially higher than the value of 6 GPa for a porous low-k film deposited by a conventional method, while dielectric constant exhibited an identical value of 2.1. They also showed excellent resistance against viscoplastic deformation, as measured by the ball indentation method, which represented the degree of chemical degradation of the internal bonds. Indentation depth was measured at 5 nm after a 4-h indentation test at 400 °C, which indicated an ~89% decrease compared with conventional SiCOH film. Evolution of film shrinkage and dielectric constant after annealing and plasma exposure were reduced in the low-k film with a self-organized molecular film. Analysis of the film structure via Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated an increase in symmetric linear Si–O–Si molecular chains with terminal –CH3 bonds that were believed to be responsible for both the decrease in dipole moment/dielectric constant and the formation of molecular scaled pores. The observed enhanced mechanical and chemical properties were also attributed to this unique nano-porous structure.

Modification of Post-Etch Residues by UV for Wet Removal

2012 ◽  
Vol 187 ◽  
pp. 207-210
Author(s):  
Quoc Toan Le ◽  
F. Drieskens ◽  
T. Conard ◽  
M. Lux ◽  
J.F. de Marneffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Fast Screening ◽  
High Adhesion ◽  
The One ◽  
Good Coverage ◽  
Wet Removal

In back-end of line processing, the polymer deposited on the dielectric sidewalls during the etch must be removed prior to subsequent processing steps to achieve high adhesion and good coverage of materials deposited in the etched features [1,. Typically, this is done by a combination of short plasma treatment and diluted wet clean, or by wet cleans alone. On the one hand, for porous dielectric stacks, a mild plasma treatment that preserves the integrity of the low-k dielectrics would not be sufficient to efficiently remove this residue. Furthermore, aqueous cleaning solutions is not efficient to achieve a complete removal without etching the underlying layer. Hence appropriate wet clean chemistries are needed to dissolve/decompose these polymers without etching the dielectric. On the other hand, analytical techniques available for direct characterization of sidewall polymer are limited. For a fast screening of potential chemistries capable of dissolving/removing polymer residues generated during the low-k etch, a fluoropolymer deposited on a blanket, checkerboard low-k substrate was used as a model polymer. In our recent study [, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), it was shown that the polymer was composed of CF, CF2, and CF3 groups. This model polymer was found to be very similar to the polymer residue generated during the etch of the low-k stack using similar plasma. The present study mainly focused on the effect of UV treatment and the concentration of active component in wet clean solution on the structure change of the polymer and the enhancement of polymer removal.

scholarly journals Implementation of Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering Based on The Classification of Food Ingredients Content of Nutritional Substances

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-69
Author(s):  
Syabdan Dalimunthe ◽  
Anggi Hanafiah
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Clustering ◽  
The Body ◽  
Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Linkage Methods ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Iron ◽  
Intermediate Linkage

Health is something very precious. Maintaining health can be done in many ways, one of them by keeping your diet. The correct diet will keep your immune system so that it can avoid various diseases. The proper diet will also put the body in a balanced nutrition state, which all need to be nourished. Nutrient requirements include calories, protein, fat, carbohydrates, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B, and vitamin C with a mass of 100 grams each. To facilitate the search for nutrients needed, then build a system that can categorize food based on its nutritional status and calculate the average value of nutrients in agglomerative hierarchical clustering using average linkage. Calculation of intermediate linkage methods produces data that has some similarities to the data sought nutrients that can be seen from its index, so precise data are in each group.

scholarly journals Optimization of microelements in the composition of protein-vitamin-mineral additives for pigs growing

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Alexander Mikhailovich Guryanov ◽  
Alexey Alekseevich Vasiliev ◽  
Victor Aleksandrovich Kokorev ◽  
Sergey Vladimirovich Petunenkov ◽  
Alexander Vasilievich Borin
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Iron

The results of studies to determine the optimal level of input of a complex of macronutrients in protein-vitamin-mineral supplements are given, their influence on digestibility, the use of feed nutrients, hematological parameters, growth and development of young pigs are studied. Feeding in the composition of grain-cereal rations of 12.5% protein-vitamin-mineral supplements with elevated levels of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, J, Se contributes to an increase in pigs by 5.5-8.5% of daily gains, by 8-12 days of early maturity, by 0.28-3.35% slaughter yield, by 12.1-19.5% meat ratio. Bringing microelements to the optimum level in protein-vitamin-mineral supplements composition contributes to a significant increase in the digestibility of organic matter and raw fat. Reducing the level of trace elements by 30% hinders the process of digestion of feed. The use of 12.5% protein-vitamin-mineral supplements with a high content of trace elements in grain-cereal rations of pigs has a significant effect on the degree of utilization of nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, iron, copper, zinc, manganese. When protein-vitamin-mineral supplements are fed with an optimal level of trace elements in the composition of diets of young pigs, it contributes to an increase in the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, total protein and its fractions. A 30% increase in the level of trace elements in protein-vitamin-mineral supplements provides for obtaining high-energy meat with a high content of dry matter, protein and fat. The inclusion in the composition of grain-cereal rations of protein-vitamin-mineral supplements with the optimal level of trace elements helps to reduce the cost of feed by 5.2-7.8%, to obtain 3.8 kg of additional growth.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and cooking qualcity of sweet potatoes Morada INTA and Rojo Blanco

1969 ◽  
Vol 76 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 151-159
Author(s):  
Ceferino R. Ordóñez ◽  
María C. Camdessus ◽  
Carlos A. Roig
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
San Pedro ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Iron ◽  
Agricultural Experiment ◽  
Hedonic Scale

Chemical composition and cooking quality of two sweet-potato cultivars were analyzed. Morada INTA and Rojo Blanco cultivars from Agricultural Experiment Station-INTA, San Pedro, province of Buenos Aires, Argentina (lAt 33°41'S., long 59° 41'W.), and from harvests of three different years, were used. Dry matter, free aminoacids, starch, reduced soluble sugars, total nitrogen, pectines, specific gravity, sucrose, total ashes, calcium, phosphorus, iron and magnesium were analyzed. Except for aminoacids and iron contents, the averages of Morada INTA parameters were statistically different at 5% probability level from those of Rojo Blanco. Sweet potatoes were also prepared as boiled and candied, and both products were evaluated by a pannel, using a hedonic scale of 5 points. No statistical differences were found between Morada INTA and Rojo Blanco cultivars. Therefore, Rojo Blanco can replace Morada INTA. The quality of the raw material for processing depends on the particular characteristics of the harvest of each year.

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